Jose Patiño ya tuna yadda mahaifiyarsa ta yi kuka sa’ad da wasiƙar karɓa daga Jami’ar Jihar Arizona ta zo cikin wasiku a ƙarshen 2006. A can ne, lada mafi girma ga ƙwazon ɗanta da kuma dalilin da ya sa suka yi sadaukarwa da yawa ta barin Mexico sa’ad da yake hidima. shekara shida. Ba wai kawai an karbe shi ba, ya sami cikakken tayin tallafin karatu. Patiño yana kan hanyar zama memba na farko a cikin danginsa mara izini don samun digiri na kwaleji. Patiño ya ce: “Ban taɓa ganinta da farin ciki haka ba.
Amma farin cikin su bai daɗe ba. Bayan ’yan watanni, Patiño ya sami wata wasiƙa dabam daga jami’ar da ke nuna cewa karatunsa ya ninka sau uku, kuma bai cancanci samun gurbin karatu ba. Wannan canjin ba zato ba tsammani ya kasance sakamakon kai tsaye Shawarar 300, wani ma'aunin zaɓe mai nasara wanda ya sanya ɗaliban jami'a a Arizona waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba ne ko mazaunin dindindin da waɗanda ba su da matsayin doka ba su cancanci samun tallafin karatu a cikin jihar da taimakon kuɗi na tarayya da na jihohi ba. Kuri'ar raba gardama ta kasance amince da kashi 72 cikin 2006 na kuri'u a watan Nuwamba XNUMX. "Zan gano hanya," in ji Patiño ga mahaifiyarsa a lokacin. "Zai yi wahala, amma zan gane shi."
Patiño, yanzu daraktan ilimi da harkokin waje na ƙungiyar matasa baƙi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Aliento na Arizona, ya gano hakan. Ya ci gaba da halartar ASU a kan tallafin karatu mai zaman kansa kafa ta masu gudanar da jami'o'i suna nuna tausayi ga halin da daliban da ba su da takardun shaida a Arizona. Ya sami digiri na farko a injiniyan injiniya, sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin sakandare a Jami'ar Grand Canyon. Amma tasirin Shawarwari 300 ya yi zurfi. A 2011 analysis da ASU Labaran Cronkite ya gano cewa tsakanin lokacin bazara na 2007 da Fall of 2010, yawan ɗalibai ba tare da shaidar zama ɗan ƙasa ba a jami'o'in jama'a a cikin jihar ya ragu daga 1,524 zuwa 106. Shawarar 300 yadda ya kamata ya sanya ilimin koleji ba zai iya kaiwa ga yawancin matasa marasa samun kudin shiga na Arizona ba.
Bayan shekaru goma sha shida, hakan na iya canzawa. Yawancin masu jefa ƙuri'a a Arizona a lokacin zaɓen tsakiyar wa'adi na baya-bayan nan sun goyi bayan Proposition 308, kuri'a auna wanda ya soke tanadi daga Shawarwari 300 kuma ya buɗe hanya ga duk wanda ya kammala karatun sakandare, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin shige da fice ba, yana zaune a Arizona aƙalla shekaru biyu, don samun damar ƙimar kuɗin koyarwa a cikin jihar a jami'o'in jiha da kwalejojin al'umma. Ta wasu ƙididdiga, da yawa kamar yadda 3,600 ɗalibai za su iya amfana daga manufofin kowace shekara. Ma'aunin kuri'a mai nasara ya sami kuri'u 1,250,319 "e" - ko kuma kusan kashi 51 cikin dari - dan jin kunya na kuri'u 1,287,890 da Gwamna Katie Hobbs ya samu. Sakamakon haka yana sanya Arizona tare da wasu jihohi 22 da Gundumar Columbia waɗanda ke ba wa ɗaliban da ba su da takardar izini damar biyan kuɗin koyarwa daidai da takwarorinsu na haifaffen Amurka.
"Kyawun wannan kamfen," in ji Patiño, wanda ya yi aiki a kan shawarwarin majalisa da ke magana game da Proposition 308 zuwa katin jefa kuri'a, "shine cewa mutanen da ke ba da shawara, nemo masu daukar nauyin kudirin, sa majalisa ta zartar da shi, da yin magana da shi. masu jefa ƙuri'a mutane ɗaya ne [Shawarwari 300] da aka yi niyyar binnewa."
Idan aka yi la’akari da dogon tarihinta na manufofi da dokoki da ke nuna adawa ga baƙi da Latinos, Arizona zai zama kamar wurin da ba zai yuwu ba don ma’aunin baƙi don yin nasara. Tabbas, Shawarar 300 ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin jerin shawarwari masu taƙaitawa da nufin ware da hukunta mutanen da aka haifa a ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka bayyana a farkon 2000s. Irin wannan ƙoƙarin ya faɗi ƙarƙashin abin da ya zama sananne da "ƙaddara ta hanyar tilastawa," dabarun yaƙi da ƙaura zakara ta Kansas Attorney General Kris Kobach kuma sau ɗaya goyan da mai neman takarar shugaban kasa a lokacin Mitt Romney. Asalin tushensa shine sanya rayuwar mutanen da ba su da takardun izini a Amurka su zama masu wahala da za su bar kawai, ko "korar kansu."
