A ranar 25 ga Afrilun 1974 ƙananan hafsoshi na Ƙungiyar Sojin Ƙasa (MFA) sun fitar da sanarwar rediyo: 'Dakarun Portugal sun yi kira ga mazauna birnin Lisbon da su kasance a cikin gidajensu kuma su kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali.' Amma ma'aikatan Lisbon ba su zauna a gida ba. Wannan rana ɗaya ce daga cikin juyin juya halin Portugal. A ranar cika shekaru 50 da juyin juya halin Musulunci. Raquel Varela, marubucin Tarihin Jama'a na Juyin Juyin Halitta na Portugal, yayi magana da rs21 game da abin da ya faru a gaba.
A cikin 1974 Portugal na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a Turai. Muna da mafi ƙarancin albashi. Mata ma ba za su iya fita waje ba sai da izinin mazajensu. Akwai mulkin kama-karya, tauhidi na hukuma, da kuma 'yan sandan siyasa wadanda suka kama dubban ma'aikata. An haramta ƙungiyoyin 'yanci da jam'iyyun siyasa tsawon shekaru 48.
In Tarihin Mutanen Portugal, wanda aka rubuta tare da Roberto della Santa kuma ba a fassara shi zuwa Turanci ba, muna haɓaka ra'ayin cewa tsarin jari-hujja na Portuguese ya dogara ne akan tsarin jari-hujja na Birtaniya, a cikin ma'anar Ellen Wood ta ra'ayi na jari-hujja ana fitar da shi ta hanyar daular Birtaniyya zuwa yanki da yanki.
Burgeoisie na Portuguese sun fara yin nasu juyin juya hali don kafa tsarin jari-hujja da kuma hambarar da daular a cikin 1820s. Amma za su iya gama shi a matsayin tsarin adawa da juyin juya hali, a karkashin mulkin farkisanci, a cikin 1930s. Wannan dai shi ne yunkurin 'yan burguza na karshe na samar da kasa ta kasa. Mulkin kama-karya ya dogara ne akan ƙauye, al'ummar ƙauye, inda mata za su samar da yara ga ma'aikata don tallafawa tsarin masana'antu. Portugal ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin anarcho-syndicalist mafi ƙarfi a duk Turai a ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20. A karkashin gwamnatin farkisanci an haramta yajin aiki da jam'iyyun siyasa da kuma murkushe su.
Kashi na uku na wannan mulkin kama-karya shi ne yin amfani da aikin tilastawa a ma'auni mai yawa a cikin yankunan da Portugal ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, wadanda ke da alaka kai tsaye da mulkin wariyar launin fata da kuma tarin babban birnin Afirka ta Kudu. Don haka kuma, yana da alaƙa sosai da tsarin jari-hujja na Burtaniya.
Akwai kuma ginshiƙi na huɗu na tsarin mulki. Shi ne abin da ake kira 'conditioning' masana'antu. Jihar ta baiwa 'yan burguza damar kirkiro nasu kason don kada a yi gasa a wasu yankuna. Don haka, wata ƙasa ce ta Bonapartist wacce ke gudanar da kasuwancin bourgeoisie. Amma a lokacin yakin basasar Spain (1936-39) an sami tsarin juyin juya hali na Iberian, kuma muna jayayya a ciki. Tarihin Mutanen Portugal cewa wannan ya haifar da mulkin fasikanci kai tsaye a Portugal. A sakamakon haka, a karshen karni na sittin, kasa da kashi 20% na al'ummar kasar sun sami damar samar da ruwan sha ko gidajen da suka dace; Kashi 30% ba su iya karatu da karatu ba kuma an fi samun mace-macen yara a Turai. A wancan lokacin an yi wani gagarumin yajin aiki na ma'aikatan tilastawa a Baixa do Cassange na kasar Angola. Sojojin Portugal ne suka farfasa maharan, an kashe 5,000, watakila 10,000, babu wanda ya san ainihin adadin. Wannan shi ne farkon yake-yaken ‘yan mulkin mallaka daga mahangar kasar Portugal, kuma shi ne farkon yakin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ta fuskar gurguzu. Yakin mulkin mallaka shine sunan da kasar Portugal ke amfani dashi. Muna magana ne game da juyin juya hali na adawa da mulkin mallaka. Juyin juya hali na adawa da mulkin mallaka ya fara yakin mulkin mallaka. A cikin shekaru goma sha uku masu zuwa sojojin Portugal sun dauki mutane miliyan 1.1 don yakar yaki a Afirka. Wannan daga al'ummar kusan miliyan goma. Akwai wata al'umma da ta fi ƙarfin soja a lokacin, wato Isra'ila.
Don kauce wa biyan mafi girman albashi da yanayin da ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi suka buƙaci a cikin manyan ƙasashe bayan yakin duniya na biyu, da kuma fuskantar faɗuwar ribar da aka samu a cikin shekaru sittin, saka hannun jari ya kwarara daga manyan ƙasashe zuwa Portugal. Yawancin yankunan masana'antu na babban birnin ketare sun mayar da hankali a kusa da Lisbon, Setubal da Oporto. Bugu da kari, an dauki ma'aikata miliyan 1.5 daga Portugal don zuwa Luxembourg, Switzerland, Faransa, Burtaniya da Jamus don yin aiki. Wannan ya haifar da halin da ake ciki inda ma'aikata da gaske suke cikin matsayi mai karfi, saboda ma'aikata a cikin Portugal sun ragu saboda yakin mulkin mallaka da ƙaura. Sannan a kan wannan mun sami girgizar mai, abin da ake kira rikicin girgiza mai, wanda shine rikicin karshen sake ginawa bayan yakin duniya na biyu.
A Portugal bourgeoisie ya rabu saboda a lokacin kashi 40% na kasafin kudin kasar na yakin mulkin mallaka ne. Mutane ba su da ruwa mai tsabta, amma kashi 40% na kasafin kudin ya tafi yakin mulkin mallaka. Duk waɗannan sabani sun ci gaba sosai bayan Mayu 1968 a Faransa da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam a Amurka. Dalibai da yawa sun sami ƙwarin gwiwa don tayar da yaƙin. A Portugal mun kira shi 'rikicin ilimi'. Kuma akwai adadi mai yawa na yajin aikin. Hasashe na, wanda na ci gaba a cikin sabon littafi tare da Roberto della Santa, shine Portugal wani nau'in juyin juya hali ne na karni na 21. Kashi mai yawa na mutanen da suka shiga aikin sun tsunduma cikin sashin sabis da aikin tunani. Likitoci, ma’aikatan jinya, malamai, ma’aikatan gwamnati, ‘yan jarida; dukkanin wadannan sassa sun shiga cikin kungiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu, a cikin kwamitocin ma'aikata da kuma kungiyar kula da kai na asibitoci da makarantu.
Lokacin juyin juya hali
An fara wannan tsari ne da wasu hare-hare a shekarun 1968 da 1969, amma juyin juya halin da aka yi a babban birnin kasar ya samo asali ne sakamakon yakin ‘yan mulkin mallaka, musamman daga kasar Guinea Bissau, inda wani babban shugaba, Amilcar Cabral, ya fatattaki sojojin kasar Portugal. Ya kamata in jaddada cewa an kashe sojojin Portugal 9,000 a Afirka da kuma mayaƙa 100,000 da fararen hula daga ƙungiyoyin 'yantar da su. Don haka, wannan babban yaqi ne na bala'i. Ya zama irin cikakkiyar guguwa a ma'anar Marxist na rikicin kasa na siyasa. Burgeoisie ba zai iya mulki ba, kuma ma'aikata ba sa son a yi mulki kuma.
Ranar 25 ga Afrilu ta fara ne a matsayin juyin mulkin da manyan hafsoshin soji suka yi - kyaftin. Amma ta yadu nan take domin babu kungiyoyi ko jam’iyyun siyasa. Nan da nan a ranar juyin mulkin, mutane suna zuwa wuraren aikinsu kuma juyin juya halin demokradiyya ya zama juyin juya hali na zamantakewa. Wannan shine ainihin ra'ayin Trotsky na juyin juya hali na dindindin a cikin motsi. Mutane suna zuwa wurin aiki suna cewa muna son a kawo karshen yakin mulkin mallaka, amma nan da nan saboda su ma’aikata ne, sai suka fara neman a daina aikin dare, a biya su diyya na hutu, gidajen sinima kyauta, gidaje. Don haka ba zato ba tsammani, akwai yanayin wutar lantarki biyu. A ra'ayina shi ne yanayin iko biyu mafi tsaurin ra'ayi bayan yakin duniya na biyu a Turai. Akwai mutane miliyan uku da ke da hannu kai tsaye cikin ikon ma'aikata. Borgeoisie sun tsere daga kasar a shekarar 1975. Sun gudu daga kasar. An mayar da bankunan kasar ba tare da biyan diyya ba. Akwai ikon ma'aikata a sashin banki.
Ya zama tsari mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Kuma ina so in jaddada a ranar 50th ranar tunawa da cewa a matsayin 'yan gurguzu ya kamata mu yi nazarin juyin juya halin Portuguese, domin yana da wani m tsari na prefiguration na gurguzu, dimokuradiyya a motsi, na gurguzu a motsi. Mun jima muna tunawa da Chile (1973), ba wai kawai don muna son tunawa da ’yan uwanmu da aka kashe a Chile ba amma don ’yan Burgewa suna son mu tuna da cin nasara ba tsarin nasara ba.
Na yi nazarin juyin juya halin Portugal tsawon shekaru 20. Duban hotuna daga lokacin, a duk sassan, yana da matukar wahala a sami wanda ba ya murmushi. Wannan ya kawo mu ga ma'anar cewa a cikin juyin juya hali mun sake yin sulhu da aiki. A wurin aiki na waje, muna yin sulhu da kanmu. Mutane sun kasance suna kokawa da aiki kamar yadda ba a taɓa gani ba a rayuwarsu. Sun kasance cikin aikinsu. Suna yanke shawarar abin da za su yi kuma suna yin abin da suka yanke shawara. Abubuwa sun canza gaba daya. Wataƙila Portugal ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi bakin ciki a Turai. Mutane sun sa baki. An yi shekaru dari uku na Inquisition da shekaru 48 na mulkin kama-karya. Kuma yanzu mutane suna murmushi kawai. Wannan yana mayar da mu zuwa ga ontology na zamantakewa na Gyorgy Lukacs da kuma aikin ƴan gurguzu guda biyu masu ban mamaki, Rosa Luxembourg da Simone Weil. Suna tunatar da mu cewa za mu iya dawo da farin cikinmu, jin daɗinmu, jin daɗin ɗan adam; za mu iya yin hakan a cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya.
Juyin juya hali
An ci nasarar juyin juya hali. Matakin farko shi ne juyin mulki, wanda jam'iyyar Socialist Party ta shirya, tare da, a ra'ayina, hadin gwiwar jam'iyyar gurguzu. Janar-janar din sojojin sun karbe iko. Sama da hafsoshi 100 na kungiyar Sojin kasa, ciki har da Otelo Carvalho, an kama su, an kuma mayar da sojoji gida da masu mukami. A siyasance ya yi kama da abin da ya faru a ciki Barcelona a 1937. A halin yanzu ina yin bincike a kan wannan. Ba a fayyace ainihin rawar da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta taka ba. Abin da muka sani shi ne, ba su yi adawa da juyin mulkin ba, kuma sun koka kan bangaren soja na juyin juya hali. Wannan mun sani tabbas.
Juyin mulkin dai da nufin karya karfin bangaren sojan juyin juya hali ne. Jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Portugal ta samu goyon bayan jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Jamus, tare da diflomasiyyar Amurka da Birtaniya da kudi. Mario Suarez, shugaban jam'iyyar Socialist Party, ya samu goyon bayan dukkan bangarorin dama a Portugal. Sun yi aiki tare da manyan hafsoshi, manyan jami’an soji na dindindin, da adawa da motsin jami’in da kuma adawa da majalisar sojoji masu daraja da mukamai da suke da karfi a wasu barikoki.
Kuma bayan haka, sannu a hankali tsarin juyi ya sami ƙarfi. A shekarar 1982 sun wargaza sake fasalin kasa, a shekarar 1989 sun wargaza bangaren bankunan da aka mayar da su kasa baki daya. A hankali tsari ne. A shekara ta 1979 sun kafa doka kan kwamitocin ma'aikata. A shekara ta 1982 sun kafa wata doka ta hana gudanar da mulkin dimokradiyya a asibitoci. Wani tsari ne a hankali na maye gurbin dimokuradiyya kai tsaye zuwa dimokuradiyya mai wakilci. Dole ne su ba da babbar diyya ga ma'aikata don samun waɗannan matakan, kamar yadda gwamnatin Faransa bayan 1945 ta biya diyya don shawo kan su mayar da bindigogi. Ba da sabis na zamantakewa da yawa, sabis na kiwon lafiya na ƙasa, da haƙƙin samun aiki da kuma samun kariya a cikin aikinku. Kuma ba shakka, bayan shekaru tamanin, sun yi nasarar kayar da mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi na juyin juya hali a daidai lokacin da masu hakar ma'adinai suka yi a Ingila. A cikin 1986 sun ci nasara kan ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Kuma bayan haka, jinkirin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar zamantakewa.
