Source: Jacobin
Shekarar 1970 ta ga yajin aiki a kusan kowane nau'in aikin yi. Yawancin, ana gani daga waje, al'amuran da ba su da amfani; wasu sun girgiza al'ummar kasar. A Birnin Chicago, yajin aikin masu manyan motoci - “tawaye ne ga shugabancin kungiyar,” a cewar jaridar New York Times - ya bazu a duk fadin kasar, ciki har da Los Angeles da Cleveland, inda 'yan fashin suka yi artabu da 'yan sanda da masu gadin kasa. The Times ya ruwaito cewa a Cleveland,
Masu yajin aikin sun kafa wani tsarin sintiri da suka ce za su iya tara mutane 300 cikin sa'a guda domin hana duk wata babbar mota da ke motsi a yankin. Masu yajin aikin dai na barin manyan motocin da ke dauke da kayan abinci da magunguna da barasa su ci gaba da tafiya, sai dai sun fusata bayan da suka gano motocin abinci dauke da wasu kaya. An yi jifa da duwatsu, an farfasa gilashin iska, an yanke tayoyi da yanke tutocin iska.
The United Press an kiyasta cewa mutane 500,000 ne ba sa aiki a sakamakon yajin aikin.
A birnin New York, ma'aikatan gidan waya sun fara yajin aikin farar hula a wannan shekara, wanda ya sabawa dokar tarayya. Ma'aikata masu matsayi da matsayi ne suka shirya yajin aikin, kuma babu wani sako da aka tura a manyan biranen kasashen. Yajin aikin dai ya shafe kwanaki takwas ana yi a birnin New York, duk da cewa an girke jami'an tsaron kasar 30,000. Gabaɗaya, wasu ma'aikata 200,000 ne suka shiga yajin aikin namun daji mafi girma. New York, a cewar Economist, ya zama “birnin yajin aiki.” Ma'aikatan wayar sun yi rauni tsawon watanni takwas. Ma'aikatan birni sun rufe gadojin da suka haɗa gundumomi da Manhattan a cikin abin da aka fi sani da "yajin aikin faɗuwar ruwa."
Wannan shine farkon. A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya - ko kuma "dogon shekaru saba'in," wanda ya kasance daga 1965 zuwa 1981 - Amurka ta fuskanci yajin aiki kamar wasu 'yan kaɗan. Musamman ma, yajin aikin na ’yan shekarun 70s galibi matasa ne “marasa hutu” ke jagorantar yajin aikin da korafe-korafen su ya wuce rigimar burodi da man shanu da aka saba da su a shekarun baya bayan nan. Wadannan rigingimun sun hada da yajin aikin baki daya: ’yan kuraye da zaman kashe wando, yajin aikin korafe-korafe, da kuma kin amincewa da kwangila da zabukan kananan hukumomi da aka yi, wadanda galibi ana fara su ne ta hanyar wani matsayi.
Hare-haren da aka dauka tare, sun yi nuni da yunkurin tawaye na zamanin. Yajin aikin na 1972 a babban masana'antar General Motors da ke Lordstown, Ohio, ma'aikata ne masu dogon gashi, marasa aske suka jagorance su. Shugaban yankin shi ne Gary Bryner, a lokacin yana da shekaru ashirin da tara. Lordstown, ya rubuta Studs Terkel, "shine Woodstock na mai aiki." Ed Sadlowski, kawai talatin da hudu lokacin da ya kalubalanci jagorancin United Steelworkers a gundumar 31 (Chicago-Gary, mambobin 128,000), yayi magana ga tsara:
Ina ganin dimokuradiyya a cikin kungiyar a matsayin muhimmin batu guda daya. Idan an tuntubi ma'aikatan karafa da ba za su taba amincewa da Hukumar Zartarwa ta kasa da kasa wacce ta kebe baki, Latinos, da mata. Idan aka tuntubi ma’aikatan karafa za su dage kan hakkinsu na kada kuri’a kan kwangilolin kungiyar kamar yadda sauran kungiyoyin ke yi. Dama suna ganin ba sa tafiyar da harkokinsu kuma ba a wakilce su a matakin gundumomi.
Kungiyar Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM) ta baiwa ma'aikatan bakar fata wuta, da na Hagu. Asalinsa da na ƙungiyar caucus na baki da suka biyo baya sun kasance cikin matsayi na ma'aikatan da aka dauka a ƙarshen 60s: matasa ma'aikata baƙar fata, yawancin tsoffin sojojin Vietnam, tare da ɗan haƙuri ga masu wariyar launin fata.
Paul Dietsch, mai magana da yawun kungiyar Fraternal Association of Steel Haulers (FASH), ya ba da shawarar cewa masu jigilar karfe sune "Black Panthers of the Working Class." Terkel ya kira tawayen ma'aikatan da "sabon, sabon hagu." A cikin injiniyoyin motoci, ma'aikata sun buge don "ɓata yanayin aiki"; Masu hakar kwal sun yi yaƙi don kawo ƙarshen talauci a Appalachia; Ma'aikatan baƙar fata sun bukaci samun dama, haɗin kai, da daidaito; masu motocin dakon kaya sun yi kira ga dimokradiyyar kungiyar; Ma'aikatan UPS sun yi tawaye ga "a kula da su kamar inji"; miliyoyin ma'aikata a fili suna son wani abu mafi kyau a rayuwa. Ma'aikatan baƙar fata, Latinos, mata, da ma'aikata matasa sun kawo motsin su cikin wurin aiki. Tare da bukatarsu ta dimokuradiyya a cikin ƙungiyoyin su, ma'aikata sun nemi su mai da waɗannan cibiyoyi nasu, suna tunawa da buƙatar ɗaliban na neman yancin kai, ko "dimokraɗiyya ta haɗin gwiwa."
Hare-haren da aka dauka tare, sun yi nuni da yunkurin tawaye na zamanin.
Wato sun yi gwagwarmaya don ganin sun mallaki ayyukansu. Kuma, kamar yadda alamun su suka faɗa sau da yawa, sun yi yaƙi don "daraja," buƙatun tsakiya, ba shakka, na ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam na kudanci. Yawanci, sun kira kansu "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi;" sun kasance masu tsaurin ra'ayi da jajircewa na yin aiki kai tsaye don canza duniyarsu. Mahimmanci, sun yi wannan a cikin mahallin babban ƙalubale ga hukuma, kuma sun yi hakan a cikin inuwar babban abin kallo na rikice-rikice masu tsattsauran ra'ayi: Tet Offensive, the Paris Spring, the Black Panthers, Kent State, Jackson State, Attica.
"Yajin aikin ya ci gaba ba tare da katsewa ba"
Wannan, don haka, ba motsin aiki ba ne na shekarun 1950 da 60s, kodayake waɗannan shekarun da suka gabata ma, sun kasance a lokutan rikice-rikicen wuraren aiki. Duk da haka, a cikin 1956, George Meany, shugaban AFL-CIO na tsawon shekaru ashirin da huɗu (1955-79), yana magana da taron Ƙungiyar Masu Masana'antu ta Ƙasa (NAM), ya tabbatar wa wakilan da suka taru a can:
Ban taba yajin aikin ba a rayuwata, ban taba ba wani umarnin wani ya yi yajin aikin ba, ban taba yin wani abu da layin tsinke ba. . . babu babban bambanci tsakanin abubuwan da nake tsayawa a kai da kuma abubuwan da shugabannin NAM suka tsaya a kai. Na tsaya ga tsarin riba. Na yi imani da tsarin riba. Na yi imani da tsarin kasuwanci na kyauta gaba daya.
A wani wuri kuma, Walter Reuther, shugaban United Automobile Workers (UAW), ya yi gunaguni cewa “waɗannan dubban ɗarurruwan ma’aikata matasa . . . Ba su san daga ina suka fito ba. Ba su san inda za su ba.
Rukunin ma'aikata da suka fito a ƙarshen 60s an canza su ta hanyar fasaha, ta hanyar alƙaluma, da juyin juya halin al'adu. A cikin masu gadin ta akwai malamai, wadanda hare-haren katon daji suka ratsa gundumomi manya da kanana, arewa da kudu da yamma, cikin sabon ruhi na tawaye. Ba su da nisa daga su kaɗai, amma gani, in ji ɗan tarihi David Montgomery, “na malaman makaranta, ma’aikatan asibiti da masu shara da ke zuwa gidan yari saboda karya doka ya zama na yau da kullun. Kuma malamai suna nuna cewa mulkin son rai ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma ba a iya jurewa a fannin ilimi kamar yadda ake yi a masana'antu." Matsayinsu ya kumbura saboda babban fadada ilimi a cikin 60s. Su, tare da fashewar ƴan jarirai, Montgomery ya yi jayayya, wakiltar tushen "sabon haɗin kai."
Da bukatarsu ta neman dimokuradiyya a cikin kungiyoyinsu, ma'aikata sun nemi su mayar da wadannan cibiyoyi nasu.
An yi yajin aiki a shekarun 1950 da 60; wasu, ciki har da yajin aikin ma'aikatan karfe 1959, sun yi yawa. Akwai, a haƙiƙa, yajin aiki da yawa, tabbas bisa ƙa'idodin yau, amma duk da haka waɗannan al'amura ne na yau da kullun; Layukan zaɓe sun kasance akai-akai alama. Ma'aikata sun tafi farauta, sun gyara gida, ko kuma kawai sun yi hutu. An bar jami'an kungiyar don sasanta rigingimu a bayan kofa a cikin dakuna masu cike da hayaki. Shuwagabannin kungiyar kwadago sun kara yin aure tare da hadin gwiwar masu daukar ma'aikata ta wani nau'i yanayin yadda yake. Ƙungiyoyin, ƙungiyoyin jam'iyya ɗaya, galibi tsofaffin maza ne ko ƴan bidi'o'i ne ke jagorantar su, wani lokaci 'yan daba, kusan duk masu rai (masu daraja banda). Sun mamaye rayuwar cikin gida na "injuna," kuma sun dubi 'yan Democrat da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Kasa (NLRB) don gyarawa. Dave Beck, shugaban Teamsters, ya bayyana cewa "Ƙungiyoyin manyan kasuwanci ne."
Wadannan shugabannin sun ba da zaman lafiya ga masu daukar ma'aikata, sama da duka a kan kantin sayar da kayayyaki, kuma a sakamakon haka, ma'aikata suna tsammanin (kuma sau da yawa) suna samun karuwar albashi a hankali, da fadada fa'idodin fa'ida - haɓakawa da za su iya dogaro da su. A sakamakon haka, masu daukan ma'aikata sun sami zaman lafiya - wani lokaci kungiyar ta tilastawa kanta, a matsayin masu kula da shaguna, sau da yawa ana nada su, sun zama 'yan sanda a kan bugun - da kuma alkawarin samar da kayan aiki ba tare da katsewa ba a cikin lokacin babban riba.
Haka kuma, ko wane irin fa'idar wannan tsarin, an kebe su ne kawai ga jiga-jigan mambobin kungiyar, kwararrun ma'aikata, da magada yakin masana'antu na shekarun 30s. An cire yawancin ma'aikata - mata, mutane masu launi, masu aikin gona, da ma'aikatan sabis. A gaskiya, wannan tsarin, wani lokaci ana kiransa "tsarin New Deal," bai taɓa yin aiki sosai ba; sulhu tsakanin aiki da jari ya kasance na ɗan lokaci kuma na ɗan lokaci; ko da yaushe yana fifita ma'aikata. Bugu da ƙari, ya dogara ne akan ci gaban tattalin arziki na ci gaba da bunƙasa bayan yakin - shekarun wadata da yaki da samar da yaki - wanda ya ƙare a ƙarshen '60s rikicin riba da kuma mayar da martani ga masu daukan ma'aikata. Yakin Vietnam ma, ya kara habaka tattalin arziki, amma a karshen shekarun 60s, farashinsa ya yi tashin gwauron zabi.
Ajin aikin da ya fito a ƙarshen 60s an canza su ta hanyar fasaha, ta hanyar alƙaluma, da juyin juya halin al'adu.
A cikin waɗannan canje-canjen yanayi, haɗin gwiwar ya ba da damar yin rikici da cin zarafi na masu aiki wanda ke nuna juriya ga albashi da buƙatun fa'ida, ga taurin kai ga shiryawa, kuma, watakila sama da duka, a kan "shagon kanti" zuwa saurin gudu, wanda aka kwatanta da layi. gudun a cikin shuke-shuke da kuma United Parcel masu kula da lokaci da motsi, agogon gudu mania. A cikin 1971, masu jigilar kaya sun matsa musu tuƙuru, ƴan gudun hijira na gabar tekun Yamma sun bijire wa tuta tare da yajin aikin da ke barazana ga kwararar kayan soja da ma'aikata zuwa Vietnam. Richard Nixon, yana mai cewa yajin aikin ya ruguza kokarin yakin, ya yi amfani da umarnin hana yajin aikin Taft-Hartley, duk da cewa hakan ya kasa hana masu dogon zangon gudanar da yajin aikin bakin ruwa mafi tsawo a tarihin Amurka. Yajin aikin, wanda aka shirya yana adawa da shugabancin kungiyar, shi ne yajin aikin farko a gabar teku tun shekara ta 1934.
Yawan yajin aiki ya kasance mai girma a cikin shekaru goma - sun kai dubun dubatar kuma sun fadi sosai a cikin 1982. Yajin aikin ya ci gaba a cikin "mai kyau" sau da mara kyau. Yajin aikin da aka yi a 1974 ya kusan yi daidai da na 1970, duk da haka ya faru ne a cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki mafi muni tun shekarun 1930, wanda ke nuna karara cewa bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin bayan yakin ya kare. Dogayen layi a ofisoshin marasa aikin yi sun zama al'ada, kamar yadda ake rarraba abinci kyauta a cibiyoyin masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, wannan koma bayan tattalin arziki yana tare da hauhawar farashi - don haka kalmar "stagflation" - kuma tare da shi yana ƙara matsa lamba ga ma'aikata don tsayayya. A cikin 1975, tattalin arzikin ya sake fadada, amma an yi asarar miliyoyin ayyuka. Rashin zaman lafiya ya haifar da rashin tsaro; Merle Haggard ta 1974Idan Muka Samu Zuwa Disamba” ya mamaye jadawalin a gidan rediyon Akron, WSLR.
A cikin bugu da faɗuwa, yajin aikin ya ci gaba da tafiya ba tare da katsewa ba, idan babu tabbas. Masu hakar ma'adinan kwal sun misalta wannan - iyawar ma'aikata don cin nasara mai girma, duk da haka kuma, alas, iyakancewar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1974, tattaunawar ta tsaya, kuma masu hakar ma’adinai 120,000 suka bar aikinsu, suna girmama al’adarsu ta “ba kwangila, babu aiki.” Ƙungiyar ma'adinan ma'adinai (UMWA) ta daɗe tana zama ƙashin bayan ma'aikatan Amirka; a matsayin babbar ƙungiya, a cikin 30s, ta ba da banki Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Babban yaƙe-yaƙensa sun kasance almara - Ludlow, Dutsen Blair, gundumar Harlan. A cikin shekarun 1960, duk da haka, inuwa ce ta tsohon kai. A shekara ta 1950, akwai ma’aikatan hakar ma’adinai 416,000; a 1959, kawai 180,000 sun kasance a wurin aiki a cikin filayen kwal. John L. Lewis, shugaban mulkin kama karya na ƙungiyar na rabin karni, yana da, a cikin shekarun 50s, ya sasanta ayyukan masu hakar ma'adinai, tare da yarda da injinan hakar ma'adinan da ba makawa ba tare da karɓar komai ga masu hakar ma'adinai ba. A cikin 1963, Tony Boyle, wanda ba kowa ba ne daga Montana wanda Lewis ya zaɓa, ya gaji jagorancin ƙungiyar.
Sakamakon haka ya kasance wani matsayi mai cike da rudani a karkashin hannun ƙarfe na sarrafa ma'adinan. Rashin gamsuwa ya kusan gama duniya a cikin yanayin rashin lafiyar cutar huhu mai saurin kisa da kuma tsananin firgici na kowane bala'i na hakar kwal. A cikin Nuwamba 1968, saba'in da takwas masu hakar ma'adinai sun rasa rayukansu a cikin fashewa a ma'adanin Consolidation Coal's No. 9 mine Gidajan sayarwa A Farmington, West Virginia. Gabaɗaya, an yi imanin an kashe masu hakar kwal dubu ɗari a cikin ma'adinan a ƙarni na ashirin.
A shekara ta 1969, Jock Yablonski, jami'in kungiyar a Clarksville, Pennsylvania, ya kalubalanci Boyle amma ya sha kaye a zaben da aka yi da magudi. Yablonski ya shigar da kara a ma'aikatar kwadago. A cikin martani, Boyle ya kashe shi. A jajibirin sabuwar shekara, wasu qananan miyagun mutane uku da aka yi hayarsu a mashaya a Cleveland sun harbe Yablonski, matarsa, da ’yarsa a cikin gadajensu har lahira. An kafa Miners for Democracy (MFD) a jana'izar Yablonskis. A shekara ta 1972, kotun gundumomi ta Amurka a birnin Washington, DC, ta mayar da martani a wani bangare na wani mukami da bacin rai, ta ba da umarnin a gudanar da sabon zabe. Arnold Miller, wani ma'aikacin ma'adinan West Virginia nakasassu, wanda ke gudana a kan slate na MFD, ya doke Boyle - Boyle da kansa za a tuhume shi da kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A 1974, ya samu uku rai hukunce-hukuncen.
MFD ta bayyana kanta a matsayin ƙungiyar masu hakar ma'adinai masu daraja da fayil. Ya tattaro ƴan adawa daban-daban a cikin ƙungiyar, tare da haɗa su tare da manufar ba kawai kayar da Boyle ba har ma da canza ƙungiyar, daga sama zuwa ƙasa. A cikin 1973, a Pittsburgh, MFD ta jagoranci taron UMW na farko. Masu hakar ma'adinai a can sun sake rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar, tare da tabbatar da haƙƙin manyan mutane. A cikin wani yanayi na murna, sun ƙara ƴancin gundumomi tare da sake tsara tsarin biyan kuɗaɗen ƙungiyar domin baiwa gundumomi da mazauna yankin. Matsayi da fayil sun sami damar amincewa da kwangila. Ta haka ne ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai suka tashi tsaye don canza tsarin dimokuradiyya zuwa dimokuradiyya mai amfani, kuma masu hakar ma'adinan kwal suka fara yakin neman canza dangantaka a ma'adinan da kansu. Sakamako ɗaya shine yajin aikin ƙasa na 1974 da 1978, da kuma a zahiri dubban yajin daji. MFD za ta zama abin koyi ga masu tsatsauran ra'ayi da masu kawo sauyi na ƙungiyar - ta hanyoyi da yawa, har yanzu yana nan.
Masana'antu sun Kamu da koma bayan tattalin arziki
A wani wuri kuma, tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a cikin 1974 ya kasance mai muni, sama da duka a cikin masana'antar kera motoci. Asalin koma bayan tattalin arziki ya kasance a cikin tsari mai yawa, kuma ta wannan ma'anar an dade, amma al'amura sun kara dagulewa daga OPEC (Kungiyar kasashe masu arzikin man fetur) 1973 ta takunkumin man fetur, a matsayin martani ga yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila. Hakan ya sa farashin man ya tashi da kashi 300.
Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki ta shiga cikin masana'antar Amurka. Rashin aikin yi ya kai kashi 15 cikin dari. An fi yiwa masana'antar kera motoci illa; rashin aikin yi a yankin Detroit mai yankuna shida ya kai kashi 20 cikin dari. An rufe tsire-tsire a New Jersey da California, a Cleveland da St. Louis. Kamfanin kera motoci na Ford ya rufe masana'antunsa 22 daga cikin 66 da ke Amurka, inda ya kashe kashi 55 cikin 155,000 na yawan ma'aikatansa na sa'o'i 1979. Masana'antar ba za ta taɓa farfadowa sosai ba. Rufewa ya zama dindindin. Dawo da hannun agogo baya, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta gabatar da buƙatu mai zurfi daga ma'aikatanta. Chrysler yayi barazanar fatarar kudi. Shugaban UAW Douglas Fraser ya ba da amsa da wannan raddi na annabci: “Na yi imani shugabannin ’yan kasuwa, ban da ’yan kaɗan, sun zaɓi su yi yaƙi mai ra’ayi ɗaya a yau a ƙasar nan.” Lallai suna da. A cikin XNUMX, gwamnatin tarayya ta shiga don ceto Chrysler, ta ba da belin kamfanin; rangwame, kora daga aiki, da kuma rufe shuka ya biyo baya.
Farashin iskar gas ya haifar da balaguron "siyasa" a West Virginia; Masu hakar ma’adinai da ke yajin aikin sun bukaci gwamnan da ya mayar da kudin man fetur, suna masu korafin cewa ba za su iya biyan kudin tafiyar da suke yi ba. Sa'an nan, kwata-kwata ba zato ba tsammani, masu motocin dakon kaya, - waɗanda ke aiki masu zaman kansu - sun fito cikin wani yunkuri mai ban mamaki wanda ya kalubalanci manufofin makamashi na gwamnatin Nixon. Masu motocin dakon kaya sun fara rufe manyan titunan kasar, inda suka yi kaca-kaca da cunkoson ababen hawa da kuma kawo cikas ga rarraba kayayyaki da ayyuka. Tare da CB (ƙungiyoyin jama'a) rediyo da "hannu" don ɓoye sunayensu, sun kafa ayarin motocin tare da shirya raguwa da shinge. Dubban tireloli na tireloli ne suka yi cunkoson ababen hawa a Ohio da Pennsylvania. Sun kashe titin New York-Washington, DC a gadar Delaware.
Motsin motocin dakon kaya ya kasance misali mai ban mamaki na ƙirƙira na ma'aikata da ƙarfinsu na tsarawa da yaƙi.
An sake buge masana'antu, wanda tuni yana zubar da jini. A cikin sa'o'i, an tilasta wa gudanarwar GM rufe shuka ta Lordstown. A Toledo, ma'aikatan masana'antu sun bar aikinsu don shiga cikin manyan motoci a musayar I-75 da Ohio Turnpike. Ga gajiyar layukan iskar gas, jama'a sun gaji sun yaba. Martanin hukumomin da suka hada da fadar White House ya yi zafi; sojojin jihar, wadanda motocin dakon kaya ke kyamarsu, suna shiga duk lokacin da suka taru. A Ohio, an tura National Guard, kuma an ba da umarni da manyan motoci aka tafi da su. Abin sha'awa, hirarraki da masu motoci kusa da Cleveland sun juya zuwa ga Kashe-kashen Jihar Kent ta wadannan masu gadin. A ƙarshe, masu shingen sun kasa. Yunkurin nasu, duk da haka, ya kasance misali mai ban mamaki na ƙirƙira na ma'aikata da ƙarfinsu na tsarawa da yaƙi - toshewarsu ta wasu hanyoyi kamanceceniya da yajin aikin zama na wani zamani. Sun mamaye wuraren aikinsu: manyan tituna.
A wannan shekarar, a cikin Maris, hudu na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ƙasashen Duniya (SEIU), wakiltar asibiti, malamai, kulawa, da ma'aikatan jin dadin jama'a, sun yi watsi da tayin albashi daga Hukumar Kula da San Francisco kuma sun buge. Sun hada da malamai, wadanda suka karrama layukan da aka kafa a makarantun. Ma'aikatan jirgin kasa da yawa baƙar fata ne da masu gudanar da aikin na Municipal suka shiga ciki, haka kuma direbobin wucewa. Ma'aikatan gona sun haɗu da sauran malamai don rufe rumbun motocin bas na makaranta. Gwamna Ronald Reagan ya yi barazanar tura dakarun tsaron kasar, amma yajin aikin ya ci gaba da yaduwa. Sai dai sulhun farko da shugabannin SEIU suka yi ya hana yajin aikin da ya fi yawa. A watan Agusta na shekara ta 1974, wani ɗan jarida ya rubuta: “Duk inda kuka juya, wani yana yajin aiki: injiniyoyin jirgin sama, direbobin bas, masu hakar tagulla, ma’aikatan tsafta, masu kashe gobara, ma’aikatan asibiti, masu fenti, ma’aikatan ƙarfe, ma’aikatan tarho. Tarayyar Amurka, gundumomi da ma'aikatan birni (AFSCME) sun kada kuri'a don rufe jihar Ohio." Masu hakar ma'adinan, tare da sabon shugabancinsu, sun buge kwana ashirin da takwas, inda suka samu wani kunshin da darajarsu ta kai sama da kashi 40 cikin dari. Matsayi da fayil ɗin sun karɓi wannan, kodayake da kyar kawai - kusan rabin sun zaɓi tsayawa tsayin daka.
A tsakiyar 1975, aikin ya kusan komawa matakan koma bayan tattalin arziki, kuma tashin hankalin ma'aikata ya kasance da rai sosai, sama da duka a cikin filayen kwal. A lokacin rani na 1975, 1976, da 1977, an sami buge-buge na daji a duk faɗin ƙasar. Na farko shi ne a shekara ta 1975, lokacin da masu hakar ma’adinai 80,000 suka buge don neman ’yancin yajin aiki. Bayan haka, a shekara ta 1976, mutane 120,000 (kusan ma’aikata a Gabas duka) sun fita adawa da dokar da aka ɗora a kan masu hakar ma’adinai masu yajin aiki. Girman haɗin kai na masu hakar ma'adinai ya kasance irin wannan "baƙo" guda ɗaya zai iya rufe duk wani motsi. An ci gaba da yajin aikin har zuwa lokacin rani na shekara ta 1977, sa’ad da, ana sa ran za a yi yajin aikin ƙasa, ma’aikatan hakar ma’adinai 85,000 ne suka kai farmaki. A cikin 1976, adadin manyan yajin aiki - 5,648 - kusan ya yi daidai da na 1970 - 5,716 - kodayake yawan masu yajin bai yi yawa ba. A cikin shekarun 1976 zuwa 1979, an sake samun hare-hare a kusan ko'ina - wato a kowane bangare da kuma fadin kasar. Malaman, bayan yajin aikin, sun rikitar da shugabannin makarantu, kananan hukumomi, har ma da kungiyoyin malaman, inda suka yi yajin aiki tare da samun nasara.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1970, in ji ɗan tarihi Michael Honey, ƙungiyar yancin jama'a ta Kudancin Kudancin ta bazu cikin masana'antu, don haka "bayan shekaru da yawa na ƙoƙari mai zafi . . . Ma’aikatan baƙar fata a cikin ɓangarorin ayyukan masana'antu sun rushe yawancin shingen Jim Crow a cikin wuraren aikinsu da ƙungiyoyin su. " Bugu da kari, “Black Power” ya yi hijira zuwa arewa; a cikin masana'antu, yana wakiltar wata dabara don tilastawa duka ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyi don gane hakkoki da bukatun ma'aikatan baƙi. Kamfanonin sun dauki dubban sababbin ma'aikata, matasa, kuma yawancin ma'aikata suna cikin Detroit.
Yawancin sabbin ma'aikatan sun yi aiki ne a cikin marasa ƙwarewa, sau da yawa ayyuka masu haɗari, suna yin ayyuka masu banƙyama, ayyuka masu tayar da hankali wanda ya haifar da babban canji da rashin rashin zuwa wanda masana'antar kera motoci ta shahara.
Yawancin sabbin ma'aikatan sun yi aiki a cikin marasa ƙwarewa, yawanci ayyuka masu haɗari, suna yin ayyuka masu banƙyama, ayyuka masu tayar da hankali wanda ya haifar da babban canji da ƙarancin rashin zuwa wanda. masana'antar ta shahara. Asalin motsi na baƙar fata yana cikin waɗannan yanayi. A cikin masana'antar kera motoci, wannan motsi ya fara ne cikin hare-haren daji da ci gaban ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali wanda DRUM (Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement) ke jagoranta a Chrysler's Dodge Main shuka a Detroit. Sauran masu aikin baƙaƙen motoci suka biyo baya, suka kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali a Eldon Road (ELRUM), Ford's River Rouge shuka (FRUM); a Chrysler's Jefferson Avenue Assembly plant (JARUM). Ma’aikata a wasu masana’antu su ma sun shiga; Ma'aikatan asibitin sun shirya HRUM, ma'aikatan jarida NEWRU, United Parcel ma'aikatan UPRUM, tare da haifar da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Baƙaƙen Juyin Juya Hali.
Tawayen ma'aikatan bakar fata sun karfafawa mutane da yawa, ciki har da farar fata. Duk da haka, bai haifar da haɗin kai da mutane da yawa suke fata ba, ba shakka ba a cikin masana'antar kera motoci ba. Lokacin da masu aikin baƙar fata, suna yaƙi da gudun-p, sun yi zanga-zangar zama a lokacin rani na 1973 a Detroit a Majalisar Jefferson, Eldon Road, da tsire-tsire na Mack Avenue, ba su kasance ba, galibi, fararen fata ne ke goyan bayansu, kaɗan. ban da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Sakamakon, ga dubun-dubatar ma'aikata, ya yi muni. Wannan ƙawancen da bai faru ba, tare da haɗarin 1974 a cikin kera motoci, ya haifar da ƙarshen motsi a cikin mota, yana lalata ra'ayoyin tsararraki biyu na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka ba da komai akan tawaye a cikin mota.
Masana'antar karafa ta taɓa mamaye masana'antar Amurka, girman girmanta. A cikin yankin Pittsburgh kadai, manyan masana'antun niƙa guda goma sha biyu ne suka yi layi a gefen kogin Monongahela. A cikin ƙasa, dubban ɗaruruwan suna aiki a cikin ƙarfe na asali. A cikin shekarun 70s, duk da haka, ma'aikatan karfe suna rasa ayyukan yi; sun fuskanci tsaiko da raguwar samun kuɗin shiga na gaske kuma sun shaida ƙara yawan rufewar shuka. Masana'antu da ƙungiyar sun zargi gasar ƙasashen waje, amma kamar yadda mahimmanci shine rashin iya aiki a cikin tsufa, masana'antu mai girma.
Kamfanonin ƙarfe sun yi amfani da rikicin don haɗa ayyukan yi, ƙarfafa "ladabtarwa," da haɓaka yawan aiki, a lokaci guda maye gurbin tsofaffin wurare tare da sababbin fasaha. A shekara ta 1973, ƙungiyar ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Tattaunawa ta Gwaji (ENA), ƙudirin hana yajin aiki na ƙasa, wanda ya musanya 'yancin yajin aiki a cikin ciniki na ƙasa don ƙarin tsabar kuɗi, daidaita farashin rayuwa, da kuma fadada damar yin sulhu. Ma'aikatan Karfe suna da hakkin yajin aiki kan al'amuran gida, kuma a cikin 1977, an sami kuri'u fiye da ɗari, idan aka kwatanta da bakwai kawai a cikin 1974. Duk wannan ya haifar da tawaye a cikin ƙungiyar, da farko a Gundumar 31, United Karfe Workers. ' (USW) mafi girma, inda Sadlowski ya ci nasara a matsayin darektan gundumar.
Kamfanonin ƙarfe sun yi amfani da rikicin don haɗa ayyukan yi, ƙarfafa "ladabtarwa," da haɓaka yawan aiki.
Masu tada kayar bayan sun ba da shawarar kawo karshen 1973 ENA; sun bukaci ‘yancin amincewa da kwangiloli tare da neman zabar sabon shugabanin kasa don tattara mukami. A cikin 1975, waɗannan ma'aikata da masu fafutuka na gida a ko'ina cikin ƙungiyar sun kafa Steelworkers Fight Back, cibiyar sadarwar 'yan adawa ta kasa. An yanke shawarar gudanar da Sadlowski na shugaban USW tare da Fight Back a matsayin kungiyar kamfen. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1976–77 ya haifar da ruhi mai karkata hankali kan batutuwa kamar su ENA, adawa da karuwar kudade, da haƙƙin amincewa da kwangiloli. Wannan ruhun ya zurfafa saboda gaskiyar cewa Sadlowski da kansa ya yi magana a kan batutuwan zamantakewa masu yawa kamar yakin Vietnam da yancin jama'a. A karshe, Sadlowski ya sha kaye, duk da cewa ya samu kashi 43 cikin XNUMX na kuri'un da aka kada, ciki har da mafi rinjayen 'yan kasar, wadanda akasarinsu na karfe ne.
Masana'antar, duk da haka, tana gab da faɗuwar faɗuwar rana da kuma farkon wani sabon yanayi na rashin aikin yi; 'yan kaɗan sun annabta, ya koma matakin tsakiya. Samar da karafa na cikin gida ya ragu sosai bayan 1979, yayin da kamfanonin karafa suka aiwatar da tsattsauran ra'ayi. Cikakken ma'aikatan karfe 200,000 sun rasa ayyukansu. A farkon 1980, ma'aikatan karfe a Youngstown, Ohio, sun mamaye hedkwatar gundumomi na Karfe na Amurka a cikin ƙarfin hali amma matsananciyar yunƙuri na hana rufe masana'antar su. An yi fatan cewa zama a ciki na iya zama tartsatsi don kunna motsin juriya. Maimakon haka, abin takaicin daruruwan ma’aikata da magoya bayan da abin ya shafa, da sauri aka yi watsi da shi bisa umarnin jami’an kungiyar da masu ba su shawara.
'Yancin Tsara
Babban ci gaban da ma’aikata suka samu a tsarin bayan yakin shine samun ‘yancin yin tsari da ma’aikatan kananan hukumomi, jihohi, da tarayya, da kuma hada miliyoyin wadannan ma’aikata zuwa kungiyoyin kwadago. "Haɓakar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin jama'a na Amurka" a cikin '50s da 60s' ya kasance, a cewar Mark Maier, "mai kama da faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin 1930s." Mata sun shiga hidima da sassan jama'a na ma'aikata a cikin miliyoyin; sun zama kashin bayan yunkurin sabbin malamai, musamman hukumar NEA, yanzu ta koma kungiya. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatan gwamnati sun ƙaru sau huɗu cikin sauri kamar yadda jimillar membobin ƙungiyar, kuma mata ke da babban kaso na waɗannan sabbin membobin.
Haɗin gwiwar Matan Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata (CLUW), wanda aka kafa a cikin 1974 a Chicago, an haife shi a cikin lokacin farin ciki mai girma kuma ya ƙunshi wani yunkuri na tallafawa mata masu aiki da gwagwarmayar su. Sabuwar ƙungiyar matan sun haɗa da ma'aikatan ofis, ma'aikatan tarho, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, ma'aikatan tufafi, da ma'aikatan masana'anta. Matan kungiyar kwadago dubu uku ne suka halarci taron kafa kungiyar; kusan kashi uku na mahalarta taron an ruwaito cewa matasa ne masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. CLUW ya zama abin hawa mai kyau don haɗa ƴancin mata tare da yunƙurin mata masu aiki, wanda ke da ikon yin magana don karuwar adadin mata masu aiki, mafi yawan marasa tsari.
A cikin shekaru biyu, duk da haka, CLUW ya mutu da gaske, matan da ke cikin tsarin mulki, su kansu, kamar yadda ba, 'yan ƙasa na biyu a cikin ƙungiyoyin su. Duk da haka, ga mata masu aiki, gwagwarmaya ta ci gaba. A watan Satumba na 1976, a Seattle, ma'aikatan jinya 2,500 ne suka shiga yajin aikin, yajin aikin da ya dauki tsawon kwanaki sittin da biyar, yajin aikin ma'aikatan jinya mafi tsawo a wancan lokacin, yana nuna, a cewar kungiyar. New York Times, "sabon tsagerun ma'aikatan jinya masu rijista a nan da sauran wurare." Batutuwan sun hada da albashi, daukar ma'aikata, da shagon hukumar. Amma akwai kuma “batun tunani,” in ji wani likita.
Ya kasance ma'aikatan jinya za a iya yi musu ihu kuma a yi watsi da ra'ayoyinsu. . . Yanzu za su kalubalanci likitoci kuma wani lokacin ma su maye gurbin hukuncin nasa. . . Wannan shi ne batun daidaito, wanda hazikan matasa ma’aikatan jinya da suka kammala karatu kwanan nan suka taso daga kungiyar mata da ke da wuya a kawo karshen wannan yajin aikin.
Ma'aikatan hidima, ma'aikatan gwamnati, da ma'aikatan mata sun kafa tushen haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na hidima da ke tare da mu har yau. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun yi hasashen makomar gaba ga yawancin ma'aikata, waɗanda ke tasowa a tsakiyar tsaka mai wuya daga rukunin ma'aikata na masana'antu zuwa wanda ya dogara da jama'a da sassan sabis. Sun wakilci mata masu yawa da ma'aikata masu launi.
Yunkuri biyu a cikin Teamsters kuma sun nuna cewa tawaye ya ci gaba. A cikin 1976, Frank Fitzsimmons, shugaban Teamsters, ya kira yajin aikin hukuma, a duk faɗin ƙasar, na masu motocin dakon kaya a cikin masana'antar jigilar kaya a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga matsayi da fayil, gami da sabuwar ƙungiyar Teamsters don Yarjejeniyar Mai Kyau (TDC). Oktoba mai zuwa, TDC ta zama Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiya don Democratic Union (TDU). A wannan lokacin bazara, Teamsters sun buge UPS a cikin jihohin tsakiya, wannan lokacin UPsurge, ƙungiyar UPS da matsayi. An gamu da matsugunin jigilar kaya tare da yajin aikin namun daji a Detroit. UPSurge ya mayar da martani ga matsugunin UPS tare da hare-haren daji a garuruwa takwas na Tsakiyar Yamma.
Ma'aikatan hidima, ma'aikatan gwamnati, da ma'aikatan mata sun kafa tushen haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na hidima da ke tare da mu har yau.
A cikin Teamsters, sannan babbar ƙungiyar masana'antu a ƙasar, TDU ta tashi don gina ƙungiyoyi masu daraja ta ƙasa a cikin ƙungiyar, ƙungiya mai cin hanci da rashawa, sau da yawa tare da dangantaka ta kud da kud da gungun jama'a ('yan fashin da suka yanke hulda da jami’an kungiyar, na kasa da kuma na gida, da kuma neman hanyoyin da za a bi wajen raba kudaden fansho na kungiyar da ke samun riba sosai). TDU da sauri ya girma zuwa motsi na dubban; Manufarta ita ce ta canza wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi ta zama mai ƙarfi don samun ci gaba. Ya zama mai fafutuka a tattaunawar kwangiloli, inganta hadin kai a yajin aiki da tsakanin hukunce-hukunce, da daukar nauyin gyare-gyaren doka, da fallasa cin hanci da rashawa da aikata laifuka. Babbar nasararta ta zo ne a cikin 1991 lokacin da ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar Ron Carey, shugaban ma'aikatan UPS, a nasarar da ya samu na shugabancin ƙungiyar.
UPSurge, ƙungiyar ma'aikatan UPS masu daraja da fayil, wacce aka kafa a Cleveland a cikin 1975, tana da alaƙa da TDU amma ta bambanta da cewa an shirya ta da farko don yaƙar kamfanin. Farkon abin da ya fi mayar da hankali shi ne shirye-shiryen tattaunawar kwangilar jihohin tsakiyar 1976. An gina UPsurge akan hanyar sadarwa na masu kula da kantuna na yau da kullun tare da tushen shekaru da yawa na ayyukan tsageru. A cikin 60s da 70s, an sami ci gaba da rikice-rikice - yajin aiki, hukuma da na hukuma, ciki har da, a cikin 1973, Pittsburgh wildcat tare da ƙwararrun zaɓe waɗanda suka rufe ayyukan UPS a Western Pennsylvania da yawancin Ohio.
A cikin wannan lokacin, UPS ta zama babban ma'aikaci na Teamsters, da kuma mafi girman kamfanin sufuri a duniya. Ya zama sananne, har ma a duniya, ga manyan motoci masu launin ruwan kasa, kayan sawa irin na soja, da masu sa ido a ko'ina, dauke da allunan allo da agogon tsayawa. A cikin masana'antar da har yanzu kanana da matsakaitan kamfanoni ke mamaye, UPS ta zama mai kirkire-kirkire - ta kware a cikin "Taylorism," wani nau'i na gudanarwa na kimiyya wanda ya dauki iko da kowane daki-daki a cikin aiki, samarwa, a cikin kalmomin Harry Braverman, "rarrabuwar kawuna tsarin aiki daga basirar ma'aikaci." UPS ta bullo da sabbin fasahohi, ta kara jigilar jiragen sama, kuma ta shigo da dalibai da matasa ma'aikata a matsayin masu aikin wucin gadi.
Rikicin a UPS ya bayyana zurfin tashin hankali na matsayi da fayil a wannan ƙasa, wannan lokacin a cikin wani kamfani mai ƙarfi, na ƙasa, mai riba sosai.
An gudanar da "taron" na UPsurge a Indianapolis a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1976. Yana da ban mamaki; UPSurgers 650 ne suka taru a wani wurin shakatawa na Holiday Inn a gabashin birnin. Ganawar wani bangare ne na kasuwanci, wani bangare na zanga-zangar, wani bangare na bikin - kuma tabbas babu irinsa a tarihin UPS. Ma'aikata sun zo daga nesa zuwa Portland, Oregon, da Boston, Massachusetts, ko da yake sun fito daga jihohin tsakiya. An zaɓi buƙatun kwangila goma; sun mai da hankali kan waɗannan yankuna: masu aiki na lokaci-lokaci, ka'idodin bayyanar; masu kula da aiki, kayan aiki marasa aminci, kwanakin rashin lafiya, hutu, da rediyo.
Rikicin a UPS ya bayyana zurfin tashin hankali na matsayi da fayil a wannan ƙasa, wannan lokacin a cikin wani kamfani mai ƙarfi, na ƙasa, mai riba sosai. Kwamitin tuƙi na UPsurge ya kasance, a haƙiƙa, motsin masu kula da kanti, a cikin ma'ana; wato, kusan kowane memba ya kasance mai aiki, zaɓaɓɓe, abin tunawa, jagoran kantuna. A cikin 1980, UPsurge ya haɗu tare da TDU, kuma a yau, ma'aikatan UPS suna wakiltar sashe mafi girma guda ɗaya - bugu da ƙari, lambobi suna mamaye ƙungiyar Teamsters kanta. TDU, abin mamaki, ya shawo kan guguwar sama da shekaru arba'in. Yana ci gaba da ficewa a matsayin murya don matsayi-da-fayil Teamsters da kuma abin ƙira don irin motsi-da-fayil motsi da muke bukata har yanzu.
Karshen Tsawon Saba'in
A ƙarshen 1970s, yajin aikin ya ci gaba da zama a yau. Misalin yajin aikin United Farm Workers (UFW) da kauracewa inabi da latas a cikin shekarun 60 ya biyo bayan yajin aiki da kaurace wa mabukaci a cikin tufafi da yadi a Kamfanin Farah da JP Stevens, da kuma Coors Brewing. Wadannan kauracewar sun hada da dimbin magoya baya da sauran ma'aikata, da kuma sauran jama'a.
A cikin Satumba 1976, ma'aikata a cikin filayen tumatir na arewa maso gabashin Ohio da ma'aikatan cannery kusa da Toledo sun buge da mamaye wuraren Kamfanin Packing Company. Masu yajin aikin sun kafa shingaye, tare da tsare hukumomi, kuma sun yi nasara, a wani muhimmin nasara da aka samu tun da farko ga kwamitin kula da aikin gona (FLOC). Tsohon ɗan gwagwarmaya Baldemar Velásquez ne ya kafa FLOC.
A Seattle, mashinan Boeing 17,000 sun buge. A cikin mummunan yajin aikin da masu hakar ma'adinai suka yi a Stearns, Kentucky, da ma'aikatan masana'antu a Elwood, Indiana, an yi wa 'yan yajin duka, harbe-harbe, da kama su. A wannan shekarar, ma'aikatan kashe gobara sun kai hari a Memphis, yajin aikin daji, da kuma a Normal, Illinois, da Dayton, Ohio. A cikin Satumba 1978, mambobi 20,000 na Tarayyar Amurka, Gundumomi da Ma'aikatan Municipal (AFSCME) sun bar ayyukansu a Philadelphia. An rufe hanyar Safeway a Arewacin California a cikin wata mummunar arangama da Teamsters - a watan Agusta, an kashe wani dan wasan gaba.
Rikici na ƙarshe na shekaru goma na rikicin matsayi-da fayil ya zo a cikin yajin aikin 1977-78 a filayen kwal.
Ma'aikatan layin dogo, bisa rashin yarda da shisshigin tarayya, sun mayar da rikicin kwana tamanin da daya da Norfolk Western ya zama yajin aikin layin dogo na kasa. Kuma ma'aikatan ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda 15,000 sun yi amfani da ɗimbin ayyuka da tafiye-tafiye a wani yajin aikin gama-gari a yankin Arewa maso Yamma na Pacific. A cikin 1979, an sami yajin aikin ƙwararrun masu safarar ƙarfe a cikin Youngstown. Masu safarar motocin da aka kama a cikin Linwood, New Jersey, da Lordstown, Ohio, da ma'aikatan gidan waya a cibiyar wasikun jama'a ta Richmond, California. Ma'aikatan nukiliya sun fita a Goodyear's Piketon, Ohio, shuka. Ma'aikatan Karfe sun sami karbuwa a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Newport News, bayan yajin aikin na shekaru biyu. Faculty ya buge a Jami'ar Boston da Jami'ar Cincinnati, da kuma, malaman makaranta. An yi yajin aikin malamai 199 a 1979, wanda ya yi daidai da na baya a 1975–76. Malamai sun buge don ƙarin kuɗi, rage girman aji, ƙarin lokacin shirye-shirye, kuma, a wasu wurare, horon ɗalibai. A ƙarshe, akwai yajin aikin 1979 na ma'aikatan gona na California.
Rikici na ƙarshe na shekaru goma na rikicin matsayi-da fayil ya zo a cikin yajin aikin 1977-78 a filayen kwal. Yajin aikin masu hakar ma'adinai 160,000 ya shafe kwanaki 110 ana ci gaba da yi duk da umarnin Taft-Hartley da shugaban kasar Jimmy Carter ya bayar. Sau biyu, masu hakar ma'adinai masu daraja da fayil sun bijirewa shugabannin UMW kuma sun ƙi kwangilar rangwame. Ma'aikatan suna son abin da masu hakar ma'adinai suka kira "kwangilar salon 1930s," tare da 'yancin kashe masu yajin wuta, manyan abubuwan da ba za a iya cirewa na kiwon lafiya ba, da kuma kulawar rashin halartar horo. Masu sukar sun ce kungiyar ta kira yajin aikin a cikin mafi munin yanayi; akwai tarin kwal na watanni a kasa. Masu sukar sun kuma dage cewa shugabannin kungiyar ba su da niyyar yin nasara a yajin aikin.
Duk da haka, masu hakar ma'adinai masu daraja da fayil sun yi, kuma sun yi yaƙi da kamfanonin - duk wasu rassa na manyan kamfanonin makamashi - har zuwa ci gaba da zubar da jini. Sun kuma fafatawa da sojojin gwamnati, masu gadin kasa a Indiana, da dubban masu gadin kamfani da gons. An harbe masu hakar ma'adinai uku tare da kashe su a kan layukan tsinke, an kama daruruwan mutane, an kuma ci tarar dubbai. An dai nuna juyayi ga masu hakar ma'adinai da suka yi yajin aiki, da suka hada da tarukan hadin kai, da tarin abinci, da ayari, amma babu wata kungiya da ta dauki wani mataki na tallafa musu. Masu hakar ma'adinai sun yi yaƙi su kaɗai; duk da haka, sun kayar da kamfanonin kan batutuwa da dama. Yunwa ce kawai ta tilasta musu komawa. Ko a lokacin, kashi 40 cikin 1978 na masu hakar ma'adinai da suka kada kuri'a sun ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar, inda suka gwammace su yi yaki. Masu hakar ma'adinan sun gaji a XNUMX, amma ba a ci nasara ba. Ba su kasance ba, duk da haka, sun shirya don abin da ke zuwa - kawar da ma'adinan kwal zuwa yamma.
Kuma malamai, kuma. A cikin shekarun 70s, kungiyar ilimi ta kasa (NEA) ta kira yajin aikin malamai. A cikin shekarar makaranta ta 1975–76 kadai, an yi yajin aiki sau 203. A cikin Janairu 1978, lokacin da malamai suka buge a Canton, Ohio, makarantu, an kama 400, ciki har da 230 a cikin lokaci ɗaya a makarantar sakandaren Timken.
Waɗannan misalai biyu ne kawai a cikin tarihin da ba a rubuta ba. NEA ta riga ta kasance babbar ƙungiya a cikin 1960s. A tarihi, kungiya ce ta kwararru; ba kamar Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Amirka (AFT), ba ta da wata alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago. A cikin 1960s, duk da haka, wannan ya fara canzawa. “A cikin NEA,” in ji ɗan tarihi Marjorie Murphy, “canje-canje na cikin gida sun bayyana a sarari cewa ƙungiyar da ke da girma tana sake fasalin kanta a hankali a hankali amma babu makawa. A cikin shekarun 1970, NEA ta karu da kusan sabbin mambobi 100,000 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai maki miliyan 2 a cikin 1980. Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Amurka (AFT) ta kuma girma, kodayake ba kusa ba sosai. An shirya AFT a matsayin kungiyar kwadago, kuma tushenta ya kasance a cikin birane, sama da duka a cikin birnin New York; yana da alaƙa da AFL-CIO. Kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu ya wuce na ƙungiyar Teamsters.
Duk ƙungiyoyin biyu sun amsa canje-canjen yanayi a cikin 60s tare da yajin aiki da shirya tuƙi. NEA kuwa, da sauri ta zarce kishiyarta. A cikin dubban yajin aikin malamai a shekarun 70s, watakila kusan kashi 80 cikin dari ne malaman NEA suka jagoranta; haka ma, yajin aikin malaman nan na wakiltar wata kungiya ce da ta jagoranci cikin gida. Hukumar ta NEA ta kasance mai rarrabuwar kawuna sosai, tabbas idan aka kwatanta da haɗin kai na sama na AFT.
Hukumar ta NEA ta sake samun wata fa'ida. A cikin waɗannan shekaru masu yawa na ayyukan malamai, AFT ta shiga cikin rikice-rikicen launin fata - gado, a wani ɓangare, na rikicin wariyar launin fata tare da masu fafutuka na al'umma a cikin yajin aikin malamai na New York na 1968. Akwai kuma rikice-rikice tare da iyaye baƙar fata a Youngstown da kuma Newark, inda masu fafutuka bakar fata suka kalubalanci kungiyar, ko da a lokacin da malamai bakaken fata suka jagorance su. A watan Satumba na 1975, a Boston, malamai 4,950, kashi 90 cikin XNUMX na ma'aikata, sun buge saboda rashin jituwar ciniki - yajin aikin nasu, duk da haka, ya gurgunta shirin ɓata mako biyu na gundumar. AFT ta yi marhabin da matakin da ya dace Bakke yanke shawara, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a kan kason kabilanci, da kuma adawa da manufofin NEA da suka aiwatar da ka'idojin launin fata da jinsi a cikin hukumominta.
Hukumar ta NEA, duk da asalinta na mazan jiya a zamanin makarantun ware - ta shirya ƙungiyoyin kabilanci a Kudu - sun goyi bayan haɗin kai da aiki mai inganci. A cikin 1964, ta ba da umarnin cewa a haɗa dukkan masu haɗin gwiwa, kodayake a cikin 1974, ƙungiyar Louisiana ta kasance keɓe. A cikin 1967, Elizabeth Koontz, wata malamar aji na Ba'amurke daga North Carolina, ta zama shugabar NEA baƙar fata ta farko. A cikin 1972, lokacin da 'yan sanda suka harbe wasu dalibai bakaken fata biyu a Jami'ar Kudancin, NEA ta bi sahun dalibai da kungiyoyin bakaken fata wajen neman a gudanar da bincike a hukumance. Hukumar ta NEA ta yi tir da hukuncin da kotu ta yanke wanda ba zai bukaci hukumomin makaranta su gyara guraben halartar taron don ci gaba da sauye-sauyen al’ummar launin fata ba.
Lokacin da AFT da NEA suka yi watsi da tattaunawar haɗin kai a cikin 1974, dalilan sun kasance da yawa, ciki har da batutuwan ƙungiyoyi masu sauƙi da matsalolin ƙwarewa, na ƙarshe mafi karfi a cikin NEA. Amma lokacin da Helen Wise, shugabar NEA, ta yi fatali da zargin cewa malaman NEA ba ’yan kungiyar kwadago ba ne, ta ce, a gaskiya, cewa “akwai masu sassaucin ra’ayi da yawa a cikin kungiyar wadanda ke tunanin AFL-CIO a matsayin masu ra’ayin mazan jiya.” Ta ci gaba da cewa, “Hukumar AFT, yayin da take ba da hidima ga ‘yan tsiraru, ta yi adawa da ingantacciyar hanyar tabbatar da hakan. Babu daidaituwa tsakanin sadaukarwar NEA da halin AFT laissez-faire kan wannan batu. " Daga na farko, NEA ta goyi bayan Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaita (ERA) ga mata. A cikin 1974, ta yi nasara a shari'ar Kotun Koli da ke soke izinin izini ga malamai masu ciki.
