Tsibirin Whidbey na Jihar Washington ya riga ya sami matsala game da rashin isassun ruwan sha. Wurin da ke cikin Puget Sound, mazaunan dole ne su fuskanci dogon rani mai bushewa ba tare da ruwan ruwa mai cike da ruwa ba da kuma barazanar kutse na ruwan gishiri.
Amma yanzu dole ne su yi hulɗa da sojojin ruwa na Amurka suna shigar da sinadarai masu guba a cikin rijiyoyin jama'a da na sirri na tsibirin Whidbey, musamman a yankin da ke kusa da karamin garin Coupeville, inda sojojin ruwa ke kula da filin jirgin sama da aka yi amfani da shi sosai don yin amfani da saukowa-da-tafi. a tsakanin sauran atisayen.
Cate Andrews memba ne na Jama'a don Reserve na Ebeys (COER), gungun mazauna yankin da ke aiki don kare ƙasarsu, gidajensu da lafiyarsu daga gurɓacewar muhalli da sauti daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka. Andrews ya ce wasu rijiyoyin da ke Coupeville na dauke da sinadarai masu guba daga atisayen kumfa na kashe gobarar Navy a matakin kashi 400 bisa abin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta dauka karbabbe ne.
"Rundunar Sojin Ruwa na ba mazauna yankin ruwan kwalba, amma sun yi gargadin kada su sha, dafa ko shayar da lambunan kayan lambu," Andrews ya gaya wa Truthout. “Rundunar sojin ruwa ta ce, ‘Kada ku damu da shawa,’ amma bincike ya nuna cewa ana kamuwa da wadannan sinadarai ta hanyar shanyewar fata. Gidajen da darajarsu ta kai sama da dala miliyan 1 ba sa iya siyarwa, kuma mutane sun makale."
Magungunan, Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) da Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), abubuwa ne na perfluoroalkyl (PFASs), kuma ana kiran su PFCs, kuma sun fito ne daga kumfa na kashe gobara na AFFF da aka yi amfani da su a cikin horo a Filin Jirgin Sama na Navy (OLF) a Coupeville da Ault. Filin cikin Oak Harbor, wanda na karshen yana a tashar jirgin ruwan Naval Whidbey.
Rick Abraham, wanda ya yi aiki a kan al'amuran gurbatar yanayi a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga jama'a 2016 "An same su a cikin magudanar ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin filin jirgin sama na OLF a watan Oktoba na 30 kuma an san cewa sun yi ƙaura daga wurin don gurbata ruwan sha na jama'a da na zaman kansu." shekaru, in ji Truthout.
A watan Disambar da ya gabata, labarin ya yi labaran talabijin na yanki.
Rijiyar da ba ta da kariya da gurɓataccen rijiyar Coupeville, wacce ke zaune kusa da OLF, tana ba da ruwan sha mai PFAS ga makarantu, kasuwanci, Babban Asibitin Whidbey da ɗaruruwan iyalai. Tun daga karshen 2016, wasu iyalai da gurbatattun rijiyoyi a kusa da OLF har ma sun watsar da su suna sha, dafa abinci da goge hakora da ruwa a cikin kwalabe, a cewar Abraham, wanda ya binciki gurbacewar PFAS a jihohi da dama, yana daukar samfur. yin hulɗa tare da jami'an gudanarwa da kuma bincika takaddun kamfani na cikin gida na cutar da lafiyar PFAS.
Tare da ci gaba da rikice-rikice na Navy a cikin rikicin, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tsibirin Whidbey - wacce ta bayyana Sojojin ruwa a matsayin "abokiyar tarayya" - ta yi aiki tare da Navy wajen tsara sakon sashen kiwon lafiya game da cutar ga al'umma. Ma'aikatar lafiya ta kuma asirce ga jama'a wani shiri na gwada rijiyoyin a cikin al'umma - bisa ga bukatar sojojin ruwa - wanda kuma ba ya barin 'yan kasar su ba da gudummawa ga abin da aka gwada da kuma a wane mataki.
Kuma wannan ba sabon abu bane.
akwai misalai masu yawa a fadin kasar da sojojin ruwa ke gurbata ruwa kewaye da sansanonin sa tare da sunadarai masu guba. Kamar yadda na bara, akwai a zahiri daruruwan garuruwa a fadin kasar magance wannan ko makamancin haka.
A halin yanzu, tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval Air Whidbey kwanan nan ta faɗaɗa yawan jiragenta na jirgin "Growler", jirgin sama guda ɗaya mafi girma a duniya, kuma ayyukan da suka dace za su ƙaru.
Jama'a a matsayin "Lalacewar Lamuni"
Yawancin mazauna kusa da NAS Whidbey, OLF Coupeville, wasu tsibiran da ke Puget Sound, da tsibirin Olympics da ma mutanen Kanada da ke zaune a kusa da Victoria Island a tsibirin Vancouver sun saba da hayaniyar sokewar jet daga injinan yaƙin Navy.
Sojojin ruwa na shirin gudanar da horon yaƙi na lantarki a kan tsibirin Olympics, da kuma gaskiyar cewa suna da Tuni aka fara yin hakan a kan manyan titunan jihar ba tare da sanin mazauna garin ba, da kuma labarin kasancewar sojojin ruwa an ba da izini don kashe ko tursasa kusan kifayen kifaye miliyan 12, dolphins, porpoises, zakuna na ruwa da hatimi tsallaka yankin Arewacin Tekun Fasifik cikin shekaru biyar abubuwa ne da mutanen wannan yankin suka saba da jin labarin makwabtan sojojin ruwa.
Roƙo daga mazauna game da waɗannan batutuwa (da wasu da dama da suka damu) galibi an yi watsi da su, ko kuma a wasu lokutan ma mazauna yankin sun gaji, da sojojin ruwa.
Batun sinadarai masu guba a cikin ruwan sha na zama, duk da haka, mutane sun fusata kai tsaye, kuma da yawa sun fusata da abin da suke gani a matsayin abin rufewa.
"Dukkanin 'official' PFAS [perfluoroalkyl things] gwajin da aka yi a cikin al'umma an yi shi ne kawai don PFOA [Perfluoroheptanoic acid], PFOS da PFBS [Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid]," in ji Abraham. "Garin na Coupeville an gwada ruwansa da kansa, amma kamar gwajin da sojojin ruwa suka yi, PFHxS [Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid] da PFHpA [Perfluoroheptanoic acid] an yi watsi da su."
Ya ci gaba da kara da cewa ba za a iya samun nassoshi kan wadannan sinadarai a cikin "fositoci masu launi da kayan aiki a taron jama'a na 'Open House' na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa," kuma ba a ambace su a gidan yanar gizon bayanai na Navy, ko gidajen yanar gizon Island County da Coupeville.
"Abin da sojojin ruwa da jami'an jama'a da yawa suka yi watsi da su a matsayin adadin PFAS da aka yarda da su a cikin ruwan sha ana tunanin cewa yawancin masana kimiyya na bincike na iya zama barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam," in ji Abraham.
PFASs suna haɓaka kuma suna zama cikin jiki na dogon lokaci. Yana ɗaukar shekaru takwas zuwa tara don kawar da rabin adadin PFHxS da ke cikin jini, shekaru biyu zuwa huɗu don PFOA, da shekaru biyar zuwa shida don PFOS. Ta hanyar shan gurɓataccen ruwa, zaku iya samun ƙarin PFAS a cikin jinin ku fiye da yadda yake cikin ruwa saboda tasirin bio-accumulative.
A cewar Hukumar Kula da Abubuwan Guba da Rijistar Cututtuka, binciken ya nuna PFASs na iya, “shafi mai tasowa tayin da yaro, gami da yuwuwar canje-canje a girma, koyo, da halayya. Bugu da ƙari, za su iya rage yawan haihuwa kuma su tsoma baki tare da hormones na jiki, ƙara cholesterol, rinjayar tsarin rigakafi, har ma da kara hadarin ciwon daji."
"Rundunar Sojin Ruwa sun san gurbatattun rijiyoyi na tsawon shekaru, kuma yanzu suna daukar mataki bayan barazanar fallasa jama'a," in ji Andrews.
A watan Janairu, Andrews ya gaya wa Truthout cewa sojojin ruwa na gwada rijiyoyi 100 a Coupeville a cikin nisan mil daya na OLF, amma duk lokacin da aka gano wata gurbataccen rijiyar, sojojin ruwan sun kawar da sifilin mil.
"Na yi imanin cewa tsibirin na Whidbey zai iya yin illa ga muhalli fiye da murmurewa, kamar yadda aka lalata ta ta al'ada saboda gaba daya nuna halin ko in kula da sojojin ruwa ke yi da cin zarafin wadanda ke zaune a nan," in ji ta. “Wane ne zai biya duk wannan tsaftar? Ruwa da iska sun lalace, lafiyar 'yan ƙasa ta lalace, amma duk da haka sojojin ruwa - waɗanda za su iya yin atisayen su cikin sauƙi a wani wuri kuma su fara tsaftacewa mai wahala a yanzu - sun zaɓi jahilci da girman kai. "
Akwai wasu illolin lafiya da yawa daga sinadarai da sojojin ruwa suka ƙara zuwa ruwan sha na tsibirin Whidbey.
Nazarin, gami da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da bayyanar yara, suna ba da shawarar PFASs na iya rage martanin rigakafi ga wasu alluran rigakafi da haɓaka haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Bugu da ƙari, an gano yaran da ke da matakan jini mafi girma na PFHxS suna samun ƙarin damar rashin hankali-rashin hankali/cutar hauhawar jini (ADHD), da mahaɗar ruɓa, kamar PFHxS, suna shafar aikin masu karɓar hormone na jima'i.
Yayin da matakin “m” na EPA na PFOA da PFOS a cikin ruwan sha shine sassa 70 a kowace tiriliyan (ppt), an soki wannan matakin da cewa ba shi da kariya. Sakamakon haka, jihohi da yawa sun kafa ma'auni masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.
Matsayin jagorar Ruwan Sha na Minnesota shine 35 ppt don PFOA da 27 don PFOS, yayin da matakin shawarwarin lafiyar ruwan sha na Vermont na PFOA shine 20 ppt.
Vermont ba ta ma bayar da shawarar yin amfani da ruwa tare da kowane matakin PFOA don dabbobinta.
Bayan amincewa da gano matakan sinadarai a cikin rijiyoyi da yawa, sojojin ruwa sun ba da ruwan kwalba ga mutane.
"Yin tayin da suke bayarwa na ruwan kwalba yana ba da kulawa lokacin da kuka yi la'akari da adadin gonakin noma da ke kan ɗaruruwan kadada a wannan tsibiri waɗanda ke sayar da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari ga wasu sanannun gidajen abinci a Seattle," in ji Andrews.
"Tun da wuri, wasu ma'aikatan ruwa da yawa sun gaya mana cewa 'mu' muna da alaka da "yakin da ta'addanci," in ji Andrews game da abin da sojojin ruwan ya gaya mata shekaru da yawa da suka wuce, lokacin da abin da ake kira yaki da ta'addanci ya kori Amurka waje. siyasa. "Kuma yayin da rashin yarda da kallo na farko, na yi imani yanzu wannan gaskiya ne."
Karya ta Omission
Karen Sullivan ƙwararren masanin halittu ne mai ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a Sabis ɗin Kifi da Namun daji na Amurka sama da shekaru 15 kuma ƙwararre ce a cikin tsarin tsarin mulkin da sojojin ruwa ya kamata su bi, gami da Bayanin Tasirin Muhalli (EIS). Sullivan ya haɗu da gidan yanar gizon Kudin hannun jari West Coast Action Alliance, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai sa ido na ayyukan sojan ruwa a cikin Pacific.
"A cikin wani misali na kurakuran da ke cikin wannan EIS, ba a magance gurɓatar ruwan sha a wuraren zama da kasuwanci kusa da titin jiragen ruwa na ruwa saboda amfani da sinadarai masu haɗari," Sullivan ya gaya wa Truthout.
Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta EIS ta ƙare, "Babu wani tasiri mai mahimmanci da ke da alaƙa da sharar gida da kayan da zai faru saboda ayyukan gine-gine ko kuma daga ƙari da aiki na ƙarin jirgin sama na Growler."
Amma a cewar Sullivan, waɗannan sinadarai ba a taɓa yin nazarin su ba kuma an yi amfani da su tare da horar da Growler da ayyukan shekaru masu yawa; don haka bai kamata a cire nazarinsu ba.
"Tare da tashin jirage a OLF Coupeville daga 3,200 a 2010 zuwa kamar yadda 35,500, babu wanda zai iya da'awar cewa an samu karuwar kashi 1,000 cikin shekaru bakwai wanda ba a yi nazarin gurbataccen ruwa ko kasa ba ba shi da mahimmanci," in ji ta.
Buga da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta buga na EIS da take magana a kai a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2016, kuma ta yi imanin cewa sojojin ruwan "suna sane da matsalolin da za su iya haifar da gurbatar ruwan sha na zama saboda abin da ya kira 'tarihi' amfani da abubuwan kashe gobara don ayyukan jirgin. ”
A watan Mayu 2016, EPA ta ba da shawarwarin kiwon lafiyar ruwan sha don PFCs guda biyu, kuma Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta sanar a watan Yuni 2016 cewa tana kan aiwatar da "ganowa da cirewa da lalata duk abubuwan gado na perfluorooctane sulfonate (da PFOA) wanda ke dauke da AFFF [fim ɗin ruwa mai ruwa. kumfa]."
Duk da haka, a kan shafi na 3-62, EIS na Navy ya kori damuwa tare da wata sanarwa game da ayyukan da suka faru kusan shekaru 20 da suka wuce: "An kammala aikin gyarawa a cikin Satumba 1997, bayyanar mutane da gurbataccen ruwa na ƙasa suna karkashin iko, kuma OUs a filin Ault da Seaplane Base suna shirye don amfani da jira (USEPA) , 2016e).
Sullivan ya ce "Maganar ta tsufa, kuma abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan sun karyata shi." "Kwana uku kafin a buga EIS, a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2016, sojojin ruwa sun aika da wasika zuwa fiye da masu zaman kansu da masu rijiyoyin ruwan sha 100 suna nuna damuwa cewa abubuwan perfluoroalkyl (PFAS) da aka samu a karkashin OLF sun bazu fiye da dukiyar sojojin ruwa."
Koyaya, kalmar "perfluoroalkyl" ko "PFAS" ba a ambaci sau ɗaya ba a cikin duka shafi na 1,600 Growler EIS, ko 2005 ko 2012 Ƙimar Muhalli.
Jami’in Hulda da Jama’a na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa Mike Welding ya nemi ya tabbatar wa jama’a a karshen shekarar 2016 a wani hira da wani gidan talabijin na cikin gida: “Rundunar Sojin Ruwa za ta samar wa wadannan mutane tsaftataccen ruwan sha har sai mun gano yadda za a kawar da gurbataccen ruwa daga rijiyar ruwa, tace ko makamancin haka. Wani abu ne da har yanzu ya kamata a yi aiki da shi.”
Abin baƙin cikin shine, a cewar Sullivan, wata sanarwa daga shirin "MERIT" na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ya saba wa ganewar asali na Navy: "A halin yanzu, babu fasaha a cikin yanayi da kuma iyakanceccen zaɓin wuri don magance ƙasa ko ruwan karkashin kasa da aka gurbata da PFCs."
Sullivan ya ce "EIS ta taƙaita tattaunawar ta game da gurɓacewar ruwa a cikin ƙasa zuwa matsawa ƙasa da kuma tasirin da aka samu daga sabon gini, kuma ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za a yi tasiri ga ruwan ƙasa ba," in ji Sullivan. “Ba a sami ambaton gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin EIS ba. Ƙididdiga masu yawa don abubuwa masu haɗari iri-iri, duk da haka, an haɗa su a cikin Horarwa da Gwajin EIS na Arewa maso Yamma, don haka me yasa aka bar shi daga Growler EIS? Wannan daidai yake da likita ya ƙi duba EKG wanda ke nuna ciwon zuciya a fili, da kuma bincikar mara lafiya da damuwa. "
Amsa Na Musamman
"Tsarin da sojojin ruwa ke bi kan wannan matsalar gurbatar yanayi ba ta da bambanci da na duk wani babban mai gurbata muhalli da ke neman gujewa suka, rage alhaki da ci gaba da kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba," in ji Abraham. "Yin rage girman matsalar, fitar da bincike da kuma sanya jama'a cikin duhu shine abin da suke yawan yi."
Ya gaya wa Truthout cewa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ba ta bayyana dukkan gurbataccen yanayi da aka samu a cikin magudanar ruwa ba, kuma daftarin su na EIS bai ambaci batun gurbatar yanayi ba, ko da bayan da sojojin ruwan suka yi samfurin rijiyoyi da gano gurbacewar yanayi tare da sanar da mazauna yankin da ke da nisan mil daya.
COER yana ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke kusa da OLF a yi gwajin ruwansu da kansu kan wasu sinadarai da sojojin ruwa suka gano, kuma a nemi sojojin ruwa su biya kudin gwajin.
"Gwajin ruwan mu bai kamata ya zama wani abu na lokaci daya ba, kuma ya kamata bincike ya gano mafi ƙanƙanta adadin waɗannan sinadarai," in ji Maryon Attwood ta COER a cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar kan batun. "Muna da hakkin sanin abin da ke cikin ruwan da muke sha."
Bruce Saari, wani mazaunin tsibirin Whidbey na dogon lokaci wanda ya rayu shekaru da yawa a kusa da sansanin sojan ruwa ko OLF Coupeville, ya damu matuka da lamarin.
"Waɗannan tsoro na farko an gane ina tsammanin," in ji shi ga Truthout, yana yin la'akari da gurɓacewar da aka samu a tashar jirgin sama. "Kuma yanzu Coupeville ne ke ƙarƙashin gajimare ɗaya. Na yi shekaru 20 a Whidbey akan Long Point kusa da OLF da kuma a Oak Harbor kusa da tushe. Ina da sha'awar rayuwa na tsawon rayuwa a yankin, na yi aikin gonaki a wurin ajiyar Ebey a matsayina na ɗalibi, kuma ina jin halakar da ke tafe game da waɗannan ci gaban.
Magani?
Abin da COER, Abraham da sauran mazauna tsibirin Whidbey da rikicin ke shafa shi ne kawai tsaftataccen ruwan sha, kuma ga Sojojin ruwa su dauki alhakin rikicin da ya haifar.
Abraham ya yi imanin cewa sojojin ruwa dole ne nan da nan su shigar da tsarin tacewa da suka dace a kan rijiyoyin sirri da na jama'a wadanda suka gurbata ko kuma ke cikin hadari, wadanda suka hada da dukkan rijiyoyin Coupeville da masana'antar sarrafa ruwa. Har ila yau, yana tunanin cewa yana da ma'ana kawai ga sojojin ruwa su samar da madadin hanyoyin samar da ruwa mai tsafta ga duk sassan da suka ga gurɓataccen ruwansu.
"Mutane da yawa sun daɗe suna rayuwa ba ruwan kwalba ba tare da ganin ƙarshensa ba," in ji shi.
A ranar 4 ga Maris, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta gwada rijiyoyin sa ido guda 27 da ta kafa a baya a OLF Coupeville, inda ta gano ma fi yawan gurbacewar ruwa a cikin ruwa a wasu rijiyoyin. An samo PFOA har zuwa 1,190 ppt, PFOS har zuwa 54.7, da PFBS har zuwa 473 ppt. “Shirin” Navy na gwada waɗannan rijiyoyin sa ido bai haɗa da gwajin PFHxS ko PFHpA ba, kodayake an san su duka biyun suna cikin ruwa kuma.
Andrews, COER da Abraham duk suna kira ga Sojojin ruwa da su sake gwadawa tare da sa ido kan duk rijiyoyin jama'a da masu zaman kansu da aka sani suna da gurɓata ko "a cikin haɗari."
Suna kuma kira da a saka PFHxS, PFHpA da PFNA [Perfluorononanoic acid] cikin jerin sinadarai da ake sa ido a rijiyoyin sa ido na OLF; domin duk ruwan sha na jama'a da masu zaman kansu a yankin don gwadawa da kuma sanya idanu akan duk PFAS shida da aka samu a OLF; don a daina ƙaura daga gurɓataccen ruwa; kuma don cire PFASs daga magudanar ruwa, kamar yadda fasaha ta riga ta wanzu don yin hakan.
Amma waɗannan dogayen umarni ne idan aka duba daga gaskiyar cewa ko da samun Navy ya yarda da girman da tsananin matsalar har yanzu ya kasance mataki na farko.
Dahr Jamail, wakilin ma'aikatan Truthout, shine marubucin Yayin da ake son tsayawa takara: Sojan da suka ƙi yakin Iraki da Afghanistan (Littattafan Haymarket, 2009), da Bayan Yankin Koren: Aikewa Daga Wani Dan Jarida Marasa Zuciya a Iraƙi Mamaya (Littattafan Haymarket, 2007). Jamiil ya ba da rahoto daga Iraki fiye da shekara guda, da kuma daga Lebanon, Siriya, Jordan da Turkiyya a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Martha Gellhorn ta aikin jarida mai bincike, da dai sauransu.
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