Idan kun sake maimaita karyar naku sosai-haka ma maganar Goebbels na apocryphal - kun fara yarda da su da kanku. Tsawon shekaru 20 da suka wuce, 'yan adawar Venezuela da magoya bayansu a Washington sun yi wa Hugo Chavez da kuma yanzu magajinsa, Nicolás Maduro, kamar yadda jiga-jigan 'yan adawa ke ci gaba da rike madafun iko ta hanyar karfin soji kawai da kuma kudade masu yawa ga talakawa. Don haka ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa sun sake raina Chavismo da kuma juriyar magoya bayansa a yau.
Rasuwar Jama'a
Mun ga wannan duka a baya: A ranar 11 ga Afrilu na 2002, 'yan adawar Venezuelan - bisa ga mafi yawan sahihan asusun - sun kaddamar da maharba a kan magoya bayanta kuma sun yi amfani da mutuwar da ta biyo baya don tabbatar da juyin mulki a kan Hugo Chavez. Sai dai 'yan adawa sun cika hannu da hannu tare da raina 'yan kabilar Chavista, wadanda suka saba yi a matsayin makauniyar mabiyan wani mai fada-a-ji. A lokacin da jagororin juyin mulkin suka soke dukkan bangarorin gwamnati tare da soke kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, dubban daruruwan talakawan kasar Venezuela sun fantsama kan tituna suna neman, kuma daga karshe suka tilastawa Chavez kan mulki.
Yawancin abubuwa sun canza tun shekara ta 2002. Cikakken guguwa na mutuwar Chavez, rugujewar farashin mai a duniya, tsarin sarrafa kuɗin da ba daidai ba, muguwar ta'addanci daga 'yan adawa da kuma - kwanan nan - takunkumin Amurka, ya jefa tattalin arzikin Venezuela cikin wani hali. Yawancin nasarori masu ban sha'awa na juyin juya halin Bolivarian - a fannin kiwon lafiya, ilimi da rage talauci - sun yi sauri sun ɓace, suna haifar da takaici, rudani da damuwa a tsakanin ko da manyan magoya bayan Chavismo.
Don haka lokacin da dan adawa Juan Guaidó ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasar Venezuela na rikon kwarya a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, shi da abokan hadin gwiwarsa sun yi tunanin sojoji za su wargaje cikin sauri kafin daga bisani su fada kan shugaban da ya bayyana kansa. Abubuwa ba su yi aiki haka ba: ban da a dinkin sojoji da kuma hadimin sojan Amurka, sojojin Venezuelan sun ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Nicolás Maduro. Kuma duk da gagarumar zanga-zangar nuna adawa da gwamnati, babu alamun ci gaba da adawa da jama'a a kan tituna domin nuna goyon baya ga juyin mulkin.
Me yasa? A wani bangare saboda takaici da yawancin talakawan Venezuelan ke ji a yau shine kawai: takaici. Sun kosa da rikicin tattalin arziki, kuma da yawa suna sanya aƙalla wani kaso na laifin Maduro. Amma kamar yadda aka saba a baya, yawancin ba sa ganin takaici kamar tabbatar da sauyin tsarin mulkin dimokraɗiyya, da ƙarancin shiga tsakani na ƙasashen waje—wanda ya haifar da sauyi. mafi yawan 'yan kasar Venezuela na adawa. Bugu da kari, son habaka tattalin arzikin kasar bai sa mutane da yawa su yi magana da jam'iyyun adawa wadanda har yanzu ke wakiltar manyan sassan al'ummar Venezuelan kuma ba su bayar da sahihin hanyoyin magance matsalar tattalin arziki ba.
Dokin Trojan na Taimakon Jin Kai
Amma idan abubuwa da yawa sun canza, da yawa ma sun kasance iri ɗaya: Rashin yarda cewa talakawa na iya riƙe irin wannan matsayi na ɓarna, 'yan adawa sun sake murƙushe hannunsu tare da cin amana ga wani juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba. Ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu ta cika wata guda tun bayan da Guaidó ya samu kansa, da kuma karewar wa'adin kwanaki 30 wanda kowane shugaban rikon kwarya dole ne ya gudanar da sabon zabe. Dangane da karatun da 'yan adawa suka yi na kundin tsarin mulkin Venezuela, tun da Guaidó bai taba kiran wadannan zabukan ba, ba shi da sauran da'awar shugabancin kasar. Don haka ya kasance a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, Guaidó ya ɗauki matakan matsananciyar matsananciyar wahala, yana ƙoƙarin haifar da rikici ta hanyar tilasta isar da “taimakon ɗan adam” da Amurka ke bayarwa a kan iyakar.