Bugu da kari, to, zuwa ga m shirya, ciki har da yin amfani da yajin, NEA, a cikin kalmomin Murphy, ya dauki "m, mafi m matsayi a kan kewayon al'amurran da suka shafi zamantakewa." AFT da AFL-CIO sun goyi bayan yakin Vietnam - babu shakka sun yi imanin cewa ma'aikatan Amurka ma sun yi. Wannan ba haka lamarin yake ga malamai ba, kuma AFT ta biya farashi. Tsakanin 1970 zuwa 1980, NEA ta haɓaka da membobi miliyan ɗaya. Yawancin waɗannan sabbin membobin mata ne, kuma yawancin baƙi ne da Latino; dubun dubatan wadannan sabbin mambobin sun halarci jami'a a shekarun 1960. A lokaci guda, a cewar Murphy, "malamai sun koka game da sa ido, kara yawan aiki, ayyukan da ba su dace ba, da kuma rashin kulawa kan bayar da lasisi, horarwa da ayyuka." Daga cikin wadannan tashe-tashen hankula ne aka samu wanda zai zama babbar kungiyar kwadago ta kasar nan ba da jimawa ba - yana mai nuni da cewa, idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin da ya dace da kuma niyyar yin aiki, kungiyoyin kwadago, da sama da duk kungiyoyin kwadago masu ci gaba, za su iya ci gaba da samun nasara.
"Abubuwan Ban Mamaki Kan Haƙƙinsu"
Ta yaya za mu tantance yajin aikin da ma'aikata suka yi a cikin shekaru goma? Wannan ya wuce iyakar wannan bincike. Duk da haka, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar a gane su, kuma a san su da abin da suka kasance: abubuwan ban mamaki da suka faru a kansu, sun cancanci matsayi mai daraja a cikin jerin rikice-rikice wanda shine alamar ajin su, rikice-rikice a cikin dogon tarihi mai tsayi na tarihi. talakawa da gwagwarmayarsu don samun ingantacciyar duniya.
Ana iya yin abubuwa da yawa anan. Yunkurin ma'aikata ba ya rasa nasaba da nasara; A cikin tsawon shekaru goma, sun sa ƙungiyoyi su zama masu dimokuradiyya da kuma haɗa kai, sun sake mayar da mai kula da shago kuma sun ci nasara a yakin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Sun kara girman filin mai yiwuwa. Sun sake tashi, idan a taƙaice, tarkacen tutocin ikon ma'aikata. Don haka, alal misali, masu hakar ma'adinan kwal sun ci karo da sauran rukunin ma'aikata na masana'antu, yayin da suke dawo da yawan aiki, yana da mahimmanci idan ana son yin hakar ma'adinai mafi aminci. Babu makawa, duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin har yanzu suna nuna cibiyoyin da suka haɓaka. Yunkurin ya kasance, ga mafi yawancin, ƴan tsiraru, ba su iya ƙetare iyakokin da aka ɗora musu ba, gami da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idar shari'a. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, tsari da jagorancin ƙungiyoyin sun kasance da yawa. Babu makawa, don haka, ƙungiyoyin, galibi duk da kyakkyawar niyya kuma tare da cancantar cancanta, ba za su iya shawo kan zurfin rarrabuwar kabilanci da jinsi a Amurka ba. Ma'aikatan Amurka ba su taɓa cin nasara akan waɗannan rarrabuwa ba, kuma haɗin kai na aji ya kasance mai wuyar gaske - wariyar launin fata ta hana haɗakar ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam, ƙungiyar Black Power motsi, da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki.
Sun kara girman filin mai yiwuwa. Sun sake tashi, idan a taƙaice, tarkacen tutocin ikon ma'aikata.
Yajin aikin da sahu-sahu ya kasance a cikin masana'antu da ƙungiyoyi guda ɗaya, duk da cewa an sami haɗin kai mai tsanani, kuma yayin da masu girma da matsayi suka yi ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi, ƙungiyoyin ba su haifar da wata cibiya ba, babu hanyar daidaitawa. , kuma babu shugabanni na kasa da za a iya gane su. An keɓe su a cikin ɗaiɗaikun masana'antu da ƙungiyoyi; da kyar suke zubewa daga wannan masana’anta zuwa waccan. Babu shakka, an sami yaɗuwar jin kai ga ma'aikata a fafutuka, amma babu wata hanya ta ƙungiyoyin nuna goyon baya. Wataƙila wannan shi ne bala'i na shekaru goma, la'akari da abin da 80s za su kawo.
Danniya, daga masu daukar ma'aikata da kuma daga jihar, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, kuma yajin aikin ma'aikata, musamman ma rashin goyon bayan kungiyoyin kwadago, yawanci ba su da kariya ta fuskar tashin hankali. Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata sun ƙara yin la'akari da ma'aikata marasa ƙungiyar. Da dai sauransu, sun aiwatar da tsarin dabarun da a yanzu ya zama ruwan dare, wadanda suka hada da daukar lauyoyin da ke cin karensu babu babbaka, gudanar da yakin neman zabe, da kuma komawa yankunan da ba na kungiyar ba a Kudu da kasashen waje. Matsayin tashin hankali a shekarun 1970 bai yi daidai da na 1919 ko na 1930 ba; duk da haka, ma’aikatan sun saba fuskantar jami’an tsaro dauke da makamai, ‘yan sanda, da masu tsaron kasa, da masu fasa yajin aiki da ‘yan kungiyar kwadago.
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Amurka, waɗanda suka tsira tsawon shekaru goma na bunƙasa da faɗuwa, da kuma canjin tattalin arziƙin da za su zama babban ma'auni, ya kasance, a ƙarshen wannan shekaru goma, mai yuwuwar ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Abin da za a iya gani a yanzu kamar gajiyar tawaye da mukami da mukamai ba wai cin kashin da kungiyar kwadago ta yi ba ne. Wannan ya zo, kuma yana da mahimmanci, ba a cikin 1974 ba, kuma ba a cikin 1978 ba, amma a cikin 1981, lokacin da sabon shugaban kasa, Ronald Reagan, ya kori masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama masu yajin aiki kuma ya rushe ƙungiyar su, Professional Air Traffic Controllers (PATCO).
Masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama suna wakiltar ƙananan ma'aikata. Rikicin ya kasance, ta wannan ma'ana, alama ce. Amma, a wannan yanayin, alamomin suna wakiltar rayuwa da mutuwa don ƙungiyar kasuwanci a Amurka. Lane Kirkland, shugaban AFL-CIO, ya mayar da martani ga sabuwar gwamnatin Reagan ta adawa da kungiyar ta hanyar shirya "Ranar Hadin kai" a Washington, DC: Satumba 19, 1981 - ko da yake, ga kunyarsa, kare PATCO ba shine bukatar tsakiya. Dubban daruruwan ma’aikata ne suka amsa, PATCO da suka yi fice a cikinsu, inda suka yi maci da kungiyar kwadago a cikin manya-manyan bataliya ta cikin Capitol, a wani gagarumin baje kolin karfin kungiyar kwadago. Wannan zanga-zangar ta bayyana da ban mamaki yiwuwar dakatar da Reagan, ceton PATCO, da kuma ceton abin da ya rage na ƙarfin ƙungiyar kasuwanci da ƙungiya, har yanzu yana da yawa a cikin 1981.
Hakan bai faru ba. Ranar Solidarity ta zo ta tafi. Tallafin PATCO bai zo ba; hakika, AFL-CIO a asirce ta lalata duk wani yuwuwar hadin kai a aikace, kuma an rasa kungiyar masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama. Bayan haka, babu dawowa. An buɗe kofofin rangwame da ja da baya na tsari; Memban kungiyar ya ruguje. 1980s sun kasance bala'i ga ƙungiyoyin kwadago. "Kaji sun zo gida su yi kiwo." Sauran labarin sananne ne.
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Bada Tallafi