Tsakanin 2004 da 2006, masu jefa ƙuri'a a Arizona sun amince da ƙuri'a matakan buƙatar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasa don yin rajista don jefa ƙuri'a da samun damar amfanin jama'a na jiha da na gida. Ƙaddamarwa ɗaya ƙaryata bayar da belin mutanen da ake tuhuma da aikata laifuka da ake kyautata zaton sun shigo kasar ba tare da izini ba, da kuma wani sanya Turanci harshen hukuma na jihar da haramta bakin haure wadanda ba su da takardun shaida wadanda suka yi nasara a kararrakin jama'a daga samun diyya na hukunci. "Ba za ku zo Amurka ku sami biyan kuɗin caca ba," said sannan kuma dan majalisar wakilai na jamhuriyar Republican Russell Pearce, wanda shi ne babban jigo a baya-bayan nan na yaki da bakin haure a jihar.
Wannan tuƙi mai kyamar bakin haure a Arizona ya kai kololuwa a cikin 2010 tare da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan, idan ba mafi yawa ba, dokoki masu tsauri a ƙasar. Wanda aka fi sani da sunan “nuna mani takardunku” dokar, SB 1070 da ake bukata jami'an tsaro don neman shaidar matsayin doka idan sun yi zargin cewa wani ba shi da takardar izini. Har ila yau, ta bai wa 'yan sanda ikon kamawa, ba tare da izini ba, wadanda suka yi imanin cewa "za a iya fitar da su." A wannan shekarar ne, gwamnan Republican Jan Brewer ya sanya hannu kan wata doka, daga baya sarauta rashin bin ka'ida, haramta shirin nazarin Ba'amurke-Amurka a gundumar makarantar Tucson.
A lokacin, Pearce, wanda ya rubuta SB 1070, shine shugaban majalisar dattijai na Arizona kuma galibi. daukarsa a matsayinsa na dan siyasa mafi karfi a jihar. Kodayake Kotun Koli a wani bangare buga ƙasa Dokokin bayyanar launin fata a cikin 2012, duk da haka ya sanya Arizona sifili ƙasa a yakin da baƙi da kuma haifar da damuwa na "Gyaran yanayi na Amurka" tare da wasu jihohi suna kafa dokokin kwafi.
Amma ta yaya Arizona ya zama abin da na farko Daily nuna Mai watsa shiri Jon Stewart kira "Labarin Dimokuradiyya"? Kristina Campbell, farfesa a Jami'ar Gundumar Columbia-David A. Clarke School of Law wanda ya zauna a Arizona a farkon 2000s, ya yi jayayya cewa haɗin gwiwa ne na "iko, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma farar fata." Ta yi fice sosai ga duka ukun a aikinta na baya. Kafin wucewar SB 1070, Campbell ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya na ma'aikaci na Asusun Tsaro da Ilimi na Amurka na Mexico (MALDEF), ƙungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta Latino na tushen Los Angeles. “Abin da na fi yi shi ne kai ƙara Sheriff Joe Arpaio, "in ji ta. "Ina nufin magana game da mulkin ta'addanci."
Arpaio, mai tsananin shige da fice da kuma kai shelar "Sheriff mafi tsauri a Amurka," ya yi mulki a gundumar Maricopa, lardin Arizona mafi yawan jama'a, fiye da shekaru ashirin. (Pearce ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Arpaio a matsayin babban mataimaki.) Ya zama sananne ga gidajen fursuna a cikin abin da ake kira birnin tanti. kurkuku a cikin jeji da gudanar nuna wariya mamaye hare-hare da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa sun daina kaiwa Latinos hari. A cikin 2017, alkali na tarayya dan kaso Arpaio na cin mutunci bayan ya keta umarnin kotu na dakatar da ayyukan nuna launin fata. Ba da daɗewa ba, sheriff wulakanci ya zama mutum na farko da ya zama yafe daya daga cikin manyan magoya bayansa, shugaban kasa Donald Trump na lokacin.
Patiño yana tunawa da yanayin tsoro yayin da yake girma. Zai ga alamun a cikin motocin bas tare da lambar da zai kira don ba da rahoton baƙi marasa izini. Ko kuma ya ji sanarwa a rediyo game da inda wuraren binciken jami'an shige da fice suke domin mutane su guje musu. "Ba za ku iya barin tsaron ku ba," in ji shi, yana kwatanta tunanin yanayin rayuwa wanda ya zama al'ada saboda "duk wanda kuka sani yana ciki." Amma duk waɗannan shekaru na hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan bakin haure da al'ummomin Latino sun haifar da tashin hankali. "Akwai kuka da yawa a kowane lokaci," in ji shi. "Mun fito daga cikin inuwa saboda mun gaji da tsoro."
Nassi na SB 1070 ya zama mai haɓaka don canji. Wataƙila mafi kyawun nunin hakan ya zo a ƙarshen 2011 tare da korar Pearce sau ɗaya wanda ba a iya misaltuwa ba, ɗan majalisar Arizona na farko da za a tuna. Masu kada kuri'a sun ki amincewa da shi da kashi 55 cikin dari na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben da aka fassara, a matsayin New York Times sa "a matsayin wata alama da ke nuna cewa 'yan siyasar Republican kamar Mista Pearce sun matsa gaba sosai tare da tsauraran matakan da suka dace game da shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma akwai sakamako idan ba su dace da matsalolin masu jefa kuri'a ba."
A cikin bayanin kamfen na tarihi wanda mai shirya Randy Parraz ya jagoranta, Jeff Biggers, marubucin littafin 2012 Jiha Daga cikin Ƙungiyar: Arizona da Nunin Ƙarshe akan Mafarkin Amurka, ya ce a cikin hira don Democracy Now!, "Akwai wannan sabon ƙarni na matasa Latinos da ke son yanzu don yin aiki tare da waɗannan sababbin Baby Boomers waɗanda suka yi ritaya a Arizona kuma suka taru kuma su ɗauki tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma su yi nasara." Sun wakilta, in ji shi, haɓakar "sauran Arizona, "wanda ya nuna juriya ga "'yan kishin kasa masu daukar kanun labarai, masu shari'ar shari'a na kan iyaka, masu zanga-zangar neo-Nazi, 'yan bindigar bindiga, da jiga-jigan siyasa na Tea Party." Kuma sun sake yin nasara a lokacin da Arpaio ya yi rashin nasarar sake tsayawa takara a 2016. Yana da shekaru 90, ya gwada don sake dawowa a wannan shekara yana neman magajin garin Fountain Hills 25,000 - amma ya kasance. ci Ginny Dickey mai ci na Demokraɗiyya na wa'adi biyu.
"Me yasa wannan canjin ya faru kuma me yasa hakan ya faru da sauri?" ta tambayi Campbell. "Dole ne in ba da yabo ga matasan da ba sa tsoron daukar irin wannan tsoratarwa, cin zarafi, da kuma wariya. Sun yi wasu canje-canje da ban taɓa tunanin za su faru a Arizona ba. "
Ga mutane da yawa, ra'ayin maido da koyarwa a cikin jihar da taimakon kuɗi ga ɗaliban da ba su da takardar izini ya zama kamar dogon lokaci. Reyna Montoya, wanda ya kafa Aliento, ya tuna da mutane suna dariya game da ra'ayin. "Ba su yi tunanin hakan zai yiwu ba," in ji ta. "Mun samu koma baya har ma daga wasu kungiyoyi saboda ba su yi tunanin lokacin ya yi daidai ba."
Matakin farko shi ne dokar da za ta sanya kudirin a kan kuri'ar da 'yan majalisar dokokin Republican masu ra'ayin rikau za su amince da su. Yunkurin da aka yi a baya zuwa 2018 ya kasa samun dan majalisar Republican don daukar nauyin kudirin ko ma don samun Ji a cikin House. Sai a shekarar 2021 ne masu fafutuka suka samu ci gaba, amma ba tare da hakan ba reservations daga bangarorin biyu na hanya. Ga wasu 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat, shawarar ba ta yi nisa ba saboda ba ta zama cikakkiyar soke shirin jefa kuri'a na asali ba wanda kuma ya hana damar samun ilimin manya da taimakon yara. A halin da ake ciki, 'yan jam'iyyar Republican sun ja da baya kan samar da taimakon kudi. Amma a watan Mayun 2021, da Ƙuduri Sanata Paul Boyer na jihar Republican ne ya gabatar ya matsa gaba a majalisar da kuri'u 33-27, inda 'yan Republican hudu suka goyi bayansa.
"Kai, don haka muka yi," Boyer ya ce a wani taron manema labarai. “Abu ne mai wuya lokacin da za ku iya cewa kun zartar da wata doka da ke canza rayuwa da gaske, kuma wannan kudirin yana canza rayuka kusan 2,000 a kowace shekara. Muna tsaye a kan kafadun ƙattai.”
Da zarar an yi musu cikas a majalisa, sai ya zama batun gina al’umma na tsawon shekaru da suka yi don wayar da kan masu kada kuri’a game da shirin, wanda daya ne daga cikin 10. matakan akan katin zabe. Yawancin mutanen Patiño da Montoya sun yi magana da su a gabanin zaɓen ba su san samun damar yin karatu a cikin jihar ga ɗaliban da ba su da takardun karatu ba batu ne ba, balle wanda za su iya jefa ƙuri'a a kai. Patiño ya kasance mai bege amma yana shakka har zuwa minti na karshe. "Wannan har yanzu Arizona ne kuma shige da fice har yanzu babban batu ne," in ji shi. “Mutane za su sami sansanoni da za su kasance a ciki saboda shekaru da shekaru na maganganun da muka ji masu goyon baya da adawa. Na san zai kusanta."
A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, mako guda bayan ranar zabe, an kidaya kuri'u kuma nasarar da suka samu ta zama hukuma. "Yana ba ni fata mai yawa cewa za mu iya yin manyan canje-canje ga al'umma," in ji Patiño. "Yana iya ɗaukar lokaci fiye da yadda muke so, amma za mu iya yin hakan."
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi