Kwanan nan, aika saƙon juriya ga Hukumar Shige da Fice ta Amurka (ICE), Berkeley da Oakland, California sun ɗauki matakan tsattsauran ra'ayi na birni waɗanda ke hana yin amfani da kuɗin birni da lokacin ma'aikata wajen taimakon Shige da Fice da Tilasta Kwastam (ICE). Sama da tsare-tsare 60 na tsattsauran ra'ayi na kare baƙi an ba da sanarwar a cikin jihohi 21 na Amurka. Masu sukar sake fasalin shige da fice sun yi iƙirarin cewa shawarwarin wurare masu tsarki suna aika saƙon da ba daidai ba ga baƙi waɗanda, a cewarsu, ke da alhakin lalata yanayin rayuwar ƴan ƙasa. Suna da'awar hukunci mai tsauri da shingaye masu ƙarfi shine amsar. Kadan aka baiyana shine gaskiyar cewa a zahiri akasin gaskiya ne. Maimakon haifar da babbar matsala, ƙaura mara izini wani sakamako ne da ake so na manufofin cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ba su daidaita ba, haɓaka yanayin rayuwar jama'ar Amurka da haɓaka wani yanki mai ƙarfi na tattalin arzikin Amurka. Maimakon hana ƙaura, haɗari amma shingen da ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba, dokokin zalunci kawai suna ba da gudummawa ga "ba bisa doka ba," matsayin ma'aikatan da ake bukata, suna mai da su arha, tushen samun riba.
Rahoton Cibiyar Manufofin Jama'a na California (2/27/07) na Jami'ar California, Davis, masanin tattalin arziki Giovanni Peri ya nuna cewa "A cikin 1990-2004, shige da fice ya haifar da karuwar 4% na albashi na gaske ga matsakaitan ma'aikaci. Ƙara yawan baƙi a bayyane yana ƙara buƙatar ayyukan da ma'aikatan gida ke yi kuma yana ƙara musu albashi."
"Tsakanin 1990 da 2004, yayin da yawan bakin haure a cikin ma'aikatan California ya karu, shige da fice ya taimaka wajen kara yawan albashin 'yan asalin kasar da ya kai kashi 7, har ma da ba da wani dan karamin kalubale ga 'yan asalin makarantar sakandare," in ji Kristin Bender a cikin Oakland Tribune, ( 2/28/07.)
Amma ma'aikatan Amurka ba su ne manyan masu nasara a cikin "bakin-bakin-wake." Mafi girman masu cin gajiyar arha na ma'aikatan bakin haure, in ji masanin tattalin arzikin Harvard George Borjas, masu daukar ma'aikata ne. Sanin kowa ne cewa bakin haure da ba su da takardun zama ba sa iya rike ayyukan kungiyar kuma a shirye suke su yi aikin albashi a karkashin mafi karancin albashi, ba tare da fa'ida ba kuma a wuraren ayyukan 'yan kasa ba sa son karba. A yayin da ake samun kololuwar bakin haure a Amurka daga kashi na uku na shekarar 2001 zuwa yanzu, yawan GDPn da ke samun ribar kamfanoni ya karu daga kashi 7.0 zuwa kashi 11.6 cikin dari, yayin da kason da ake samu wajen biyan diyya ya ragu da kashi 2.4 bisa dari, bisa ga cewar. masanin tattalin arziki Edwin S. Rubenstein.
Ɗaya daga cikin tushen ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaura shine aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Arewacin Amirka (NAFTA) a farkon 1990s. Godiya ga matakan kariya kamar NAFTA, a cikin tsawon shekaru takwas, "Masu amfani da albarkatu daga matalauta zuwa masu arziki sun kai fiye da dala biliyan 400," in ji Farfesa Farfesa Noam Chomsky a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachussetts a cikin Ƙasar (" Bayanan kula akan NAFTA.") " Bankin Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa matakan kariya na kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu sun rage yawan kudin shiga na kasa a Kudu da kusan ninki biyu na adadin taimakon da ake bayarwa a yankin - taimakon da shi kansa ya ke inganta fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ketare," in ji Chomsky.
Wadanda suka yi rashin nasara a wasan, ba shakka 'yan Mexico ne masu aiki. A Mexico, "Talauci ya karu da fiye da 50% a cikin shekaru hudu na farko na NAFTA kuma albashi a cikin masana'antu ya ragu," in ji Cibiyar Bayanai.
Wani rahoto na 2004 da Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai na Amurka kan Hanyoyi da Hanyoyi ya wallafa ya bayyana cewa "Aƙalla manoman Mexiko miliyan 1.5 sun rasa rayuwarsu ga NAFTA." Ana sa ran lamarin zai tabarbare a shekara ta 2008 lokacin da ake buƙatar Mexico ta bi ƙa'ida ta NAFTA don kawar da kuɗin fito da masara da wake gaba ɗaya. Bangaren ma’aikatan Amurka ma sun yi babban tasiri daga NAFTA, yayin da ake noma ayyukan kungiyoyin a kasashen ketare zuwa ma’aikatan da ba na kungiyar ba, wanda hakan ke kara rura wutar rikici tsakanin masu hannu da shuni.
Masana siyasa da yawa sun yi hasashen cewa manoman Mexiko da NAFTA ta kora za su yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Hakika, kwatankwacin ƙidayar jama'ar Amirka na 1990 da 2000 ya nuna "yawan mazaunan Mexico da ke zaune a Amurka ya karu da fiye da kashi 80 cikin ɗari," in ji Jeff Faux a cikin "Yadda NAFTA ta kasa Mexico," The American Prospect (Yuli 3, 2003.) “Wasu rabin miliyan ‘yan Mexico suna zuwa Amurka kowace shekara; kusan kashi 60 cikin 1,600 na su ba su da takaddun shaida. Babban jarin da aka saka a cikin masu tsaron kan iyakoki da na'urorin ganowa ba su rage kwararar bakin haure ba; kawai sun ƙara yin haɗari. Fiye da bakin hauren Mexico XNUMX ne suka mutu a kan hanyar zuwa arewa."
Yayin da NAFTA ke da alhakin sabuwar "haɓaka ƙaura," ba shine kawai mai laifi ba. Ayyukan da ƙungiyoyi irin su Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya suke yi, “tare da shirye-shiryen da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya da Bankin Duniya suka tsara, sun taimaka ninka tata tsakanin ƙasashe masu arziki da matalauta tun 1960,” in ji Noam Chomsky a cikin jaridar The Nation. Basusukan da ke biyo baya ya hana waɗannan ƙasashe tara jari don haɓaka masana'antu masu gasa kuma ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa zuwa arewa. Wannan yanayin ya kasance yana aiki tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru, kamar yadda a al'adance, ana samun yanayin ƙaura da ya samo asali daga ƙasashen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka zuwa tushen saɓanin tattalin arziki.
Ganin cewa kasancewar ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun aiki na wadatar da kamfanoni, musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, ba ma'ana ba ne a yi la'akari da cewa wani yanki mai karfi na tattalin arzikin Amurka zai fuskanci mummunan rauni idan ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun izini su sami matsayin mazaunin. A wasu kalmomi, wani ɓangare na nasarar shirye-shirye kamar NAFTA shine samfurin arha, aiki mara izini, duka 'yan asalin Mexico da ƙaura.
Sanannu kaɗan, amma alaƙa, gaskiyar ita ce, draconian, manufofin ƙaura mara amfani, kamar Operation Return to Sender, ainihin samfuran NAFTA ne. Bayan da NAFTA ta wuce Majalisa a 1992, "yarjejeniyar ta haifar da damuwa a Amurka game da ƙaura daga kudancin kan iyaka," a cewar "NAFTA, Dokar Patriot da Sabon Shige da Fice" ta Ƙungiyar Anthropological American. Don magance kwararowar mutanen Latin Amurka da aka yi hasashe, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya rattaba hannu kan dokar sake fasalin shige da fice ta haramtacciyar hanya da Dokar Haƙƙin Baƙi na 1996. “Kudirin sake fasalin jin daɗi na 1996 ya haɗa da masu adawa da baƙi da sauran matakan da suka kawar da yawancin ayyukan zamantakewa ga baƙi marasa izini,” rahoton ya ce. . Sabuwar guguwar hare-haren ICE sakamakon waɗannan manufofin dogon lokaci ne.
Dokar sake fasalin shige da ficen da ake yi wa la’akari da shi a Majalisar Dattawa kawai yana ƙarfafa yanayin samun riba mai yawa a cikin kuɗin aikin baƙin haure ta hanyar yanke alaƙar dangi da ƙirƙirar ƙaramin matakin fiye da ma’aikacin da ba shi da izini a yau: “ma’aikacin baƙo” ko bracero, wanda matsayinsa na doka zai iya. duk wani son zuciya na mai aikin sa a soke shi. Masu shirya ƙwadago ne suka kashe shirin bracero a 1964 wanda Ernesto Galarza ya jagoranta, tare da albarkar Cesar Chavez. A cewar dan jarida David Bacon, "Daga baya Chavez ya ce ba zai taba shirya ma'aikatan gona na United Farm ba har sai masu noma ba za su iya yin hayar takalmin gyaran kafa ba yayin yajin aiki." Chavez da UFW sun san cewa hana kwararar bakin haure yana buƙatar bayar da albashi mai rai, ba ga ma'aikatan da ke rubuce da rubuce-rubuce ba kawai a cikin Amurka, har ma ga ma'aikata a ƙasashen waje.
Kwanan nan, korar Gerardo Espinoza dan shekara 7, babban dalibi a makarantar Rosa Parks da ke Berkeley, California, wanda hanyarsa kawai ta neman hakkinsa na neman ilimi a matsayinsa na dan kasar Amurka shi ne ya ci gaba da zama a baya a matsayin maraya, a jaridu da intanet daban-daban. shafuka. Labarin ya ba da mamaki saboda lamarin ya nuna cewa mafi yawan ƴan gudun hijirar da ke bin manufofin shige da fice na yanzu an tsara su ne don samun sakamako mai ban tausayi kamar rabuwar masoyan Girka Orpheus da Uridice. Sabon Aikin Komawa ga Mai aikawa na ICE ba komai bane illa wani abin ƙarfafawa don shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa. A cewar Contra Costa Times da San Francisco Chronicle, dubban mutane ne ake tsare da su a yankin Bay tun lokacin da aka fara aikin dawo da aikawa da sako, yakin da ya yi sanadin kama mutane sama da 18,000 a fadin kasar tare da korar bakin haure 800 a Arewacin California. garuruwa kadai. Amma duk da haka wannan bai hana zanga-zangar jajircewa a watan Mayu na farko da dubban baƙi suka yi ba tsawon shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Ta hanyar tsayawa tsayin daka, waɗannan Amurkawa suna da kowace niyyar yin biyayya ga dokar gwamnati ta yanzu na "Komawa Mai Aiko-" tunda "Mai aikawa," ko tushen "matsalar shige da fice" ba ta ƙetare ba ne, amma a ƙasar Amurka.
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