A cikin mahallin duniya inda gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ke wasa a muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kiyaye bambancin halittu da ka'idojin yanayi, waɗannan mahallin suna fuskantar barazana sosai ta hanyar faɗaɗa ayyukan noma da aikin katako. Wannan yana haifar da babban haɗari ga muhalli, namun daji, da al'ummomin da suka dogara da dazuzzuka.
Against backdrop na escalating tasirin sauyin yanayi, ana bukatar daukar matakin gaggawa don hana rugujewar wadannan Muhimman halittun halittu da magance zaluncin da ake fuskanta Al'ummomin 'yan asali da na gida da ma'aikata a fannin noma.
The amincewa na Tsarin Tsarin Halittar Halittu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Disamba na 2022 ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci, wanda ke nuna alƙawarin gamayya da ƙasashe 196 suka yi na kawar da koma baya ga bambancin halittun duniya. Sai dai a tarihi, cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi sun gaza magance rawar da suke takawa wajen ta'azzara rikicin halittu.
A 2023 rahoton da Forests and Finance-haɗin gwiwar yaƙin neman zaɓe, tushe da ƙungiyoyin bincike waɗanda ya hada da TuK Indonesia, Profundo, Amazon Watch, Repórter Brasil, BankTrack, Sahabat Alam Malaysia, Friends of the Earth US, da ƙungiyara, Rainforest Action Network - suna ba da haske kan babban tallafin kuɗi da aka bayar ga sassa masu alhakin don saran gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, gami da naman sa, man dabino, ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda, roba, waken soya, da katako. "Daga Janairu 2016 zuwa Satumba 2023, bankuna sun ba da aƙalla dala biliyan 307 a matsayin bashi ga waɗannan ayyukan," jihohin rahoton, yayin da masu zuba jari na hukumomi suka rike kusan dala biliyan 38 a cikin hannun jari da shaidu masu alaƙa.
Duk da sauye-sauye a harkokin kuɗi, ba a sami wani koma-baya na ƙasa ba wajen ba da kuɗin samar da haƙƙin gandun daji. Abin ban mamaki, nazarin manufofin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi sama da 100 a cikin 2023 sun nuna rashin isasshen kariya daga sare dazuzzuka da tasirin sa na zamantakewa da muhalli. Matsakaicin maƙiyan manufofin ya kasance kawai kashi 17 cikin ɗari, bisa ga rahoton.
Ƙungiyoyi kamar JBS, Cargill, Royal Golden Eagle, da Sinar Mas Group sun misalta mugayen ɗabi'un da bankuna da masu zuba jari ke jure wa.
Neman Gyara Al'amarin Tsari
Rahoton da Dazuzzuka da Kudi ya bukaci gwamnatoci da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi da su amince da kafa ka'idoji guda biyar:
- Dakatar da kuma juyar da asarar bambancin halittu
- Haɓaka da ba da fifiko ga haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, mata, da al'ummomin yanki
- Sauƙaƙe miƙa mulki adalci
- Kare mutuncin yanayin muhalli
- Daidaita manufofin cibiyoyi a cikin sassa, batutuwa, da kayan aiki
Mataki na gaggawa yana da mahimmanci don magance rikice-rikicen yanayi da bambancin halittu. Rahoton ya bukaci cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi da su daidaita ayyukansu tare da manufofin dorewa, samar da ingantattun manufofin muhalli da zamantakewa, da tabbatar da gaskiya da rikon amana. Ta hanyar yin la'akari da sashin kuɗi don rawar da yake takawa wajen ba da damar cutar da zamantakewa da muhalli, za mu iya yin aiki don kiyaye bambance-bambancen halittu da rage tasirin sauyin yanayi ga al'ummomi na yanzu da na gaba.
Babban Ci gaba
The Dazuzzuka da Kudi Rahoton ya nuna gagarumin ci gaban da ake samu a kasashen dazuzzuka masu zafi da kuma muhimman hukunce-hukuncen shigo da kayayyaki da hada-hadar kudi wajen inganta ayyukan kudi masu dorewa da yaki da sare itatuwa. Brazil, Indonesiya, Malaysia, Amurka, da Tarayyar Turai duk sun ɗauki manyan matakai wajen haɗa abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli, zamantakewa, da mulki (ESG) cikin tsarin kuɗin su.
Brazil ta yi fice ban da ayyukan kiwo na masana'antu daga mai dorewa m shaidu kuma don kasancewa ƙasa ta farko da ta himmatu wajen haɗa ƙa'idodin Hukumar Dorewa ta Duniya Ka'idodin Bayyana Dorewar IFRS a cikin tsarin sa na tsari ta 2026. Aiwatar da waɗannan ka'idoji zai taimaka ƙarfafa kasuwannin babban birnin Brazil ta hanyar faɗaɗa gaskiya cikin haɗari da dama masu alaƙa da dorewa. Wannan, bi da bi, zai tabbatar da cewa kamfanoni suna jawo jari da kuma samar da zuba jari a duniya waɗanda suka dace don cimma burin kare yanayi da ci gaba mai dorewa.
Wani yunƙuri da ke tallafawa dorewa shine aiwatar da koren haraji. Waɗannan ka'idojin haraji ana nufin sauƙaƙe ƙa'idodi game da ayyukan da ke goyan bayan makasudin rarrabuwar kawuna, gami da ƙoƙarin rage sare bishiyoyi da lalata muhalli. Wannan na iya ƙarfafa amincewar masu kuɗi wajen saka hannun jari a ayyukan da ke motsa allura zuwa ƙasa mai ƙarancin carbon da tattalin arziƙin yanayi.
Indonesia ta gabatar da ta Green Taxonomy a cikin Janairu 2022 don hanzarta samar da kudade don sassa masu dorewa. "Indonesia ta hadin gwiwa hari a karkashin Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) sun hada da rage fitar da wutar lantarki zuwa 290 MT nan da 2030 da kuma kai sifili ta 2050,” ruwaito Luthfyana Kartika Larasati da Tiza Mafira na Initiative Policy Climate, ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a San Francisco, a cikin Oktoba 2023.
“Don cimma waɗannan [manufa], kawar da tasoshin wutar lantarki da ake harba kwal tare da hanzarta tura hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ya zama dole. Kamar yadda masu kudi yanzu ba su da sha'awar samar da kwal, tsarin harajin mika mulki yana bayyana ma'auni masu ma'auni a cikin abin da aka ba da izinin saka hannun jari don sauƙaƙe kawar da kwal da wuri," rubuta Larasati dan Mafira.
Malesiya ta aiwatar da Tsarin Tsara Tsakanin Matsakaicin Kuɗi da Tasirin Tasirin Zuba JariVBIAF) a cikin Nuwamba 2019 kuma ya ba da Canjin Yanayi da Taxonomy na tushen ƙa'ida a 2021 don jagorantar cibiyoyin kudi na Musulunci.
A halin yanzu, Hukumar Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ta bayyana hukuncin yanayi na Maris 2024 da alama wani mataki ne mai kyau ga Amurka wajen tafiyar da hatsarin yanayi, duk da cewa matakin bai isa ya kare dazuzzukan duniya yadda ya kamata ba. A bangaren sayayya, sabon Dokokin sare gandun daji na EU, ana sa ran zai fara aiki a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2024, yana ba da sabon kayan aiki mai ƙarfi don cimma nasarar gano sarƙoƙi da bayyana gaskiya.
Tarayyar Turai ta kuma amince da sabbin Ma'aunin Taxonomy na EU a cikin 2023 yana mai da hankali kan kariyar rayayyun halittu da maido da yanayin halittu, duk da sukar da ta yanke. sassa masu cutarwa kamar gandun daji da makamashin halittu don zama ayyukan tattalin arziki masu dorewa na muhalli.
Abubuwan Haɗarin Daji
The Rahoton ya bayyana cewa an ba da aƙalla dala biliyan 307 a matsayin rance ga sassan da ke da haɗari daga 2016 zuwa Satumba 2023. Sashin naman sa ya mamaye Kudancin Amirka, yayin da dabino ya jagoranci a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da roba a tsakiyar Afirka da yammacin Afirka. Wadanda suka ci gajiyar farko sun hada da dillalan kayan amfanin gona da kamfanoni masu cin zarafin muhalli da zamantakewa.
Yayin da aka samu ci gaba, ana buƙatar ƙarin hankali da haɓaka hanyoyin yin aiki don magance haɗarin ESG masu alaƙa da haɓaka ayyukan kuɗi masu dorewa don yaƙar sare bishiyoyi da lalata muhalli.
Manyan kamfanoni sun kaddamar da Taskforce don Bayyanar Kuɗi masu alaƙa da yanayi (TNFD) a watan Yuni 2021 don jagorantar kasuwanci wajen ba da rahoton abubuwan dogaro da yanayi. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun yi ta tada hankali akai-akai damuwa game da ci gaban aikin, tsari, tsari, da yuwuwar aikin greenwashing.
Binciken Yanki na Gudun Kiredit
The analysis Hanyoyin lamuni na yanki da yanayin saka hannun jari a sassan dazuzzukan da ke da hatsarin kayayyaki a duk faɗin Amurka ta Kudu, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Tsakiyar Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka sun bayyana gagarumin kwararar kuɗi da saka hannun jari da ke ba da gudummawa ga sare bishiyoyi da lalata muhalli.
A Kudancin Amirka, ɓangaren naman sa ya mamaye ɗimbin lamuni mai haɗarin gandun daji, sai waken soya, da ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda, tare da Banco do Brasil da ke fitowa a matsayin babban mai lamuni. Shahararrun waɗanda suka amfana sun haɗa da kamfanoni kamar suzano da kuma Marfrig.
A Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, man dabino shi ne ke kan gaba wajen karbar lamuni mai hadarin gandun daji, sai kuma almara, takarda, da roba. Bankunan Indonesiya sun taka rawar gani a matsayin masu ba da kuɗi, tare da masu karɓa ciki har da hamshakan attajirai Sinar Mas Group (SME) da Royal Golden Eagle (RGE). Damuwa game da kasadar mulki da ayyukan wankin koren sun ci gaba da wanzuwa duk da raguwar asarar gandun daji na farko.
Afirka ta tsakiya da yammacin Afirka sun ga fannin roba ya jawo mafi yawan lamuni da ke fama da matsalar gandun daji, inda kamfanonin kasar Sin suka zama masu kudi na farko. Rukunin Sinochem na kasar Sin shi ne mafi girma da ya samu rancen, sai kuma kungiyar gandun daji ta China da Wilmar.
Duk da sauye-sauyen sauye-sauyen kuɗi, ƙalubale suna ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tsarin kamfanoni da alhaki. Misali, kamfanoni kamar “SMG [da] RGE… sun kafa hadaddun tsarin kamfani wanda ke rufe alakar mallakar mallaka. Wannan yana haifar da haɗari mai girma na mulki kuma yana sauƙaƙe ɗigo da wankin kore. Dukkansu an danganta su da mummunar illar zamantakewa da muhalli shekaru da yawa, " jihohin rahoton.
Zuba Jari-Hadarin daji
Zuba jari a ayyukan da ke iya lalata gandun daji a duniya ya kai fiye da haka $ 38 biliyan, tare da man dabino yana karɓar kaso mafi mahimmanci, sannan kuma ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda. Manyan masu saka hannun jari na cibiyoyi kamar BlackRock da Vanguard sun kara yawan hannun jari a kamfanonin hada-hadar dazuka, yayin da wasu ke kiyaye ko rage jarinsu.
A Kudancin Amirka, an ba da hannun jari ga ɓangaren ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda, tare da Suzano shine mafi yawan masu karɓa. Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ta sami mafi yawan jari a kamfanonin mai, tare da Sime Darby Plantations da IOI Group a cikin manyan masu karɓa.
A Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka, kamfanonin dabino suma sun sami mafi yawan jari, inda Sumitomo Forestry da Itochu suka kasance fitattun masu karɓawa.
Ƙididdiga Manufofin Hadarin Daji
Dabarun tantance dazuzzuka da na Kudi sun tantance cibiyoyin kuɗi na bin ka'idoji 38 don gujewa ba da gudummawa ga sare dazuzzuka da batutuwan ESG masu alaƙa.
An rarraba waɗannan sharuɗɗa zuwa yanayin muhalli, zamantakewa, da buƙatun mulki, wanda ya haɗa da alkawurran da aka ɗauka na rage sare itatuwa, mutunta haƙƙin ƙasa, matakan yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, da ƙari.
Kididdigar manufofin haɗarin gandun daji na cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi sama da 100 sun nuna rashin ingantattun tsare-tsare, tare da matsakaicin maki na kashi 17 cikin ɗari kawai. Duk da ci gaban da aka samu tun daga shekarar 2016, harshe maras tushe, ɓangarorin lokaci, da ƙulle-ƙulle sun ci gaba, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da aiwatar da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da sare bishiyoyi.
Binciken ya jaddada buƙatar gaggawar ƙara hankali, haɓaka himma sosai, da ƙarin tsauraran manufofi don magance haɗarin muhalli, zamantakewa, da shugabanci masu alaƙa. Har ila yau, yana nuna buƙatar haɓaka ayyukan kuɗi masu ɗorewa don yaƙar sare bishiyoyi da lalata muhalli a yankunan gandun daji masu zafi.
Manufofin Sashi
Game da manufofin sashe, cibiyoyin kudi nuna manufofin da suka fi dacewa na dabino, suna biye da katako, da ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda. Koyaya, matsakaicin maki na waɗannan sassan ya kasance kaɗan kaɗan, yana nuna ɗaki don haɓaka duk da ci gaban kamfen ɗin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da tsare-tsaren takaddun shaida.
Kididdigar manufofin bankin da ke da hadarin daji ya nuna cewa, a matsakaita, manyan bankunan hadarin gandun daji guda 30 suna da maki mafi girma na manufofin gaba daya fiye da manyan masu zuba jari masu hadarin gandun daji. Koyaya, maki a duk faɗin hukumar har yanzu suna da ƙasa, suna nuna ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto a cikin ma'aunin ESG.
Yayin da wasu bankunan kamar CIMB da BNP Paribas suka sami sakamako mafi girma, wasu kamar Banco do Brasil da ICBC suna da ƙarancin maki, wanda ke nuna rashin isassun manufofin magance ayyukan cutarwa.
Kamfanoni Guda Hudu da Ke Jagoranci Rushewar
The Rahoton ya ba da haske ga kamfanoni huɗu-Cargill, JBS, Royal Golden Eagle, da Sinar Mas Group—waɗanda ke ci gaba da karɓar ɗimbin lamuni da saka hannun jari daga cibiyoyin kuɗi duk da cewa suna da tarihin muhalli da zamantakewa. Cargill, musamman, ta sami babban yabo don ayyukanta na waken soya a yankuna masu zafi na gandun daji duk da cewa yana da gadon cin zarafin ɗan adam da lalata muhalli.
Cargill
Fadadawar Cargill zuwa cikin Amazon na Brazil da Cerrado savanna ya haifar da damuwa saboda shekaru da yawa na sare itatuwa, cin zarafi. 'Yan asalin yankin hakkin mutane, da kuma rashin cika alkawurran sare itatuwa. Kamfen na ƙungiyoyin jama'a, kamar Ƙona Legacy, sun yi niyyar ɗaukar alhakin Cargill game da ayyukanta, suna tattara bayanan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da sare bishiyoyi a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki.
Duk da yin alkawurra don tabbatar da sifili deforestation nan da shekarar 2020, Cargill ta gaza cimma manufofinta kuma ta fuskanci zarge-zargen kwacen filaye da take hakkin 'Yanci, Kafin, da Informed Consent (FPIC).
The Rahoton Har ila yau, ya yi bayani kan abubuwan da ke tattare da ba da kuɗaɗen filaye da kuma rawar da fannin kuɗi ke takawa wajen ta'azzara saran gandun daji na waken soya ta hanyar. kasa hasashe. Yana kimanta manufofin bankunan da ke ba da kuɗin Cargill, yana bayyana ƙananan ƙima da madauki waɗanda ke raunana tasirin su wajen hana cutarwa a sassan haɗarin gandun daji.
JBS
Rahoton ya yi la'akari da batutuwa da dama da suka shafi JBS, katafaren nama na Brazil, da tasirinsa a kan Amazon na gandun daji, canjin yanayi, da na gida al'ummomi. Manyan bankuna daga Brazil, Amurka, Turai, da Japan suka ba da kuɗi, JBS ta sami ɗimbin lamuni da saka hannun jari duk da rubuce-rubucen tarihin ayyukan kasuwanci masu cutarwa. Tun daga shekarar 2019, bankunan sun ba da fiye da dala miliyan 718 a cikin hadarin naman sa mai hadarin gaske ga JBS, yayin da masu saka hannun jari suka rike dala miliyan 667 a cikin lamuni da hannun jari har zuwa Satumba 2023.
Ayyukan JBS a cikin Amazon na Brazil suna da mummunan sakamako ga gandun daji, bambancin halittu, da ƴan asali da al'ummomin gargajiya. Ayyukan kamfanin sun haɗa da bribery, cin hanci da rashawa, daidaita farashin, aikin tilastawa da cin zarafin aiki, lalata dazuzzuka, kwace filaye, da gudummawar da ake bayarwa canjin yanayi. Duk da babban jigon JBS jingina don cimma nasarar fitar da sifili ta 2040, bincike mai zaman kansa ya nuna cewa kamfanin ba shi da ingantaccen tsari na lalata carbon, wanda ke haifar da zarge-zarge. greenwashing.
Amfani da mutane da gandun daji a cikin Amazon al'amari ne na tsarin da ke da alaƙa da JBS. Tsakanin 2008 da 2020, shigar da kamfani ke yi a sare itatuwa ya kai kusan 200,000 kadada a cikin iskar sa kai tsaye da kuma hekta miliyan 1.5 a fakaice. Duk da yarjejeniyoyin tsaftace hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki, JBS ta kasa tabbatar da cewa kayayyakinta sun kare daga sare itatuwa da kuma aikin tilastawa, kamar yadda ake ci gaba da nunawa. keta.
Kima na manufofin JBS ya bayyana game da ƙima, yana nuna rashin isassun matakan hana cutar da muhalli da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yayin da wasu bankunan kamar Barclays suka samu mafi girma, wasu kamar Bradesco da BTG Pactual suna da ƙarancin maki mai ban tsoro, suna tada tambayoyi game da jajircewarsu na magance muhimman batutuwa kamar sare itatuwa da sauyin yanayi.
Al'ummomin da wadannan ayyukan suka shafa yanzu suna rike da cibiyoyin kudi da ke tallafawa kamfanoni kamar JBS alhaki don lalacewar muhalli. A cikin Afrilu 2024, mutanen Parakanã sun gana da Bankin Raya Ƙasa ta Brazil (BNDES) don neman ramawa ga barnar da aka yi musu a yankinsu, gami da masu samar da JBS. Bankin Brazil yana da kashi 20 cikin XNUMX na hannun jarin JBS don haka ana ɗaukarsa tare da alhakin tasirin.
Royal Golden Eagle Group
Rahoton ya kuma bayyana kwararan shaidun da ke nuna cewa biliyoyin daloli Royal Golden Eagle Group (RGE), wanda ya ce a cikin gidan yanar gizonsa "yana kula da gungun kamfanoni masu daraja a duniya da suka kware a masana'antu na tushen albarkatu," suna aiki da "kamfanonin inuwa" da yawa da kuma hadaddun tsarin mallakar teku don ɓoye lalata dazuzzuka a duk faɗin Indonesiya. Bankunan sun zubar da sama da dala biliyan 4.5 a cikin hadarin gandun daji da lamuni da ake iya dangantawa da takarda da kuma ayyukan da aka rubuta don ayyukan RGE tsakanin 2019 da 2023.
Koyaya, babu ɗayan cibiyoyin kuɗi da aka tantance da ke da isassun manufofi don rage mummunan tasirin. Makimomi na manyan masu ba da lamuni na RGE sun kai daga kashi 1 zuwa kashi 24 cikin ɗari, wanda ke nuna rashin cikakkiyar ɗaukar hoto game da ɓangarori masu haɗarin gandun daji.
Sinar Mas Group
Sinar Mas Group (SMG), babban kamfani na Indonesiya, ya jawo hankulan kudade masu yawa, inda ya sami fiye da dala biliyan 20.3 a matsayin bashi tun daga 2019. Sashin mai shi kadai ya sami dala biliyan 3.7, musamman daga bankunan Indonesia da Malaysia, tsakanin 2019 da Satumba 2023. Duk da haka. tallafin kudi, SMG na fuskantar zargin mutane cin zarafi, yawan hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, da kuma manya-manyan deforestation, yafi ta ɓangaren ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda, Asiya ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda (APP).
Lallacewar gandun daji na Rawa Singkil ta haramtacciyar shukar dabino da ke da alaƙa da SMGʼs yadda ake gudanar da yana haifar da damuwa mai mahimmanci, yana barazana ga ɗimbin halittu da jin daɗin al'ummomin gida a cikin Leuser Ecosystem. Duk da hujjojin da aka rubuta, SMG da rassansa sun gaza magance waɗannan batutuwan yadda ya kamata, suna tada tambayoyi game da jajircewarsu na dorewa.
Rahoton ya kimanta manufofin bankunan da masu zuba jari da ke ba da kuɗin SMG, yana bayyana nau'ikan hanyoyin. Bankunan Malaysia CIMB da Maybank da kuma bankin Rabobank na kasar Holland sun baje kolin tsare-tsare masu karfi, wadanda suka fi samun nasara a bangaren man dabino. Duk da haka, bankunan Indonesiya kamar Bankin Panin, BRI, da kuma bankin Japan MUFG suna da manufofi masu rauni musamman, wanda ke nuna rashin isassun matakan magance haɗarin muhalli da zamantakewa.
Abin da Gwamnatoci da Cibiyoyin Kuɗi za su iya yi
Rahoton ya jaddada bukatar gaggawa ga cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi don aiwatar da ingantattun manufofi da matakan da suka dace don magance matsalolin muhalli da zamantakewar da ke hade da kamfanoni kamar JBS da RGE. Rashin yin haka yana haifar da lalata muhalli da cin zarafi na ɗan adam kuma yana fallasa bankuna da masu saka hannun jari ga manyan haɗarin kuɗi da ƙima.
Mahimmanci, rahoton ya kuma yi kira ga gwamnatoci da su shiga tare da ba da umarni ga ka'idojin sassan hada-hadar kudi da suka wajaba don kare al'umma da muhallin da muke dogaro da su, daidai da manufofin manufofin jama'a na duniya. Wannan matsala ce da a ƙarshe ke buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi, ƙarin shisshigi na tsari. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da, alal misali, haramta rarraba jari ga wasu sassa ko kamfanoni da ke haifar da lalata muhalli da kuma yin doka don sanya takunkumi mai ma'ana a kan cibiyoyin kuɗi waɗanda suka gaza daidaita ba da lamuni da saka hannun jari daidai.
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