A ranar 3 ga Maris, 2009 masu jefa ƙuri'a a Burlington sun zaɓi magajin gari. Bob Kiss mai ci, wanda shi ne na uku a kan karagar mulki a cikin shekaru 28 da suka gabata, ya doke 'yan takarar Democrat, Republican, Green da masu zaman kansu. Don sanya zaɓe cikin hangen nesa, wannan maƙala ta dubi motsin da ya fara da zaɓen Bernie Sanders a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1981 kuma daga baya ya canza fuskar siyasar Vermont.
juyin juya halin Sanders
Kulle ne daga shudi, mafi tsayi na dogon harbi. Wani mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na ɓangare na uku ya mayar da yaƙin neman zaɓen takalmi ya zama babban ƙalubale na magajin garin Burlington na wa'adi biyar, Gordon Paquette. Amma duk da haka, ko da a ranar zaɓe a 1981, Paquette da abokansa na Demokraɗiyya suna tsinkayar wata babbar nasara.
Bayan haka, an zaɓi Ronald Reagan a matsayin shugaban ƙasa watanni huɗu kawai kafin. Bernie Sanders ba wata barazana ba ce, suna tsammanin, ba komai ba ne face ɗan hagu mai tasowa tare da kyauta don jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai.
"Lokaci ya yi don canji… canji na gaske." Taken Bernie kenan. Tsohuwar mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta "bangaren uku", wanda yanzu ke gudana a matsayin mai zaman kansa, ya yi alkawarin yin aiki don sake fasalin haraji kuma ya yi adawa da shawarar da Paquette ya gabatar na karin kashi 10 na harajin kadarorin. Ya na son bude gwamnati, in ji shi, da sabbin abubuwan ci gaba. Ya yi adawa da wani babban aikin Waterfront da kuma hanyar shiga tsakanin jihohi zuwa cikin gari mai suna Southern Connector. Ya goyi bayan Gudanar da Hayar. "Burlington ba na siyarwa bane," in ji shi.
"Na damu matuka game da yanayin ci gaban birane a halin yanzu," Bernie ya fadawa masu kada kuri'a. "Idan yanayin halin yanzu ya ci gaba, birnin Burlington zai koma wani yanki da masu hannu da shuni da masu kudi kawai za su iya rayuwa."
A ranar 3 ga Maris, 1981, tare da ƴan daloli kaɗan, ƴan sa-kai da ɗimbin ajandar kawo sauyi, Sanders ya lashe tseren da ƙuri'u goma kacal. Burlington yana da magajin gari mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ɗan gurguzu mai bayyana kansa wanda ya kuduri aniyar canza tafarkin tarihin Vermont.
A cewar Gene Bergman, sannan mai fafutuka da kungiyar bayar da shawarwari masu karamin karfi, daga baya dan majalisar birnin Progressive, kuma a yau mataimakiyar lauyan birni a Burlington, nasarar za ta kasance "kawai farkon yunƙurin kawo ƙwararrun ma'aikata da aka yi watsi da su. zuwa wurin da ya dace a cikin birnin." Shekaru talatin masu zuwa sun tabbatar da nawa = 2 0Rukunin siyasa sun raina roko na Bernie, ba tare da ambaton yuwuwar yunkurin ci gaba a cikin birni da kuma fadin jihar ba. Masu ci gaban Burlington ba wai kawai sun ƙarfafa tushensu a cikin ƙananan hukumomi ba, suna shafar kowane bangare na gudanarwa da tsara muhawara kan batutuwan. Sun kalubalanci dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomi da jihar, kuma sun taimaka wajen bunkasa ci gaban jihar.
Har ma sun shawo kan guguwar gwagwarmayar maye gurbin, suna nuna nasarar Peter Clavelle na 1989 na magajin gari a kan tikitin Ci gaba wanda - a cikin kalmomin Sander - "Ba kawai nunin mutum ɗaya ba ne, motsi ne." Clavelle ya ci gaba da zama magajin gari na duka sai biyu daga cikin shekaru 17 masu zuwa, kuma magajin gari na yanzu, Bob Kiss ya gaje shi. A halin yanzu Sanders ya ci gaba da zama dan majalisa mai zaman kansa fiye da shekaru goma, kuma, tun 2006, ɗan gurguzu mai cin gashin kansa kaɗai a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka.
A cikin 1970s, masu fafutuka masu ra'ayin hagu sun yi kokawa don neman kulawa daga 'yan jaridu da masu iko. A lokacin zaɓe, duk da haka ana ɗaukar 'yan takara na ɓangare na uku a matsayin ɓarna kuma galibi ana cire su daga muhawara. Manyan jaridu sun lura da zanga-zangar da kungiyoyin fafutuka suka yi a hankali, kuma cikin sauri suka manta. A ƙarshen 1980s, akasin haka, binciken rai na ciki na shugabanni masu ra'ayin hagu da jayayya tsakanin "na al'ada" masu ci gaba da "tsattsauran ra'ayi" Greens abinci ne don nazarin labarai na shafi na gaba da kuma bayan tattaunawar abincin dare. Tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa ya sake fasalin yanayin siyasar Burlington.
Wannan ci gaba mai nisa a babban birni na Vermont bai faru cikin dare ba. Bernie Sanders ya fara wa'adinsa na magajin gari tare da mataimaki daya kacal da abokansa biyu a cikin 'yan majalisar. Ya shafe yawancin shekararsa ta farko a ofis yana yakar ba'a da tsayin daka. Gwagwarmayar da ya yi na maye gurbin manyan jami’an birnin da wadanda ya nada ya kai ga shafe watanni ana shari’a kafin daga bisani ya samu damar sake aikin babban birnin tarayya.
Sabuwar "Sanderistas," kamar yadda aka yi wa wannan haɗin gwiwar wucin gadi lakabi ba da daɗewa ba, an yi nasarar tabbatar da cewa za ta iya tafiyar da al'amuran birni aƙalla kamar yadda "tsohon mai gadi" wanda ya gabace shi - da kuma adana wasu kuɗi. Tashin hankali na 'yan jam'iyyar Republican ne kawai ya haifar da rashin jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1982, ƙarin Progressives sun maye gurbin Democrats a majalisa. A watan Maris, 1983 sun kasance mafi girma. Kuma "Bernie" ya fi shahara fiye da kowane lokaci, an sake zabar shi tare da rinjaye mafi rinjaye a kan Judy Stephany, tsohuwar Wakilin Vermont, da James Gilson, shugaban jam'iyyar Republican na hukumar makaranta.
Bernie ya zama mashahurin ɗan ƙasa, “mai son gurguzu magajin gari” a Yankee Vermont, kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan siyasa a jihar. Kwararren mahawara kuma ƙwararren masanin harkokin watsa labarai, ya gina ginshiƙin siyasa wanda bai dogara da goyon bayan jam'iyya ba ko jujjuyawar ƙa'idar akida. A shekarar 1985, kusan kashi 30 cikin XNUMX na masu kada kuri’a da suka kada kuri’a a wa’adi na biyu na Ronald Reagan, sun shirya mayar da Bernie Sanders kan karagar mulki a karo na uku.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi alfahari da shi, Bernie sau da yawa ya ce, haɓakar shiga siyasa ne mai ban mamaki. Adadin mutanen da ke kada kuri'a a zabukan kananan hukumomi ya kusan ninka sau biyu bayan da "sabon mai gadi" ya dauki matakin farko. Amma tasirin ya wuce iyakokin birnin. Ƙungiyoyin gida sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su, masu fafutuka masu ci gaba a duk faɗin Vermont sun kafa haɗin gwiwa, Rainbow, wanda dukansu suka rinjayi Jam'iyyar Democratic daga ciki kuma suka matsa mata daga baya har tsawon shekaru da yawa. Manufar, in ji shugaban Rainbow Co-shugaban Stewart Meacham, shine "don kallon jam'iyyar Democrat a matsayin manufa ta shirya al'umma."
Ko da yake lissafin Bernie ga Rainbow kuma daga baya, har ma da Vermont Progressive Party, yana da shakku, zaɓin siyasarsa yana da ikon ba da umarni ga sojojin sa kai. Lokacin da Bernie ya yi gudu, yawancin masu ci gaba na Vermont sun biyo baya.
Ba jam'iyyar Green ba, wacce a ƙarshe ta yanke cewa manufofin kawo sauyi na Progressives suna wakiltar ƙawance mara kyau tare da tsarin jari-hujja wanda ya sa maganganun gurguzu na dimokraɗiyya na Sanders ba su da ma'ana.
Rhetoric & Gaskiya
Lokacin da Vermont suka ci gaba da taƙaita abubuwan da suka cim ma a Burlington, jerin sun haɗa da sabbin ayyuka da shirye-shiryen da aka ƙaddamar a lokacin gwamnatin Sanders - Community Land Trust, bakin ruwa mai son jama'a, al'ummar fasaha mai mahimmanci, shirye-shirye na mata da yara, alaƙar Sister City, da sauransu. A cikin wasiƙar goyon baya ga Peter Clavelle, wanda ya gaji Bernie Sanders a matsayin magajin gari a 1989, Sanders ya ba da jerin nasarorin da suka haɗa da sake gina tituna da tituna, sake gina magudanar ruwa, madadin harajin kadarorin, inganta haƙƙin haƙƙin haya, shirye-shiryen lashe kyaututtuka. da ababen more rayuwa iri-iri. Kwanan nan, Burlington ya kasance birni mafi girma a cikin ƙasar, mafi koshin lafiya (bisa ga CDC), wuri mai kyau don giya da ritaya da wuri, kuma, a cewar British Airways, "birni na uku-funkiest a duniya ."
Hakanan an sami ƙarin manyan nasarori: canje-canje a cikin hankali kan batutuwa kamar kwance damara, sa baki, da kuma rawar da al'umma ke takawa wajen biyan bukatun ɗan adam. Ta hanyar dabara, fitowar ’yan siyasa masu fafutuka ya taimaka wajen kawar da rashin yarda da gwamnati da aka yi ta yaduwa. Rubutu a cikin Bita na Wata-wata a ƙarshen 1980s, Beth Bates ya kammala cewa gwamnatin Sanders ta sami nasarar "zagaya ruwan turgid na Reaganomics na kasuwanci kyauta kuma ya haifar da 'yan ci gaba iri."
A gefe guda, idan ma'aunin nasara shine yanayi da tasirin gyare-gyare na asali, hoton ba ya zama kamar ja. A lokuta da dama, an toshe yunƙurin kawo sauyi ta hanyar haɗakar rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin al'umma. Wasu ƴan mafita na ci gaba, kamar ƙwaƙƙwaran hanyoyin mota, ba su taɓa sanya shi zuwa saman ajandar ba. A wasu ƴan lokuta, ba za a iya rarraba ra'ayoyin a matsayin "ci gaba ba."
A cikin takarar magajin gari na baya-bayan nan, yawancin ƴan takara sun rungumi haɗakar maganganun ci gaba da al'ada da suka fara fitowa a lokacin Sanders a matsayin magajin gari - kuma sun ɗan canza kaɗan tun daga lokacin. Kodayake dan takarar Republican, Kurt Wright, yayi magana game da jagoranci da kuma Democrat, Andy Montroll, 20 ya yi jayayya cewa birnin yana "gefen teku," bai kalubalanci ainihin zato ko matsayin al'adu ba. A gaskiya ma, Montroll ya ce hanya mafi kyau ita ce mayar da hankali kan "abin da muke da shi."
A wata mahawara ta magajin gari, kawai babban zargi na magajin gari mai ci gaba Bob Kiss ya ta'allaka ne kan yadda yake tafiyar da harkokin lissafin kudi da ma'aikata. Dan takara mai zaman kansa Dan Smith ya jaddada bukatar mu "sake sabunta kanmu" a cikin zamanin "bayan jam'iyya", duk da haka mun dauki irin wannan sautin mai kara kuzari. A halin da ake ciki, Kiss ya bi sahun abokan hamayyarsa wajen nuna abubuwan jin dadin jama'a da dama na birnin da sakamakon sabuntar birane, yayin da ya yi alƙawarin yunƙura don kammala haɗin gwiwar Kudancin. Kamar dai canjin da Sanders ya taba yin magana a kai ya rikide zuwa shirin sake raya kasa wanda gwamnatin masu ra'ayin rikau da ya hambarar da shi.
Iyaka da sabani sun bayyana tun farko, yayin da gwamnatin Sanders ta samu kanta tana fuskantar jami'an jihohi, tsayin daka na 'yan majalisa da kuma yanayinta na rashin tabbas. Gwamnatin Vermont ta nemi tsari kuma wani lokacin ta hana canje-canje a cikin = 2 0tsari da aiki na birni. An tursasa Burlington don sake tantance Grand List, kuma har ma an yi barazanar asarar kudaden jama'a lokacin da jami'an yankin suka fara yunkurin hana ginin babbar hanyar Kudancin Kudancin. Ƙoƙarin 1989 na majalisa na kwace ikon al'ummomin yankin ikon zaɓar madadin harajin kadarorin yanki ne kawai a cikin gwagwarmayar da ta fara da Harajin Babban Karɓar Raba Burlington.
A ƙarshen 1980s, layin ƙasa, aƙalla a cikin al'amuran haraji, shine masu ci gaba sun riƙe layin. Amfani da kudade da gyare-gyare na ceton kuɗi aƙalla haɓaka da aka jinkirta. Amma, m, abin da Progressives suka gudanar ya yi shi ne "fita-Republican Republican."
Wasu shirye-shiryen ci gaba - musamman Land Trust da, a lokacin Clavelle, ƙirƙirar sabis na TV na USB na birni - sun ƙalubalanci dabarun jari-hujja. Wasu kawai sun ba da fa'idodi amma sun bar tsarin bai canza ba. Wasu yunƙurin, duk da haka, sun kasance martani na martani wanda ya saba wa maganganun ci gaba. = 2 0Mafi yawan mutane sun yarda, alal misali, Babban Harajin Karɓar Kuɗi, kamar harajin da aka ci akan barasa da sigari don samun kuɗin kula da yara mai araha, ya kasance mai koma baya. Hakazalika, sake tantance kadarorin ya mayar da nauyi daga kasuwanci zuwa masu gida. Matsalar, in ji Sanders akai-akai, shine cewa manufofin jihohi da na tarayya sun iyakance zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su.
Mafi wuyar fahimta shine tsayin daka da Sanders ya yi na roko daga masu fafutukar neman zaman lafiya na amincewa da juyar da zaman lafiya, ko kuma yadda gwamnatinsa ta amince da wani shiri na bakin ruwa wanda ya hada da gidaje masu tsada da otal. Wadannan fitilun sun haifar da shakku game da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da ci gaba, haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna.
Ci gaban tattalin arziki ya gabatar da matsaloli masu rikitarwa. Sanders ya yi alkawarin "canji na gaske," duk da haka ya fuskanci cikas iri-iri. 'Yan adawar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun zarge shi da kasancewa mai adawa da kasuwanci, yayin da masu sukar bangaren hagu suka ce yana sayar da shi ne don gina ginin haraji. Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ci gaba ne 20 na yawancin mazauna. Don haka, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa yawancin masu ci gaba sun yarda da 'yan Democrat da Republican akan buƙatar "daidaitaccen ci gaba." Sakamakon wadannan tashe-tashen hankula shine yanayin ci gaba wanda ya dogara ne akan yarjejeniyoyin da za a samu don fitar da wasu fa'idodi ga jama'a - wani yanki mai sassaucin ra'ayi don musanyawa ga abubuwan jin daɗin jama'a, 'yancin gina gidaje na alfarma muddin an samar da rukunin "mai araha", da sauransu. .
Bea Bookchin, shugaban Green na gwagwarmaya don dakatar da shirin 1980 mai rikitarwa game da bakin ruwa, ya lura cewa maganganun farko na Sanders game da ci gaba bai dace da ayyukansa na gaba ba. Hanyarsa, in ji ta, ita ce "hanyar da za ta yi wa mutane mafi kyau ita ce samar da mafi yawan kuɗi ... ana amfani da ƙasar a matsayin albarkatu, amfanin gona."
A aikace, ba a taɓa saita iyakokin girma ba. Sun canza kawai tare da sharuɗɗan kowane ciniki. Shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, abubuwa iri ɗaya ne.
Tun daga shekara ta 1983, zanga-zangar da aka yi a masana'antar General Electric ta gida kuma ta haifar da muhawara a hagu: masu fafutuka suna son alƙawarin birni don juyar da zaman lafiya, Sanders da sauran masu ci gaba suna so su kunna zafi a Majalisa maimakon. Lokacin ba daidai ba ne, Bernie ya yi imani, kuma motsi ba zai iya guje wa "zargin ma'aikata ba" don samar da bindigogin Gatling masu sauri a cikin gida. Babban abin damuwa shi ne zanga-zangar, musamman rashin biyayyar jama'a, za su "tilasta" ma'aikatan kungiyar zuwa dama.
An samu sabani a kan dabaru, amma abubuwan da suka shafi sun yi zurfi. Ta hanyar adawa da zanga-zangar GE, wasu sun ji cewa Sanders yana kare kamfani da rukunin masana'antu na soja a bayansa. Matsayinsa ya zama kamar ya saba wa ƙaƙƙarfan furucin birnin game da shiga tsakani a Amurka ta tsakiya. Akalla, sadaukarwar Sanders ga tsarin gurguzu mai tushen masana'antu ya ci karo da kudurin kungiyar zaman lafiya ta al'umma na kawo karshen tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Wadanda aka kashe sun kasance wasu yarda da juna - kuma ma'aikatan da suka rasa = 2 0 ayyukansu yayin da bukatar bindigogi suka ragu.
Yawancin lokaci, alakar aiki tsakanin zauren birni da motsin zaman lafiya ya fi sauƙi. Sakamakon ya kasance a bayyane kuma masu mahimmanci. Burlington ya ci gaba, kuma, zuwa iyakacin iyaka, ya aiwatar da manufofin waje. Jerin kuri'un da aka yi a fadin birni sun kafa tsarin ayyukan gida - haɗin kai da musayar tare da Tarayyar Soviet, zanga-zangar adawa da shisshigi, shirye-shiryen mutane-da-mutane. An ƙera su don canza hankali da ƙalubalantar dabarun adawa da kwaminisanci, sun yi haka kawai.
Tsakanin 1981 da 1987, Burlington ya kada kuri'a don yanke taimako ga El Salvador, yana adawa da shirin ƙaura rikicin don yaƙin nukiliya, daskare samar da makaman nukiliya, canja wurin kuɗin soja zuwa shirye-shiryen farar hula, la'antar taimakon Contra na Nicaraguan, da kuma nisantar da kamfanonin da ke kasuwanci tare da wariyar launin fata Afirka ta Kudu. Kokarin ƙoƙarin yunƙurin zaman lafiya mai zaman kansa, Sanders ya kasance mai tsayin daka da kuma tursasawa murya ga sabuwar manufofin ketare.
Shin irin waɗannan kudurori, kalamai, da ma alakar diflomasiyya da Nicaragua sun haifar da barazana ga muradun jari-hujja? Da kyar. Amma sun ba da gudunmawa wajen sauya halaye, kuma sun yi nasara da kokarin sauran masu fafutuka a fadin jihar. A ƙarshen 1980s, yawancin 'yan siyasa na Vermont sun goyi bayan ƙoƙarin kwance damara da manufofin ƙasashen waje marasa shiga tsakani. Aminci da, iyakacin iyaka, adalcin zamantakewa ya zama batutuwan "na al'ada".
Rikicin Asali
Burin garambawul a farkon shekarun da Burlington ya samu ci gaba ya shafi tattalin arziki, wanda magajin gari ya yi amfani da shi ta hanyar "sake rarraba dukiya". Ba haka ba ne aka yi watsi da wasu tambayoyi; Rikodin gwamnatin kan shirye-shiryen matasa, hakkin masu haya, da batutuwan mata, alal misali, ya kasance mai faɗi da ban sha'awa. Maimakon haka al'amari ne na fifiko da mayar da hankali. Batutuwa da suka shafi mata da kuma al'ummar luwadi kawai sun ɗauki kujerar baya a wasu lokuta, ko kuma ana gudanar da su a kaikaice a matsayin batutuwan 'yancin ɗan adam da adalci na tattalin arziki.
Ɗauki kwatankwacin darajar, alal misali, tsarin tattalin arziƙin don nuna wariya ta jima'i, mai buri da niyya amma duk da haka bisa damuwa game da daidaito maimakon zaluncin jima'i. Dokar hana wariya ta birnin ta yi magana game da matsalolin 'yan luwadi maza da mata a matsayin batun 'yancin jama'a, duk da haka Sanders, da sauransu, ba su da sha'awar ɗaukar tutar 'yancin ɗan luwaɗi da madigo. Don haka, yawancin gyare-gyaren da suka shafi zaɓin jima'i da alaƙa tsakanin jinsi ba su samo asali daga Majalisar Birni ba. Yawanci, sun sami mafi kyawun tallafi a lokacin Sanders.
Wani misali mai ban mamaki shi ne martanin da Bernie ya bayar ga tambayoyi daga masu ra'ayin mata na gida game da goyon bayansa na shawarwari don hana wariyar aiki ga 'yan luwadi. "Ba zan ba shi babban fifiko ba," in ji shi a hankali.
A takaice dai, juyin juya hali na Sanders ya taimaka wajen fadada sharuddan muhawara game da jima'i, amma ya kasa warware matsalolin. Hakanan za'a iya faɗi haka game da tasirinsa akan tunanin haraji da haɓakawa. A bayyane yake, waɗannan batutuwa ne da babu wata al'umma ta gari da za ta iya magance ta da kanta, ko da kuwa za a iya cimma matsaya. A wasu wuraren, duk da haka, ko da yarjejeniya tsakanin masu ci gaba ya ɓace.
Duk da canje-canje a cikin ƙididdiga na gida da kasancewar ƙaƙƙarfan motsi na karkata zuwa hagu, Burlington ba a canza shi zuwa Kamfanin Paris bayan masana'antu ba. A maimakon haka, an raba iko a cikin babban birnin tarayya tsakanin "tsohuwar mai gadi," wanda ya ci gaba da mamaye majalisar birni da kwamitocin, da "sabon mai gadi," da ke tafiyar da sashin zartarwa. Al'ummar da kanta ta kasance daban-daban - daga New North End masu ra'ayin mazan jiya zuwa ga manyan biranen ci gaba na ciki da na Dimokuradiyya ta Kudu End.
Mafi yawan masu kada kuri'a sun goyi bayan Sanders a yunkurin sake tsayawa takara uku. Duk da haka, dalilin ba tausayinsa na gurguzu ba ne. Maimakon haka shi ne salon adawarsa da ikon "samun yin abubuwa." Burlingtonians suna da mashahurin shugaba, amma ba tabbataccen alkibla ba. Shirin ci gaba, gwargwadon kasancewarsa kuma ana iya aiwatar da shi, ainihin tarin gyare-gyare ne da aka haɗa tare ta hanyar wuta, amma maganganun da ba su da tushe.
A hakikanin gaskiya, Burlington's Progressive motsi tarihi ya tilasta masa ya rike mulki kafin ya iya tsara kansa yadda ya kamata. Ganin cewa, yana da ban mamaki cewa an ƙaddamar da shirye-shirye da yawa ta irin wannan tarin masu fafutuka da ƙwararrun masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Har zuwa 1986, kawai tsari na yau da kullun na dabarun Ci gaba ya faru a taron ranar Lahadi na yau da kullun na manyan gudanarwa da zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai.
A cikin wata sanarwa ta cikin gida ga shugabannin haɗin gwiwar Progressive Coalition a 1984, David Clavelle da Tim McKenzie, manyan masu shirya taron, sun lura cewa masu ci gaba "sun yi nasara wajen ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin yaƙin neman zaɓe a wasu gundumomi, duk da haka ba su yi nasara ba wajen kiyaye wani tsari tsakanin zaɓe." Ko da yake daga baya Sanders ya amince da ra'ayin kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa, a Vermont da ma fadin kasar, bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba wajen ganin hakan ta faru yayin da yake magajin gari. Cikin ɓacin rai da shekarunsa na farko a matsayin ɗan takarar "ƙananan jam'iyya" a ƙarƙashin tutar Liberty Union a cikin 1970s, ya ji cewa Amurka - da Burlington - ba su shirya don madadin 'yan Republican da Democrats ba.
Ko bayan da jam'iyyar Progressive Coalition ta samu gindin zama, alakarsa da ita ta kasance cikin shakku. Duk da duk abin da ke faruwa game da gwamnatin "'yan gurguzu" ta Burlington, Sanders bai taba neman mukamin ba bayan 1976 a matsayin wani abu sai "mai zaman kansa." Ya ji cewa zabin siyasarsa ya fi dacewa ba tare da mika su ga amincewar kungiya ba. Yin aiki tare da abokan majalisa da manyan mukamai, zai iya yin aiki da sauri kuma, kamar yadda ya ce, "da ƙarfin zuciya." Amma yanayin da ake ciki a cikin babban birnin tarayya bai kai na ba, tunda maigidan mutum ne mai yawan zance da iya magana. Yawancin magoya bayan da ba su da kusanci da ƙungiyar City Hall sun ji kadan game da yanke shawara sai bayan an yanke su.
Abin da ke da inganci da ƙarfin hali, abin takaici, ba koyaushe ba ne na dimokraɗiyya. A lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci gaba a hukumance a cikin 1986, wasu daga cikin waɗanda suke fatan jawowa da wakilci sun karkata zuwa wasu hanyoyi. Mata da yawa, yayin da suke maraba da takamaiman shirye-shirye, sun sami "PC" da yawa na "kulob ɗin samari." Saboda tasirin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na farko na Jesse Jackson da kungiyar Rainbow Coalition, 'yan Democrat masu ra'ayin hagu suna komawa jam'iyyar. Wasu masu fafutukar zaman lafiya sun ga shugaban karamar hukumar ya ki amsa. Kuma jam'iyyar The Greens ta yanke shawarar cewa gwamnati na cikin matsalar, ba ta ba da mafita ga barazanar da ke kunno kai ba.
Gina tsayayyen makirci mai ban sha'awa da kuma bambance-bambance yayin da nake kokarin rike da wutar lantarki ya tabbatar da aiki mai nema. Haka nan kuma, shugabannin gamayyar sun kasance jami'an birnin; Gwagwarmayarsu ta yau da kullun ta ƙayyade yawancin ajanda. Idan ya zama dole a yi zabi tsakanin aiki da manufa, ko tsakanin "nasara" da kuma "mai kyau" fada, na farko yakan rike iko.
Bayan Bernie
A ƙarshen 1980s, ra'ayin cewa Hagu na Vermont na iya wata rana "ya karɓe" jihar ba wani abu ne mai nisa ba. Ba a zahiri "Hagu ba," duk da haka, amma Bernie Sanders wanda aka sanya shi don nasara.
Amincin jam'iyya ya kasance yana raguwa fiye da shekaru goma. Kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a na Vermont yanzu sun ɗauki kansu masu zaman kansu. Hatta jiga-jigan da dama sun ketare layin jam’iyya don zaben wanda ya fi kowa so, amana ko wanda ya cancanta a tseren. Bernie ya ci moriyar waɗannan sauye-sauyen yanayi na rayuwar zaɓe. Kamar ’yan siyasa da dama da suka yi nasara, ya zama cibiyar siyasa, mai iya ba da umurni ga mutuntawa da jefa ƙuri’a ba tare da ɗaure kansa ga kowane shiri ko ƙungiya ba.
A shekarar 1986, ya zabi ya tsaya takarar gwamna a karawar da shugabar zartarwa mata ta farko ta Vermont, Democrat Madeleine Kunin, duk da gargadin da aka yi cewa ba daidai ba ne a lokacin da bai dace ba. Ga kusan kowane ɗan hagu, da wataƙila ya zama bala'i. Amma Sanders ya samu nasarar fitar da kashi 15 cikin 22 na kuri’un ko da ba tare da kwakkwaran goyon bayan kungiyar ba, inda ya fi samun nasara a yankin da ya fi mazan jiya a jihar, wato Masarautar Arewa maso Gabas. Babu wani dan takarar gwamna mai ci gaba da ya karya wannan tarihin har sai Anthony Pollina, wanda shi ma ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai zaman kansa, ya kalubalanci dan jam'iyyar Republican Jim Douglas bayan shekaru XNUMX.
Ga masu fafutukar Haɗin kai na Rainbow waɗanda suka tsaya tare da Sanders a cikin 1986, ƙwarewa ce ta gwadawa wacce ta nuna fifikon sa na lashe ƙuri'u akan shirya motsi. Amma hakan bai hana shi komawa bayan shekaru biyu ba. Gudun sa na 1988 don Majalisa ya zama babban nasara mai mahimmanci. Ba tare da goyon bayan jam'iyya ba, ya tara kusan dala 300,000, ya mamaye muhawarar, ya mamaye Democrat Paul Poirier, kuma ya zo cikin kashi 3 cikin dari na nasara. Ko da yake dan Republican Peter Smith ya dauki wannan tseren, Sanders ya dawo ya doke shi bayan shekaru biyu. Ya kasance a Majalisa tun lokacin.
"Abin da nake faɗa akai-akai," in ji Sanders bayan tseren 1988, "shine cewa abin takaici ne cewa kuna da ɗimbin manyan kamfanoni da masu hannu da shuni waɗanda ke da dukiya mai yawa da iko sosai lokacin da yawancin mutane suke. Kuma kun san me? Mutane sun yarda da wannan sakon, mutane sun fahimci haka, ba wawa ba ne."
Kamar yadda ya yi a matakin kananan hukumomi, Bernie ya kuma bai wa ‘yan jam’iyyar Democrat wani kaye mai ratsa zuciya, wanda ya bar su da fargabar cewa wata rana za su zama “jam’iyya ta uku” ta jihar. Tambayar ita ce ko za a maye gurbinsu da jam'iyyar Progressive Party a fadin jihar ko kuma na'urar yakin neman zabe na dindindin? Ga duk maganganun Sanders game da buƙatar madadin 'yan jam'iyyar Republican, bai yi komai ba sai dai ya mai da kansa shugaban duk abin da ya fito daga ƙarshe.
Kafin Sanders da Progressives, a gefe guda, Burlington ya kasance ruwan baya na al'adu wanda tsararraki masu tsufa ke tafiyar da su, ba tare da amsa ga canje-canjen bukatun al'umma ba. Idan kun halarci taron majalisa da wata matsala, tambayar farko da aka yi ita ce, "Tun yaushe kuka zauna a nan?" Gasar siyasa ita ce banda; 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrats da 'yan Republican masu biyayya sun yi dokoki.
A farkon 1990s, Sarauniyar City ta kasance sananne a cikin ƙasa don tatsuniyar sufi da "zamantakewa." Tsofaffin ƴan birni da masu adawa da al'adu sun mai da shi daga garin lardi zuwa makka na al'adu, mai sanin al'umma kuma mai kishi. Amma duk da haka ainihin yanayin canjin ya kasance da wahala a iya nunawa. Ko da bayyanannen ma'anar kalmar "ci gaba" ya kasance mai wuya.
A wani lokaci mai ci gaba shine wanda yayi gwagwarmaya don samun sauƙi daga mummunan tasirin sabon tsarin masana'antu. A farkon karni na 20 Burlington yana da wani magajin gari da ya bayyana kansa "mai ci gaba" mai suna James Burke, maƙerin Katolika na Irish wanda ya jagoranci yunkurin kawo sauyi. A cikin shekarun 1960, lokacin da sabon tsarin siyasa a Vermont ya kai ga zaben gwamnan Demokradiya Phil Hoff, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin Republican karni, sojojin da ke bayan mutumin kuma sun kira kansu masu ci gaba. Ga Hoff da abokansa ci gaba na nufin gwamnatin jiha ta zamani, ingantattun makarantu, da ayyukan yanki. Shekaru XNUMX bayan haka ma'anar ta sake canzawa, wanda ya haɗa da sake fasalin haraji, buɗe gwamnati da sake rarraba dukiya.
A kowane ma'auni na ma'auni, nasarorin na Burlington's masu ci gaba suna ba da sakamako mai girma. Bayan 1981, Burlington a fili ya zama mai ƙarfi, mafi buɗewa. Yawan marasa aikin yi ya kasance kusan mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙasar. Ƙungiyoyin al'adu sun ɓace a cikin 80s, kuma ƙananan hukumomi suna ciyar da su, sun sa babban birni ya zama abin magana fiye da kowane lokaci. Amma akwai gajimare a sararin sama, wasu sababbi wasu kuma sun taru bayan shekaru da suka yi sakaci. Ga Burlington, an ga farashin nasara a cikin cunkoson ababen hawa da yawan haya haya, jibge masu guba da tarkacen shara, da mace-macen talauci da bunƙasar gini.
A cikin takararta na magajin gari a 1989, Sandy Baird, tana fuskantar ƙalubale na hagu ga masu ci gaba a matsayin ɗan takarar Green, wanda aka ba da wataƙila mafi munin zargi. "Gwamnonin da suka gabata da na yanzu na birninmu," in ji ta, "suna kan hanyar yin karo da juna da kasashen duniya da talakawa." Baird daga baya ya bar jam'iyyar The Greens kuma ya zama Democrat, ya jagoranci kwamitin birnin na jam'iyyar. A cikin 2009 na takarar magajin gari, ta goyi bayan dan takarar Republican, Kurt Wright, da Democrat Andy Montroll, Progressive Mayor Bob Kiss, da Dan Smith - dan Peter Smith, dan siyasa Bernie Sanders ya sha kaye a 1990. Ga Baird da wasu da yawa, ya kasance. ya kasance hanya mai tsawo da karkace.
Quality Control
Ina tuki titin Battery a Burlington a 1997, na wuce abin da ke kama da gidan yari mai zaman kansa. "Sai dai in kana nan, ka tafi," kamar an ce. Bayan zama na tsawon shekaru biyu a New Mexico, inda horo ya zama masana'antar haɓaka, wataƙila ɗaurin kurkuku yana cikin raina kawai. Amma a wannan yanayin ya zama Gidan zama, jin daɗin rayuwa ga manyan aji na Burlington.
To, aƙalla ba a bakin ruwa ba ne, na yi tunani. Kuma idan mutane suna shirye su biya babban dala don su zauna a cikin wani gini mai kama da hasumiya mai gadi, kasuwancinsu ke nan.
Abin da kuma ya buge ni, duk da haka, girmansa ne. Babban. Kafin in koma garin, na karanta wani labari mai daɗi a cikin The Nation yana kwatanta birnin Sarauniya a matsayin babban misali na "abin da ke aiki." Ko da yake wani bangare ne na talla, bayan zama a Los Angeles da Albuquerque na yawancin shekarun 1990 na yi marmarin komawa wurin da mutane suka fahimci "ma'aunin ɗan adam." Duk da yake ba ni, duk da haka, ma'anar ta canza a fili.
Kar ku yi min kuskure. Burlington har yanzu wuri ne mai kyau don zama. Ra'ayoyi kamar "dorewa" da "inganta rayuwa" sun ƙulla manufofin gida. A haƙiƙa, waccan Fall Kwamitin Dokoki na birnin yana la'akari da yadda za a mayar da korafe-korafe game da gidaje da aka yi watsi da su, da shara da sauran matsalolin unguwanni zuwa doka da za a iya aiwatar da su. Amma shin da gaske ne mutane suna son daidaita yanayin lawn, dole in yi mamaki, ko kwace skateboards daga yara marasa biyayya?
Magajin garin Peter Clavelle, yanzu a wa'adinsa na uku, ya yi hasashen cewa zamanin ginin tituna na Burlington ya zo karshe. A daya bangaren kuma, ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa sabunta biranen cikin gari “ba za a iya dawo da shi ba” kuma ya kamata a kammala. A zamanin da, masu ci gaba sun kira shi "cirewa birane," kuma da ba za su kasance da sha'awar zuwan Filene's da Borders ba.
Ina kallon bakin ruwa, ina tsammanin na ga fatalwar Magajin garin Gordie Paquette. Kamar mahaifin Hamlet, yana nishi kamar, "Idan za ku gama aikina, a kalla ku ba ni wani abu."
Tun da ya koma ofis bayan shan kashi na wa'adi daya, Clavelle ya kasance mai tsaro sosai. Da'irar masu ba shi shawara ta kasance ƙanƙanta, kuma Ƙungiyoyin Ci gaba ba su sake kiran harbi ba. Lokacin da aka fara muhawara game da Filene, Terry Bouricious, dan majalisar birni na farko na ci gaba a zamanin Sanders, ya ba da shawarar babban kanti maimakon kantin sayar da kayayyaki don abin da ya rage na yankin sabunta birane. Sauran masu ci gaba kuma suna da shakku. Amma babu wanda ya shirya yin fito na fito da shugabansu. Duk da magana game da dorewa da tattaunawa, manyan yanke shawara sun kasance ta hanyar haraji da mahimmancin kasuwanci.
Ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta suna haɓaka wuraren shakatawa da magance matsalolin da suka fado ta hanyar tsaga. Amma duk da haka tarukan tsara unguwanni, waɗanda aka kafa a zamanin Sanders, ba su ƙara haifar da sha'awa ba. A wasu unguwannin, yana da wuya a iya tattara adadin kuɗi sai dai idan lokacin raba wasu kuɗi ya yi. A taƙaice, ya zama mai wahala ga birni mai girma, mai dogaro da yawon buɗe ido don riƙe ingancin ƙananan gari. Mazaunan ba su da sha'awar yin aiki, sun fi muni kuma, a wasu lokuta, suna da wuyar gaske.
Bouricius ne ya dauko Traci Sawyers na hunturu da ya gabata don ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Birni. A cikin karɓar ƙalubalen, tana fatan za a tambaye ta game da ci gaban Filene da ci gaban ruwa yayin da ta buga kofa a Ward Two. Amma da yawa masu jefa ƙuri'a ba su ma ji labarin zuwan sabon kantin sayar da kayayyaki ba kuma ba su yi tsammanin yin siyayya a wurin ba. Maimakon haka, sun koka game da hayaniya a “gidaje na biki,” rusassun gine-gine mallakin masu gida da ba su zo ba, da sharar da ke zubewa a cikin yadinsu, rubutun rubutu, da rumbun kare. Tare da asarar sararin kore, Sawyers ya kammala, "Mafi girman barazana ga Burlington shine waɗannan batutuwan rayuwa."
Ba sabuwar matsala ba ce. A wani lokaci, shugaban majalisar Sharon Bushor ya kasance yana matsawa don samar da cikakken shiri don yaki da "lalacewar unguwa." Babban cikas, a cewar mataimakiyar lauyan birnin Jessica Oski, shine tilastawa. Dangane da korafin, hakan na iya faduwa ga gidaje ko masu binciken gini, Ma'aikatar kashe gobara, ko 'yan sanda.
Wasu mazauna garin sun dora alhakin raguwar da ake ganin an samu kan dalibai, musamman wadanda ke halartar Jami'ar Vermont. Wasu kuma sun yi niyya ga masu gidajen da ba su nan, ko kuma gazawar birnin wajen aiwatar da dokokin da ake da su. Matsalar ta yi zurfi fiye da aiwatarwa, duk da haka. A ƙarshe, yana da alaƙa da canjin al'adu na birni da kuma yadda mutane suka ayyana waccan jumla maras kyau, ingancin rayuwa.
A cikin 1950s, yayin da Amurka ta shiga cikin abin da John Kenneth Gailbraith ya kira shekarun wadata, "ingantacciyar rayuwa" ta bayyana a matsayin hanyar kwatanta sha'awar jama'a ga wani abu da ya wuce ingantacciyar rayuwa. Dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar Democrat Adlai Stevenson ya watsa shi a lokacin yakin neman zabensa na 1956, yana aro kalmar daga mai sharhin TV Eric Severeid. Arthur Schlesinger kuma ya yi amfani da shi don bambanta "'yancin sassaucin ra'ayi" na 1930s New Deal tare da haɓaka sha'awar tsakiyar aji don "'yancin sassaucin ra'ayi."
A cikin 1960s, ƙungiyoyin muhalli masu tasowa sun faɗaɗa ma'anar, da ke da alaƙa da inganci ga batutuwa kamar gurɓatawa. Amma yana da alaƙa da farko da fitowar abin da Gailbraith ya kira Sabon Class, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda ke ba da ƙima akan muhalli mai tsabta, amintacce, da kwanciyar hankali.
Vermont ta fuskanci tasirin yayin da iyalai masu matsakaicin matsayi suka bar tabarbarewar yankunan birane. Sakamakon yadda jihar ke tafiyar hawainiya, tsaftataccen iska da ruwa, da kuma al'ummomi masu aminci, da yawa sababbi sun yarda su karɓi ƙananan albashi don musanya "mafi girma" ingancin rayuwa. A cikin shekarun 1970, duk da haka, matsalolin kula da ingancin sun riga sun zama a bayyane. Matasa da yawa sun rabu, ɓarkewar ƙauyen birni yana kan gaba, kuma "ƙaddamarwa" na Burlington yana haɓaka tsadar rayuwa. A wasu kalmomi, Zamanin Wadata yana da wasu munanan illolin.
A karshen karni na 20 mafi girman yankin birni na jihar ya kai wani matsayi. Duk da yake ba zai yiwu a ce yanayin ya fi muni ba - a zahiri, wasu unguwanni masu karamin karfi sun yi kyau fiye da yadda suke yi - halaye sun canza. Mutane sun ɗauki jerin ƙananan ɓacin rai waɗanda ke gabatowa babban taro. Sawyers, wanda ya tashi daga Boston a tsakiyar 90s, yayi magana game da "yanayin rashin kula da mutane." Magajin garin Clavelle ya ce abubuwan da ke damun su kamar motocin da aka yi watsi da su a farfajiyar gida suna "shiga cikin fatar mutane."
Maganganun da aka gabatar shine don ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa aiwatarwa, kamar yadda Sawyers ya ce "don canza al'adun abin da aka yarda." Amma hakan ya kara bude wasu tambayoyi; misali, shin za ku iya daidaita irin wannan ɗabi'a ba tare da ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodi na zalunci ba? Shin za ku iya tilasta wa mutane su zama ’yan ƙasa nagari? Kuma, shin unguwa mai tsafta da natsuwa me ake nufi da "ingantacciyar rayuwa"?
Pragmatic Populism
Idan mai hankali ya yi hasashen a cikin 1970s cewa Bernie Sanders wata rana zai tsaya kan filin fadar White House don goyon bayan wani shugaban Amurka da ke fama da rikici, ko kuma ya goyi bayan wani dan jam'iyyar Democrat a matsayin shugaban kasa, yawancin mutanen da suka san shi za su yi la'akari da shi a matsayin abin dariya. Wataƙila Bernie da kansa an zagi shi.
A lokacin ya kasance dan takara na "jam'iyya na uku" na shekara-shekara wanda, a cikin tseren jihohi hudu, ya sadaukar da kansa don kai hare-hare kan tsarin jari-hujja da 'yan baranda - manyan jam'iyyun siyasa biyu. Duk da haka, a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1998, sa'o'i kadan bayan da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta kada kuri'ar tsige shugaban kasa karo na biyu a tarihin kasar, a can ya yi jerin gwano da jiga-jigan jam'iyyar Democrat a bayan Bill Clinton. Bayan shekaru goma yana marawa Barack Obama baya daga kujerarsa a majalisar dattawan Amurka.
Wannan dole ne ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin siyasar Amurka. Baƙon da ba a so ya zama gogaggen ɗan wasa a fagen siyasar ƙasa. A matsayinsa na mai zaman kansa mafi dadewa, kuma buɗaɗɗen gurguzu a Majalisa, ya shiga littattafan rikodin. An yi la'akari da ingantaccen ginin haɗin gwiwa, wani lokaci yana iya samun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na GOP su buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Demokraɗiyya. Ya kuma kafa Progressive Caucus, ƙawancen majalisa wanda ya yi yaƙi don sake fasalin haraji, kula da lafiyar masu biyan kuɗi guda ɗaya, rage kashe kuɗi na soja = 2 0, da kula da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi na duniya. A kan hanyar, ya tabbatar da cewa ba shi da rauni ga harin zabe.
Duk da haka, kamar yadda Bernie ya gani, "Ra'ayina game da abin da na yi imani ya dace da abin da nake son gani a ƙasar nan sun canja kadan." Kuma hakan na iya zama sirrin nasararsa. Bernie ba kome ba ne idan bai daidaita ba, yana kula da tsayawa tare da ainihin rap iri ɗaya ba tare da la'akari da yanayin siyasa ba. Hoton saman tabbas ya samo asali - daga m, mai saurin magana mai tsaurin ra'ayi a cikin jeans da sandals, yana fama da fushi don a ji shi, zuwa mai tabbatar da kansa, mai sanye da kaya mai kyau wanda ya kwanta da sukar sa tare da amincewa akai-akai game da girmama abokan adawa da hakikanin gaskiya. Amma saƙon, kodayake an sabunta shi da sabbin shaidu, kusan iri ɗaya ne.
Kamar yadda ya bayyana a yayin wata hira da aka yi da shi kusan shekaru goma da suka gabata, “Kuna da jam’iyyun siyasa guda biyu wadanda suke karkashin tsarin kudi...Kuna da kafafen yada labarai na kamfanoni, idan kuna maganar hada karfi da karfe, kuna maganar mai da iskar gas. banki, kuma watakila mafi mahimmanci, kafofin watsa labaru - inda akwai 'yan ra'ayi na rashin amincewa game da matsayinmu na yanzu a kan tattalin arzikin duniya.
"Wannan ya kai ga batun mafi mahimmanci - lafiyar dimokuradiyyar Amurka. Shin mutane sun san abin da ke faruwa? Kuma ta yaya za su iya yakar abin da ke faruwa? Ina tsoron kada su yi."
Muna magana ne a farkon mako mai tada hankali. Bill Clinton ya yi kwanaki biyu kacal da kaddamar da wani sabon zagaye na harin bam a Iraki - a jajibirin tsige shi. Bernie ya riga ya yanke shawara a kan Clinton: eh don zargi, a'a cirewa ko murabus. Amma ya kasance mafi daidaito a kan batun shiga tsakani. Wani mai sukar kashe kudi mai yawa na tsaro wanda ya kada kuri'ar adawa da yakin Gulf, duk da haka yana ganin cewa daukar matakin soji ya dace a wasu lokuta, misali a Yugoslavia ko kawar da kama-karya kamar Saddam Hussein. "Ba na son in ga irin wannan mutum yana kera makaman kare dangi ko masu guba," in ji shi. "Don haka, ba abu ne mai sauki ba."
Matsala ta gaske, in ji shi a farkon 1999, ita ce, ba kamar babbar adawar jama'a da ta haifar da yakin Vietnam ba, kusan kashi 80 cikin XNUMX na mutanen za su goyi bayan duk wani shawarar yin amfani da karfi a kwanakin nan. "Hakan ya sa mutane a Majalisa su yi adawa da shi da wahala," in ji shi, duk da cewa "dabarun sau da yawa kan koma baya." Bai yi tsammanin yanayin zai canza ba "har sai dubun-dubatar mutane su ce a'a," kuma bai yi tunanin yawancin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya suna kan turbar da ta dace ba. Samun gaskiya shi ne mataki na farko na gina fafutuka mai fa'ida," in ji shi, kuma hanyar yin hakan ita ce daukar batutuwan da suka shafi burodi da man shanu, "Ba na jin za ku iya kallon batun yaki da zaman lafiya kawai. Ya ce, "Mutane sun san kana bangarensu."
A yanzu haka, ya kara da cewa, "Na dade ina cikin damuwa cewa wasu 'yan gwagwarmayar ci gaba" ba sa tashi tsaye wajen yaki yadda ya kamata, ko kuma ba da kulawa sosai ga bukatun talakawan Amurkawa. A halin yanzu, daya daga cikin batutuwan da na damu matuka da su. shi ne abin da ake kawowa na zamantakewar zamantakewa, wanda a tunanina zai zama bala'i, ya shafi manyan mutane a yau, ya shafi al'ummai masu zuwa, shin ko yaya za a tattauna batun a tsakanin masu fafutuka=2 0da masu hankali, wa ya kamata a fahimta? na ji kadan a Vermont."
Bernie ba shi da masaniya game da yadda Majalisa ke aiki kafin ya isa, in ji shi. Kamar farkon sa na magajin gari na Burlington, yana mu'amala da majalisa mara tausayi da riko da tsarin mulki na cikin gida, tada hankali ne. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, ko da yake yanzu ya san yadda ake buga wasan, duk da haka ya ba shi mamaki cewa "abin da muke karantawa a cikin littattafai game da yadda lissafin ya zama doka ba haka ba ne."
Lokacin da muka yi magana, ya yi nuni ga kwamitocin taro da ya kamata su kawar da bambance-bambancen majalisa. "Mutane nawa ne suka san cewa lokacin da majalisa da dattawa suka amince da matsayi, mutane goma da ke cikin ɗakin za su iya yin watsi da shi gaba daya - ko da akwai yarjejeniya?" Irin wannan tambaya ce ta zage-zage da aka yi a jawabin nasa, wanda ke nuna ainihin imaninsa cewa jama'a suna cikin duhu game da cin zarafi na yau da kullun na cin hanci da rashawa da kuma lalata tsarin dimokuradiyya. “Na fusata a gidajen talabijin da jaridu game da kin ilimantar da mutane yadda tsarin ke gudana,” inji shi.
Wani al'amari, in ji shi, shine cin nasara a yaƙin majalisa yakan haɗa da yin aiki tare da mutanen da suka tsaya kan wasu batutuwan da kuke kyama. A haƙiƙa, yawancin nasarar da Bernie ya samu a farkon majalisar ya zo ta hanyar kulla yarjejeniya da kishiyar akida. gyare-gyaren hana kashe kudade don tallafawa haɗin gwiwar ƴan kwangilar tsaro, alal misali, an tura shi tare da taimakon Chris Smith, fitaccen ɗan adawa akan zubar da ciki. John Kasich, wanda ra'ayinsa game da walwala, mafi ƙarancin albashi da manufofin ketare ba zai iya bambanta da na Bernie ba, ya taimaka masa ya kawar da inshorar haɗari ga saka hannun jari na waje. Kuma "haɗin gwiwarsa na dama-dama" ya taimaka wajen warware dokar "sauri" kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da Bill Clinton ya tura.
Samun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a matsayin abokansa suna jin baƙon abu, ya yarda. Amma aikin shine zartar da doka maimakon "ku kasance mai ladabi kuma ku kasance masu nagarta kuma kada ku yi magana da kowa .... Idan kai dan siyasa ne nagari - kuma na yi amfani da wannan a cikin ma'ana mai kyau - ka yi amfani da damar da za ka sa al'amura su faru."
Wata rawar, wanda watakila kusa da zuciyarsa, ita ce tsokana. "Ina girmama mutanen da ke cikin harkokin siyasa," in ji shi, amma kuma yana jin dadin fitar da su. "Batun da suka shafi biliyoyin mutanen duniya ba su san abin da ke faruwa ba. Ina ganin, sakamakon rawar da ni da sauran mu muka taka, za a iya samun karin haske. Amma a bayyane yake batun ya wuce haka."
Muna isa ga jigon binciken Bernie: ƙungiyoyin kuɗi na duniya waɗanda ke kare muradun masu hasashe da bankuna a cikin kuɗin talakawa da ma'aikata - ba tare da ma'anar muhalli ba - a bayan rufin asiri. Gwamnatoci sun rage zuwa matsayin masu kima a karkashin jagorancin jari hujja na kasa da kasa. Duk jam'iyyun siyasa kowtowing zuwa babban kudi flaks. Da kuma myopia na kafofin watsa labaru suna rura wutar jahilcin jama'a. Aikin nasa, in ji shi, shine ya tada hankali kuma, idan ya yiwu, ya fallasa ainihin manufofin masu iko.
"Ina ganin ya zama wajibi mutane su ci gaba da yin aiki a kan wani aiki mai matukar wahala; wato samar da wani bangare na uku a Amurka," in ji shi. Duk da wannan ra'ayi, duk da haka, ba shi da wani shiri don taimakawa haɓaka ɗaya a Vermont. "Na shagaltu sosai kuma ina aiki tukuru a matsayina na dan majalisar Vermont," in ji shi. "Ba zan taka rawar gani ba wajen gina wani bangare na uku."
A fuskarsa kamar ya saba ma kansa. Duk da haka, Bernie ya ci gaba da kasancewa da dangantaka ta tsawon makamai tare da siyasar jam'iyya tun lokacin da ya zama mai zaman kansa a ƙarshen 1970s. Ya yi fatan tushen ci gaba zai iya fadada sosai fiye da Burlington, kuma wani lokaci yana ba da tallafi ga 'yan takara na gida. Amma shiga cikin gina jam'iyya babu makawa yana nufin goyon bayan sauran 'yan takara a duk fadin jihar a kan mutane kamar Howard Dean, sannan gwamnan Vermont, kuma zai iya kawo cikas ga dangantakarsa da 'yan Democrat na Vermont.
Rhetoric a gefe, Bernie ya yi zaman lafiya tare da kwarewa, kuma bai ji kunya game da wasa don cin nasara ba. An tilasta masa ya zaɓi tsakanin zama "mai nagarta" da tasiri, ya zaɓi yin nasara - muddin hakan bai saba wa imani da aka daɗe ba.
A daya bangaren kuma, “Ba a samu ‘yan majalisa da yawa da ke da ra’ayi na ba,” inji shi. "Shugaban kasa ba ya da ra'ayi na. Kafofin watsa labarai na kamfanoni ba su da ra'ayi na. Wannan ita ce gaskiyar da ya kamata in yi a kowace rana." Ayyukansa, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin shekaru da yawa, shine fahimtar matsalolin da kuma "yi mafi kyawun abin da za ku iya tare da ikon da kuke da shi. Ba wai kawai ku tsaya a kan titi ba kuna ba da jawabi."
Wannan ya kasance abin ban mamaki, ina tsammanin, tun da yake ba da jawabi - a gaskiya, magana guda ɗaya - watakila abin da Bernie ya yi mafi kyau. A tsawon shekaru duk da haka ya ɗauke shi daga ɓarna na ɓangare na uku zuwa Lambun Rose da Majalisar Dattawa. Ana cikin haka, sa’ad da lokaci ya wuce, mutane da yawa suna zuwa su ga al’amura yadda yake so. Lokaci ne kawai har sai irin wannan nau'in ra'ayin jama'a, wanda ya kunshi yakin neman zabe na Barack Obama, ya kai ga farkon lokaci.
Ganawa da Saƙonni
Idan da gaske ne masu nasara suka rubuta tarihi, labarin Vermont na ƙarni na 20 aƙalla ya kamata ƙungiyoyin ci gaba uku su yi haɗin gwiwa tare da su waɗanda suka canza siyasarta a ƙarshen ƙarni na ƙarshe. Na farko, kuma ba a san shi ba, shine farkon shekarun 1900 na sake fasalin da magajin Katolika na Irish na Burlington ya jagoranta, James Burke. Ya hade kabilanci da na bakin haure a birnin, ya shigar da karagar mulki, ya gwada siyasa mai cin gashin kansa, kuma - a cikin kalaman na Burlington Free Press eulogy - ya tada "harsashin dimokuradiyya a lokacin da ake ganin za su mutu."
Duk da ci gaban Burlington, duk da haka, jihar ta ci gaba da zama tushen 'yan Republican har zuwa ci gaba na gaba. Ya fara bisa hukuma a cikin 1962 tare da zaben Phil Hoff, gwamna na farko na Democratic tun 1853. Kamar motsi na farko, ya haifar da sha'awar sake fasalin da kwararar bakin haure - a cikin wannan yanayin tsoffin mazauna birni suna neman ingantaccen inganci. rayuwa. Kafin ya ƙare, Vermont ya zama ƙungiya biyu st abinci tare da suna don haɓaka muhalli da tunani mai zaman kansa.
Har yanzu zamani na ci gaba na uku yana ci gaba. Bayan sake fasalin siyasar Vermont a cikin 1980s, Bernie Sanders ya koma kan yanayin kasa, ya kafa kungiyar Ci gaba a Majalisa tare da jagorantar fadace-fadace don rage tasirin haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni. A shekarar 2006, bayan shekaru 16 a matsayin wakilin Vermont daya tilo a majalisar dokokin Amurka, ya maye gurbin Sanata Jim Jeffords na Amurka mai ritaya, wanda ya kammala aikinsa na siyasa inda ya bar jam'iyyar Republican ta George W. Bush ya zama mai cin gashin kansa. Zabar wani mai zaman kansa da zai gaje shi, musamman lokacin da babban abokin hamayyar Bernie dan jam'iyyar Republican ne mai arziki, bai zo da mamaki ba.
A baya a Burlington, Ƙungiyoyin Ci gaba da suka fito daga farkon nasarar Bernie sun ci gaba da mamaye fagen siyasa. Da yake rubutu game da tasiri a ƙarshen 1990s, mai tsara aikin Ellen David Friedman, abokin hulɗar Sanders na dogon lokaci, ya yi iƙirarin cewa sakamakon ya kasance "tabbatacciyar motsi zuwa hagu a tsakiyar tsakiyar Vermont." Shaida? Friedman ya ambaci rinjayen 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat a siyasar jihar, mafi karancin albashi na biyu a kasar, jinkirin kayyade kayan aiki, "mafi kyawun-mafi muni" sake fasalin jin dadin jama'a, da gazawar al'amurran da suka shafi mayar da martani don samun gindin zama. Daga wannan ta yanke shawarar cewa tsarin gurguzu na dimokuradiyya ya sami gagarumar nasara, ya zama "gaskiya na rayuwa a siyasar Vermont."
Duk da cewa ta yi iƙirarin nasarar da za a iya cece ta, ta yarda cewa ƙungiyar ba ta samu cikakkiyar nasara ba. Bayan da dama na kamfen, alal misali, Ƙungiyoyin Ci gaba (wanda ya zama Jam'iyyar Progressive Vermont a 1999) har yanzu ba ta zaɓe "mai zaman kanta" guda ɗaya ga majalisar dokokin jihar daga wajen Burlington ba. A shekara ta 2004, tana da wakilai shida na jihohi, ciki har da uku daga iyakar Burlington, amma sun yi rashin nasara a Majalisar Birni. A zaben shekara ta 2009, jam’iyyar Progressives, wacce a halin yanzu ke da kujeru uku a majalisar mai wakilai 14, ta shiga takara ne kawai a cikin guda bakwai. Da kujeru shida, jam'iyyar Democrat tana da 'yan takara shida. Kodayake dogon harbe-harbe, akwai masu kalubalantar Green Party guda biyar.
"Bayan a farkon shekaru ashirin na aiki," Friedman ya rubuta shekaru goma da suka wuce, "muna haɗa kanmu tare da mafi ƙarancin tsari." Ko da yake an magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar kafa jam'iyyar siyasa a fadin jihar, tun daga lokacin ake ta muhawara kan yadda za a ba da fifiko kan zabuka, da yadda za a yi alaka da 'yan Democrat. A gaskiya ma, wasu masu son ci gaban Burlington sun ce sun gwammace mu'amala da 'yan Republican, duk da bambance-bambancen akida, fiye da yin shawarwari da 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat wadanda ba a iya tantancewa ba.
Ajandar magajin garin Burlington Peter Clavelle, wanda aka bayyana a cikin jawabai daban-daban na jama'a, birni ne da ya daidaita tsakanin "ci gaban tattalin arziki, kare muhalli, da daidaiton zamantakewa." Daga cikin dogon burinsa na dogon lokaci shine samar da gidaje masu araha "haƙƙi na asali, ba kayayyaki ba," da "tattalin arzikin da ke da mallaki da sarrafawa." Tabbas hakan yayi kama da gurguzanci na dimokuradiyya, amma yuwuwar faruwar ko wanne ya kasance nesa.
Binciken Clavelle ya kwatanta akidar motsin da aibu. Kamar mafi yawan masu ci gaba, ya so ya ƙara albashi, adana wurare masu kyau, kare al'umma daga lalacewar zamantakewa, da inganta harkokin siyasa. Ya kuma bayyana yana raba damuwar Bernie game da rashin adalci na rarraba dukiya da sadaukar da kai ga tsarin haraji mai adalci. A gefe guda kuma, yana jin cewa hanyar zuwa irin wannan "mai rai" nan gaba shine daidaitawa ga bukatun kasuwa. Don haka, duk da damuwa cewa "tattalin arzikinmu ba ya ƙarƙashin ikon mutanen da ke zaune a cikin al'ummarmu," ya yi maraba da fadada babban kantunan birnin, wani kantin sayar da kayayyaki mallakar Kamfanin May 400-kanti (daga baya Macy's ya maye gurbinsa), da Borders. . Babu shakka akwai fa'idodi masu yawa, musamman mafi girman layin kayan masarufi. Amma zuwan nasu ya kuma tsananta dogaro da tattalin arzikin cikin gida ga waɗanda ba su da jihohi da kuma yanayin duniya, daidai abin da Clavelle ke fatan gujewa.
Gidajen ya haifar da rikice-rikice iri ɗaya. Gwamnatin ci gaba tana son samar da ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka, haɓaka raka'a marasa inganci, da dawo da gine-ginen da aka yi watsi da su zuwa amfani mai amfani. Amma babu ɗayan waɗannan da zai canza yanayin kasuwa na yin hayar gidaje a Burlington kusan tsada kamar yadda suke a Los Angeles. Samun daidaiton daidaito tsakanin kasuwanci, daidaito da muhalli ya tabbatar da wahala hakika.
Ƙananan Canje-canje
Bayan shekaru 15 a matsayin magajin gari na Burlington, Peter Clavelle ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2006 - amma ba kafin ya koma jam'iyyar Democratic Party don takarar gwamna a 2004. Abokin hamayyarsa shi ne dan jam'iyyar Republican Jim Douglas, babban malami, ma'aikacin siyasa mai daure kai wanda ya riga ya yi aiki. a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati da Ma'ajin Jiha. Clavelle ya kasance mai hankali kuma mai tsananin sha'awar tseren, sau da yawa yana kallon bacin rai yayin da yake magana game da rasa ayyukan yi ko kuma 63,000 Vermonters ba tare da inshorar lafiya ba. Kallon mutanen biyu suna muhawara kamar saurara ne kan wata tattaunawa ta gudanar da aiki da aka shirya kawo karshen yajin aikin.
Ba kamar Bernie ba, Clavelle sau da yawa yakan zama kamar ba shi da daɗi a matsayin ɗan takara, kuma lokacin da muka yi magana a lokacin tseren 2004 ya yarda cewa wataƙila yana jin daɗin mulki fiye da yaƙin neman zaɓe. “Abin da ya burge ni shi ne na hada mutane wuri guda,” in ji shi. Ya kuma dan kare lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da komawarsa daga Progressive zuwa Democrat. "Babu wani abu da ya canza dangane da ni da kuma abin da na yi sandiyya…Na fito ne daga dangi da al'adar 'Yellow Dog' Democrats," in ji shi, yana tunawa da yadda mahaifiyarsa ta taɓa bayyana kalmar. "Za mu zabi kare mai launin rawaya a gaban dan Republican," ta gaya wa danta mai shekaru shida. "Gaskiyar magana ita ce mafi yawan masu ci gaba 'yan Democrat ne," in ji shi. "Kuma sai dai idan ba mu sami ra'ayi daya ba, wadanda kawai za su yi nasara su ne 'yan Republican."
A wannan watan Nuwamba, Douglas ya doke Clavelle sosai (kwanan nan wani fitaccen mai goyon bayan shirin GOP na Barack Obama). A cikin 2005, Clavelle ya sake fuskantar wani shan kaye: shirinsa mai ƙarfin hali na barin Babban Burlington YMCA ya juya tashar samar da Moran da ke ruɓe a bakin ruwa na birnin zuwa wurin shakatawa na zamani da mazauna yankin suka ƙi a cikin wani "shawarwari". 'Yan adawar sun hada da Kurt Wright, dan Republican na gida mai burin magajin gari, da Sandy Baird, dan jam'iyyar Green-juya-Democrat. Wannan ƙawancen a fili ya daɗe, idan aka ba da 2009 Baird ya amince da Wright na magajin gari.
Shirye-shiryen gaban ruwa sun kasance akai-akai = 2 0met juriya. A cikin 1970s, Magajin gari Paquette, tare da goyon bayan Demokraɗiyya da na Republican mai ƙarfi, ya ingiza wani shiri na kasuwanci wanda ya zayyana gidaje masu tsada da filin ajiye motoci na ƙasa a bakin ruwa. An yi maraba da wannan ra'ayin da zanga-zanga, musamman mazauna unguwar da ke kusa da titin King Street wadanda ke fargabar sake fasalin zai haifar da karin haya da kuma fitar da su daga gidajensu.
Duk da cewa aikin bai yi nisa ba, amma ya bude wa kudaden gwamnati don gyara gidaje da kuma tallafin da ake samu a yankin da ke kusa da masu karamin karfi. Mutane da yawa suna ganin wannan a matsayin yunƙuri na sayen masu suka, amma kuma a matsayin tayin da ke da wuyar ƙi. Tuni ya yi mafarki game da gidan kayan tarihi na ruwa kusa da aikinsa, Ray Pecor, mamallakin Sufurin Tafkin Champlain kuma mai ƙarfi a cikin shirye-shiryen bakin ruwa, ya shiga don ba da kuɗin gyare-gyaren da ake buƙata na Cibiyar Matasan Yankin King Street.
Har ila yau, sake gina bakin ruwa ya zama wurin tunzura yunƙurin zaɓen da ya haɗu a kusa da Berne Sanders. Lokacin da ya fara takarar magajin gari, yana nuna kai tsaye ga bakin tekun, sai ya ce, "Burlington ba na siyarwa bane."
Bayan ƴan shekaru a ofis, duk da haka, halin Bernie ya zama mafi dacewa. Tare da Clavelle yana gudanar da sabon Ofishin Al'umma da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, birnin ya haɓaka aikin dala miliyan 100 wanda ya lalata duk hangen nesa na baya. Wanda aka fi sani da Alden Plan, ya haɗa da komai daga gidan jirgin ruwa da kuma madaidaiciyar hanyar kekuna zuwa gidajen kwana da otal mai hawa bakwai. A lokacin Clavelle ya kira shi "samfurin na musamman don ci gaban birane."
Sukar farko sun ta'allaka ne kan "taron sirri" tsakanin masu haɓakawa da jami'ai. Lokacin da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa ta yunƙura don buɗe tattaunawar da kuma babbar hanyar keke, Bernie ya lakafta ta a matsayin rukunin gaban Demokraɗiyya, amma a ƙarshe ya goyi bayan babban ra'ayinsa. Masu sukar muhalli kuma sun shirya, suna buƙatar ƙarin sarari. Sai kuri'ar amincewa da jama'a. Sakamakon suka da kuma kawancen jam'iyyar Greens da Democrat, matakin ya gaza cika kashi biyu bisa ukun da ake bukata kuma aikin ya mutu. Shekaru ashirin, da yawa daga cikin 'yan wasan da ke ci gaba da muhawarar ruwa sun kasance iri ɗaya. Hatta sukan suna da zoben da aka sani.
A shekara ta 2006, Clavelle ya isa. Sai dai shi da wasu jiga-jigan masu son ci gaba na cikin gida ba su yi imani da cewa za a iya zabar wani mai ci gaba ba ko kuma jam'iyyar da ke cikin gida za ta dade da wanzuwa, don haka ne suka yanke shawarar amincewa da Hinda Miller, 'yar Democrat ta tsaya takara. Shugabannin Burlington's Progressive Party ba su yarda su yarda da ra'ayin cewa lokacinsa ya wuce ba, duk da haka, kuma sun zabi Bob Kiss, wani ma'aikacin sabis na ɗan adam. Kiss ya doke Miller da kusan kashi tara cikin dari kuma ya zama magajin garin Burlington na farko da aka zaba ta hanyar yin amfani da kuri'a a zagaye na biyu. An yi ta yada jita-jita cewa Wright, dan takarar GOP, ya shawarci magoya bayansa da su baiwa Kiss kuri'u ta biyu. A kowane hali, jama'a a fili sun ki amincewa da matakin Clavelle na cewa zamanin ci gaba ya ƙare kuma mafi wayo shine yin ciniki tare da 'yan Democrat na gida.
A cikin ofis, Kiss ya ci gaba da bin hanya madaidaiciya, madaidaiciyar hanyar jama'a - kasafin kuɗi, "ƙananan haɓaka," da sabbin abubuwa masu amfani kamar talabijin na USB na birni. Makon Kasuwanci kwanan nan ya kira Burlington daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wurare "don renon yaranku," kuma Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka sun sanya shi "birni mafi lafiya" na al'umma. Kiss har ma ya taimaka ƙera shirin "sake haɓaka" don shukar Moran da mazauna yankin za su iya yarda da su, haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu wanda ya haɗa cibiyar zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na al'umma, gidan kayan tarihi na yara, da wurin shakatawa na riba. Birnin zai ci gaba da mallakar ginin.
Har yanzu 'yan Greens ba su ji daɗi ba, kuma ɗan takararsu na magajin gari a 2009, James Simpson, ya yi iƙirarin cewa wani wurin shakatawa na skate da filin shakatawa zai yi mummunan tasiri ga wuraren dausayi na kusa. Amma ba tare da wani babban tushe na goyon baya ba kuma tare da 'yan Democrat, 'yan Republican da masu ci gaba da suka yi layi a bayan aikin, irin wannan sukar ba ta da tasiri. Duk da cewa bai samu kashi 50 cikin XNUMX na kuri'un da aka kada ba, Bob Kiss mai ci ne ya lashe zaben, sai Kurt Wright na jam'iyyar Republican ya biye masa a zagaye na biyu na zaben.
Tafiya ta kasance mai sauƙi, ko da yake ba ƙaramin ban mamaki ba, ga Sanders a matakin ƙasa. Kamar yadda ya sanya shi a cikin wasiƙar tara kuɗi guda ɗaya, yana yaƙin "ba wai kawai 'yan Republican masu ra'ayin mazan jiya bane amma yunƙurin zuwa dama" na 'yan Democrat. Don yin hakan, a wasu lokuta ya kan yi kawance da ‘yan mazan jiya na majalisar da burinsa ya sha bamban da nasa. Nasarar da aka yi a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 na ceto Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, alal misali, ana kallon duka biyu a matsayin nasara ga 'yancin ɗan adam da kuma masu sukar wariyar launin fata na taimakon waje. Har ila yau adawa da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta Arewacin Amirka (NAFTA) da sauran yarjejeniyoyi na kasuwanci da zuba jari su ma suna da fuska biyu. Ga wasu, abin da ake so shi ne ci gaba da toshewar tattalin arzikin Cuba, a mika wa Bill Clinton shan kaye, ko kuma hana samar da hanyoyin magance rikice-rikice na kasa da kasa. Ko da yake burin Bernie ya fi dacewa, shan kashi ya kuma yi amfani da muradun masu kishin tattalin arziki da masu ra'ayin ra'ayinsu wanda babban burinsu shi ne haƙƙin jihohi da warewa.
Tunanin gina haɗin gwiwar hagu-dama a kan dakarun da ke da iko da dukiya na iya zama mai ruɗi. Lokacin da aka yi ƙoƙarin yin hakan a ɗan gajeren lokaci a Vermont a ƙarshen 1970s, ƙarshen bakan siyasa sun sami daidaito a wasu wurare. Dukansu sun gwammace samar da makamashi mai ƙanƙanta ga tsire-tsire masu girma, mallakin filaye da kasuwanci da yawa, da kawar da "shingayen gwamnati." Amma al'amura sun dawwama lokacin da tattaunawar ta koma jindadi, ka'idojin muhalli, tabbatar da aiki, da zubar da ciki - babu daya daga cikin batutuwa marasa mahimmanci. Rubutun shi ne cewa mahawara iri ɗaya na “rarrabuwar kawuna” da ikon mallaka waɗanda ke da kyau a wasu lokuta ana iya amfani da su don tallafawa jari-hujja da nuna wariya.
Zuciyar ci gaban al'umma a farkon karni na 20, ƙoƙari ne na sarrafa tarin dukiya da faɗaɗa haƙƙin demokraɗiyya. Tsawon karni na kwata, sauye-sauye sun shafi 'yancin ma'aikata, wuce gona da iri, cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa, ci gaban da ba a kula da shi ba, da kuma mummunan tasirin zamanin masana'antu na farko. Duk da haka, yawancin ƙoƙarin da aka yi ya kwantar da rashin jin daɗi maimakon samar da canje-canje na asali. gyare-gyaren da aka samu galibi ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci ne suka haɗa kai don biyan bukatun kansu na dogon lokaci. Maimakon jagorantar ƙasar zuwa ga wani nau'i na sauyi na zamantakewa, ci gaban farko ya ƙare.
A cikin wannan tsari, mutane da yawa sun sami sauƙi daga mummunan tasirin jari-hujja wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba, babban ci gaba. Hakanan za'a iya faɗi game da zamanin ci gaba na baya-bayan nan a Burlington da, ta tsawaita, Vermont. Amma farashin ciniki ya yi tsada. A cikin mahaifar ci gaban Vermont, ya haifar da haɗin kai na kasuwanci, bambancin muhalli, da ci gaba da haɓaka gidaje da sauran albarkatu. Ƙoƙarin daidaita “dorewa” tare da yarda da ƙarfin kasuwa na zahiri yana ɗauka cewa tsarin tattalin arziƙi bisa ci gaba da ci gaba da riba za a iya amfani da shi yadda ya kamata don biyan bukatun ɗan adam da mutunta yanayin duniya. Idan hakan ta faru, shine mafi kyawun sirrin jari-hujja.
Greg Guma ya yi gyara kuma ya rubuta wa jaridu a Vermont tsawon shekaru 40, kuma ya rubuta littafi game da siyasar ci gaba a Vermont, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar. Shi ne kuma tsohon Babban Darakta na Rediyon Pacifica, kungiyar watsa labarai mai ci gaba mai shekaru 60. Ana samun sigar wannan maƙala da ba ta da iyaka, da kuma sauran rubuce-rubuce game da Vermont da siyasa, a gidan yanar gizonsa, Maverick Media (http://muckraker-gg.blogspot.com).
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Bada Tallafi