Ba shi da wahala a karyata wannan aikin jin kai na karya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ki shiga cikin abin da ta dauka "siyasa" jigilar kayan agaji, da kuma Red Cross ta yi tir da iyakar ta yi kamari a matsayin "ba taimakon jin kai ba" - kuma ya tsawata wa amfani mara izini alamar Red Cross ta 'yan adawa. Ganin cewa Contra mai laifin yaki Elliott Abrams Yanzu ne ke jagorantar manufofin Amurka a Venezuela, yana da kyau a tuna da hakan Contras masu goyon bayan Amurka sun yi amfani da alamar Red Cross zuwa irin wannan iyakar a Nicaragua.
Sannan akwai kuma lissafi na asali: Yayin da 'yan adawa suka mamaye wani abin kallo don isar da 'yan daloli na agaji, takunkumin Amurka ya jawo asarar Venezuela. biliyoyin, kuma zai biya fiye da biliyoyin. Masanin tattalin arziki Mark Weisbrot kimanta Adadin wadanda suka mutu na takunkumin ya kasance "a cikin dubunnan ko dubun dubatar ya zuwa yanzu," tare da karin mutuwar daga tsauraran takunkumin Trump na kusan tabbas.
Sabanin haka, da gaske gwamnatin Trump ta mika makullan asusun ajiyar banki da kadarorin Citgo - wanda ya kai kusan dala biliyan 7 - ga Guaidó, wanda kuma ya bukaci sarrafa zinaren sama da dala biliyan daya na Venezuelan da Bankin Ingila ke rike da shi. Kuma idan muka yi la'akari da duk wani tunani game da bayanan jin kai na 'yan adawar Venezuelan, yana da kyau a lura cewa ta kai hari kan kayayyakin jin dadin jama'a da ke hade da Chavismo - kwanan nan. kona wani sito Inda aka tattara tarin tallafin abinci da aka fi sani da CLAPs kuma aka rarraba.
Tada hankali a kan iyaka
A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, kamar yadda aka yi a shekarar 2002, ‘yan adawa sun yi kokarin shuka jini da hargitsi don tabbatar da juyin mulkin da suka yi, amma a wannan karon bai yi nasara ba. Duk wani bincike na haƙiƙa na faifan bidiyo daga kan iyakar Colombia ya bayyana wannan a sarari: A gefen Venezuelan, sojojin Venezuelan suna tsaye a layi ɗaya bayan garkuwar tarzoma. A bangaren Colombia, masu zanga-zangar adawa da rufe fuska sun yi ta jefa musu molotov cocktails. Lokacin da manyan motocin "taimako" guda biyu suka fashe da wuta ba zato ba tsammani, Guaidó da yawancin kafofin watsa labarai nan da nan suka dora alhakin gobarar a kan Maduro. Wannan labari mai cike da ban sha'awa shi ne yadda 'yan kallo kadan suka lura cewa manyan motocin ba su isa bangaren Venezuela ba, kuma sun kasance. kusan lalle ya kunna by wadanda guda molotovs.
Mai neman duk wata hujjar da za ta tabbatar da tsoma bakin kasashen waje, Sanata Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) Har da zargi Maduro lokacin da wani dan majalisar adawa da mataimakinsa suka "guba" a gefen iyakar Colombia. Duk da rashin cikakkiyar shaida, jaridu na duniya gudu da labarin. Amma sai ya zama ga alama dan majalisar masu yin lalata da kuma yin fashi ya dawo d'akinsa bayan sun gama biki. Kuma lokacin da aka dade ana takun saka tsakanin sojojin Venezuelan da 'yan asalin Pemones a kan iyakar kudancin kasar da Brazil ya haifar da kazamin fada da mutuwar mutane da dama, damuwarsu ta dade da zama ta dace. nade cikin labarin adawa game da isar da agaji. Jam'iyyun adawa sun shafe shekaru suna tada jijiyar wuya a tsakanin 'yan asalin kasar, kuma da yawa daga cikin wadanda rikicin ya ritsa da su ba su damu da jigilar kayan agaji ba fiye da abin da suka dauka na tsawon shekaru na ayyukan soji na cin hanci da rashawa a yankin.
'Yan adawa sun yi shiru game da tashin hankalin nasu, duk da haka. A lokacin da wasu sojojin Venezuela uku da suka sauya sheka suka yi awon gaba da wasu motocin yaki masu sulke, inda suka tuka su da sauri cikin shingayen kan iyaka domin su koma bangaren Colombia, sun afkawa taron fararen hula da suka hada da Nicole Kramm, wani dan jarida mai daukar hoto dan kasar Chile. Kramm, wanda aka kusa kashe shi a harin-kuma wanda kamara tana gudana dukan lokaci - daga baya ya bayyana lamarin: “Wannan hari ne kan fararen hula. Ba zan iya yarda ana daukar su a matsayin jarumai ba. Idan ban gudu ba, kuma na kasance kusa da santimita 15, ba zan zo in gaya muku wannan ba.”
Hadarin Bai Kare ba
"Shirin A" ya gaza a ranar 23 ga Janairu kuma "Shirin B" ya gaza wata guda bayan haka, wanda ya bar Guaidó cikin mawuyacin hali kuma ba tare da bayyanannen hanyar gaba ba. Lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙari ya isa ga Chavistas da ba ya so tweeting cewa Hugo Chávez ba zai amince da ayyukan Maduro ba, magoya bayansa sun kai wa Guaidó hari a shafin Twitter, yana mai bayyana tsohuwar tashe-tashen hankula a cikin kawancen 'yan adawa. Kuma tare da duk sauran zaɓuɓɓukan sun ƙare, Guaidó da mataimakin shugaban Amurka Mike Pence kasa shawo kanta Ƙungiyar Lima - haɗin gwiwar yanki na yawancin gwamnatocin dama da Kanada - don tallafawa shiga tsakani na soja. Tare da barazanar shiga tsakani na Amurka tashin hankali hatta a cikin majalisar ministocin shugaban masu ra'ayin rikau na Brazil Jair Bolsonaro, da alama juyin mulkin Guaidó yana kan kafafunsa na karshe.
Wannan ba yana nufin cewa hatsarin ya ƙare ba, duk da haka. A ranar Litinin, Guaidó ya koma Venezuela cikin rashin nasara kuma, duk da keta dokar hana tafiye-tafiye, gwamnati ta zabi kada ta kama shi a yanzu. Idan wani abu, Maduro zai kare shi ta kowane hali: A cikin barazanar rayuwar Guaidó, da Kungiyar Lima ta yi gargadin na mummunan sakamako idan wani abu ya same shi. Idan har za a kashe Guaidó, duk da haka, tabbas tabbas zai kasance a hannun wani hannun dama na Venezuelan mai sha'awar tsokanar tsoma bakin soji (gwamnati ta tarwatsa irin wannan makirci a lokacin baya).
A cikin watanni masu zuwa, takunkuman Amurka za su ci gaba da tsaurara tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, tare da tara wa wadanda suka fi shan wahala a kodayaushe—masu matalautan Venezuelan—yayin da suke jiran sauya sheka daga sojoji da jama'a baki daya. A cikin 1990, 'yan Nicaraguan sun zabi Sandinistas daga mulki, sun sani sarai cewa idan ba haka ba, za a ci gaba da takunkuman Amurka da Contra War. Tare da da yawa daga cikin mutane iri ɗaya sun sake jagorantar manufofin Amurka a yau, dabarun ya kasance iri ɗaya: don "sa tattalin arzikin ya yi kururuwa," a cikin kalmomin Nixon. Wannan juyin mulkin na iya yin kasawa, amma Washington za ta gaza ta sake gwadawa. Venezuela ba za ta iya yin kasa a gwiwa ba ko da sau daya ne.
George Ciccariello-Maher Masanin Ziyara ne a Cibiyar Ayyuka da Siyasa ta Hemispheric, kuma marubucin Mun Ƙirƙirar Chavez: Tarihin Jama'a na juyin juya halin Venezuelan (Duke, 2013); Gina Ƙungiyar: Dimokuradiyya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a Venezuela (Verso, 2016); da Rarraba Yaruka (Duke, 2017).
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi