Kamar yadda daliban kwalejin Amurka – da iyalansu – suka sani sosai, farashin manyan makarantu a Amurka ya yi tashin gwauron zabi a ‘yan shekarun nan. A cewar hukumar Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi da Manufofin Manufofin, tsakanin 2008 da 2017 matsakaicin kudin shiga kwalejin gwamnati na shekaru hudu, wanda aka daidaita don hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, ya karu a kowace jiha a cikin kasar. A Arizona, karatun ya karu da kashi 90 cikin ɗari. A cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, Matsakaicin farashin halartar kwalejin na shekaru hudu ya karu da sama da kashi 150 na cibiyoyi na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu.
Zuwa shekarar makaranta ta 2017-2018, da matsakaiciyar farashin shekara-shekara a kwalejojin jama'a ya tsaya a $25,290 na ɗaliban cikin jihar da $40,940 na ɗaliban da ba sa-jahar, yayin da matsakaicin kuɗin shekara na ɗalibai a kwalejoji masu zaman kansu ya kai $50,900.
A baya, yawancin kwalejojin jama'a ba su da kuɗin koyarwa ko kuma ana biyan kuɗi kaɗan don halarta, godiya ga gwamnatin tarayya. Dokar Kwalejin Land Grant na 1862. Amma yanzu wannan “tarihi ne kawai.” Jami'ar California, wacce aka kafa a 1868, ta kasance ba tare da kyauta ba har zuwa 1980s. A yau, cewa kimanta jami'a cewa kuɗin shekara-shekara na ɗalibi na cikin gida don koyarwa, ɗaki, allo, littattafai, da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa shine $ 35,300; ga dalibin da ba-jihar ba, $64,300 ne.
Ba abin mamaki bane, ɗalibai kaɗan ne ke zuwa kwaleji yanzu. Tsakanin faɗuwar shekara ta 2010 zuwa faɗuwar 2018, yawan shiga kwalejin koleji da jami'a a Amurka ya ragu sosai dalibai miliyan biyu. A cewar hukumar Kungiyar Hadin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba, Amurka tana matsayi na 13tha cikin kashi 25- zuwa 34 masu shekaru waɗanda ke da wani nau'in shaidar koleji ko jami'a, suna bayan Koriya ta Kudu, Rasha, Lithuania, da sauran ƙasashe.
Haka kuma, a cikin wa] annan ]aliban {asar Amirka, da suka samu damar halartar koleji, hauhawar farashin manyan makarantu, na mayar da su daga karatunsu, zuwa ayyukan da za su taimaka wajen biyan ku]a]e. Kamar yadda a Rahoton Jami'ar Georgetown ya bayyana cewa, fiye da kashi 70 cikin 40 na daliban koleji na Amurka suna gudanar da ayyukan yi yayin da suke halartar makaranta. Tabbas, kashi 30 na masu karatun digiri na Amurka suna aiki aƙalla sa'o'i 25 a mako a waɗannan ayyukan, kuma kashi XNUMX cikin ɗari na ɗaliban da ke aiki suna aiki na cikakken lokaci.
Irin wannan aikin, ba shakka, bai wuce kaso na tsadar kuɗin karatun koleji ba, don haka, ana tilasta wa ɗalibai ɗaukar lamuni da kuma jawo bashi mai yawa ga bankuna da sauran cibiyoyin lamuni. A cikin 2017, kusan 70 kashi na daliban da rahotanni sun kammala karatun kwaleji da bashi mai yawa. Bisa lafazin rahotannin da aka buga, a cikin 2018 sama da Amurkawa miliyan 44 sun haɗa baki ɗaya kusan dala tiriliyan 1.5 na bashin ɗalibai. Matsakaicin mai ba da lamuni na ɗalibi yana da $37,172 a cikin lamunin ɗalibai - haɓaka $ 20,000 daga shekaru 13 da suka gabata.
Me yasa ɗalibai ke fuskantar waɗannan shingen zuwa karatun koleji? Shin kudaden da ake kashewa don kula da kwaleji ko jami'a na zamani sun fi na da?
Tabbas ba lokacin da yazo ga baiwa ba. Bayan haka, malamai da malamai masu aiki a mukamai waɗanda za su iya haifar da aiki an ƙara maye gurbinsu da ma'aikatan da ke biyan kuɗi mai wahala da masu koyarwa - ma'aikatan ƙaura waɗanda yanzu suka zama game da su. kashi uku cikin hudu na sashen koyarwa a kwalejoji da jami'o'in Amurka. Ƙwararrun malamai, biya 'yan dubun dubatar kowane kwas, sau da yawa faɗuwa ƙasa da layin talauci na gwamnatin tarayya. Sakamakon haka, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na su suna samun tallafin jama'a, gami da tamburan abinci.
Sabanin haka, farashin gudanarwa na ilimi mafi girma ya fi girma fiye da na baya, duka saboda yawaitar masu gudanarwa da hauhawar kudaden shiga. A cewar hukumar Tarihin ilimi mafi girma, a cikin 2016 (shekarar da ta gabata da aka samu alkaluma), akwai 73 masu zaman kansu da kuma jama'a masu gudanar da koleji tare da fakitin biyan diyya na shekara-shekara wanda ya gudana daga dala miliyan 1 zuwa kusan dala miliyan 5 kowanne.
Duk da haka, babban abin da ke haifar da bala'in kuɗaɗen kuɗi a kan ɗalibai da danginsu shine rage kudaden gwamnati don ilimi mai zurfi. A cewar binciken da kungiyar ta yi Cibiyar Kasafin Kudi da Manufofin Manufofin, tsakanin 2008 da 2017 jihohi sun yanke kudaden shekara-shekara ga kwalejojin gwamnati da kusan dala biliyan 9 (bayan daidaitawa ga hauhawar farashin kaya). Daga cikin jahohi 49 da aka yi nazari, 44 sun kashe kasa da kowane dalibi a shekarar makaranta ta 2017 fiye da na 2008. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa jihohi -da ma kananan hukumomi - sun biya mafi yawan kudaden koyarwa da koyarwa a wadannan kwalejojin gwamnati, makarantun sun yi sama da bambanci tare da karuwar karatun, yanke zuwa ilimi ko wasu ayyuka, ko duka biyun.
Misali, SUNY, babban tsarin jami'a na jihar New York, ya kasance ba tare da kyauta ba har zuwa 1963, amma bayan haka, an tilasta wa ɗalibai da iyayensu ɗaukar nauyin karuwar yawan kuɗin. Wannan tsari ya hanzarta daga 2007-08 zuwa 2018-19, lokacin da kudaden gwamnati na shekara-shekara ya ragu daga dala biliyan 1.36 zuwa dala miliyan 700. Sakamakon haka, karatun ɗalibai a yanzu ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 75 cikin ɗari na kuɗin aiki na kwalejoji na gwamnati na shekaru huɗu da cibiyoyin jami'a. Wannan ba al'ada ba ne.
Wannan kashe-kashen da gwamnati ta yi a bangaren ilimi mai zurfi na nuna irin matsin lambar da masu hannu da shuni da abokan huldar su na masu ra’ayin rikau ke yi na rage haraji ga masu hannu da shuni da kuma rage ayyukan gwamnati. "Mun kasance muna biyan masu hannu da shuni da saka hannun jari a kayayyakin jama'a kamar ilimi mai araha mai araha," wani mai kallo ya ce. "A yau, mun yanke haraji a kan masu arziki sannan mu ci bashi."
Tabbas, yana da yuwuwa a sake yin koleji mai araha. {Asar Amirka ta fi arziƙin da yawa a yanzu fiye da na baya, tare da yawan amfanin gona masu arziki fiye da kima wanda za a iya haraji don wannan dalili. Tun daga yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa a 2016.Bernie Sanders ya yi kira da a kawar da karatun digiri na farko da kuma kudade a kwalejoji na jama'a, tare da sake fasalin lamuni na ɗalibai, wanda aka samu ta hanyar haraji akan hasashe na Wall Street. Kwanan nan, Elizabeth Warren ya jajirce wajen wani shiri na kawar da kudaden karatu da kudade a kwalejojin gwamnati, da kuma rage basussukan dalibai, ta hanyar kafa wani karamin harajin kadarorin gwamnatin tarayya na shekara-shekara kan gidaje masu arzikin sama da dala miliyan 50.
Tabbas, ya kamata a yi wani abu don maido da haƙƙin Amurkawa zuwa ilimin koleji mai araha.
Dokta Lawrence Wittner, wanda aka sanya ta hanyar PeaceVoice, shine Farfesa na Tarihi ya fito a SUNY / Albany da marubucin Ganawa Bom(Jami'ar Stanford University Press).
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