A ƙarshe, bayan dogon lokaci ana kai hare-hare yayin da jihar ta murƙushe mulki, mun sami gwamnatin hagu (social demokraɗiyya) da ke samun goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci da Hagu. Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 an yi wani gagarumin sabon yunkuri na kungiyoyin kwadago da yajin aikin, wanda aka ci nasara. Jam'iyyar Socialist ta aika da sojoji don karbe ayyukan manyan motocin da ke yajin aiki. Bangaren hagu da jam'iyyar gurguzu ba su yi adawa da wannan ba. Wannan yana nufin wani ma'ana mai girma rugujewa ga hagu.
Halin yau
A zabukan na bana, masu ra'ayin ra'ayin ra'ayin ra'ayin mazan jiya, da suka shirya daga sansanonin kasa da kasa, sun samu kuri'u miliyan daya, wanda wani kaso mai tsoka ya fito ne daga na gargajiya. Waɗannan ba sababbin kuri'u ba ne ga masu fasikanci. Amma fasist suna da matukar kishi da wadannan kuri'u miliyan daya. Hannun hagu yana da rauni sosai, kuma masu fascist suna cike da ƙarfi bayan waɗannan zaɓen saboda a yanzu suna iya ƙoƙarin gina kansu a matsayin ɗan fascist da kuɗi daga jihar. Samun damar shiga majalisar na nufin samun damar samun makudan kudade da jihar ta aika a cewar kowane mataimakin da aka zaba.
A lokaci guda kuma akwai gagarumin yunkuri, sabo, kuma mai matukar muhimmanci wanda ba a ci nasara ba. Bai ci nasara ba, amma ba a ci nasara ba. Mun yi wa likitocin yajin aikin shekara daya a bara. Malaman jami’o’in, sun shiga yajin aikin shekara daya. Don haka, akwai tashin hankali. Burgeoisie ba zai iya isar da kowane irin buƙatun ma'aikata ba. Ba ta hanyar zuba jari ake yin tarawa ba sai ta hanyar lalata ayyukan gwamnati don biyan basussukan jama’a da sayar da gidajen kasar nan don yawon bude ido. Wannan shi ke kawowa kasar halin da ba za a iya yin mulki ba. Akwai gungun masu fasikanci neo, kuma na hannun dama ya lashe zaben amma akwai rashin kwanciyar hankali.
Ana tunawa da juyin juya hali daban-daban dangane da ko wanene ku. Ga yawancin ma'aikata a makarantu, a asibitoci, a sabis na jama'a, a masana'antu, da kuma a cikin al'ummomin gida ranar 25 ga Afrilu ita ce ranar da aka fi yin bikin a duk Portugal. Mutane suna waƙa Grandola Vila Morena, waƙar juyin juya hali. Ba sa rera taken kasa! A cikin jihar kanta, masu ra'ayin demokra] iyya na son yin bikin kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya da juyin mulki, amma ba sa so su yi bikin ikon biyu a juyin juya halin. Suna la'akari da tsarin hargitsi da hauka wanda wakilan dimokuradiyya suka kawo kwanciyar hankali da hankali. Bangaren dama kamar na Liberal Initiative sun ce ko žasa daidai da na masu ra'ayin demokraɗiyya, cewa ƙasar ba ta da kyau bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a 1975 wanda ya kawo ƙarshen tarayyar sojan soja. Masu fasikanci sun ce bayan 25 ga Afrilu komai ya yi muni a Portugal. Idan muka yi magana game da yadda jama'a ke amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, akwai wani babban abin tunawa, alama ga Afirka, wani abin tunawa na neofascist wanda aka kaddamar shekaru 30 da suka wuce amma babu wani abin tunawa guda ɗaya ga ƙungiyoyin 'yanci ko Amilcar Cabral, ko ga ma'aikatan tilastawa. . Ba a dauki Otelo Carvalho a matsayin dan kasa, amma kwanan nan shugaban jamhuriyar ya karrama janar-janar na hannun dama.
Suna ƙoƙari su kawar da tunanin juyin juya hali saboda shi ne babban mafarki na kasar Portugal. Da gaske sun ji tsoro. Kuma da gaske sun yi asara. Don ku sami ra'ayi, an canza kashi 18% na dukiyar ƙasa daga babban birni zuwa aiki a lokacin 1974 zuwa 1975. Wannan shine lokaci mafi girma a tarihin Portuguese.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi