Godiya ga mai fallasa bayanan sirri na NSA Edward Snowden, mutane da yawa a cikin Amurka da na duniya suna koyo game da yawan sa ido da leƙen asiri na gwamnatin Amurka. Akwai lambobi a bainar jama'a waɗanda ke nuna gaskiyar waɗannan matsalolin sun fi girma fiye da yadda yawancin mutane ke tunani kuma galibin wannan leƙen asirin yana faruwa ba tare da ƙaranci ko rashin kulawar shari'a ba.
Dubban Daruruwan Da Gwamnati Ke Sa Hannu
Gaskiya ta farko ita ce, dubban ɗaruruwan mutane a Amurka sun kasance cikin sa idon gwamnati a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata. Sa idon gwamnati na mutane a Amurka ya fi yaɗuwa fiye da yadda waɗanda ke kan mulki ke son amincewa. A cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata kawai an ba da kusan buƙatun 5000 don cikakken sa ido na lantarki wanda kotun sirri ta FISA ta ba da izini. Hukumar FBI ta ba da izini ga wasu ayyukan sa ido 50,000 tare da wasiƙun Tsaron ƙasa a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata. Gwamnati ta yarda cewa sama da mutane 300,000 ne aka kamasu ta wayar tarho ta hanyar sauraron wayar da jihohi da tarayya suka yi a cikin shekarar da ta gabata kadai. Sama da buƙatun gwamnati 50,000 na samun bayanan intanet ana karɓa kowace shekara kamar yadda masu samar da intanet suka ruwaito. Kuma, ku tuna, waɗannan su ne lambobin da aka bayar a bainar jama'a don ku iya tabbata cewa akwai ƙarin abubuwa da yawa da ke faruwa waɗanda ba a ba da rahoto a bainar jama'a ba.
Kusan Kotuna Ba Su Taba Musanta Buƙatun Gwamnati na Sa ido ba
Gaskiya ta biyu ita ce, babu wani gagarumin kulawa daga kotunan wannan sa ido. Masu kare leken asiri na gwamnati sun ci gaba da ba da shawarar kotunan suna duban tsanaki da tsauri kan duk wannan kuma suna barin wasu tsirarun mutane ne kawai za a yi leken asiri. Ba gaskiya bane. Duk da dubban bukatu da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi na duba rayuwar mutane, kotun FISA ta tarayya ta sirri ta ki amincewa da ko kadan a cikin shekaru ukun da suka gabata. Kotunan jihohin tarayya da na tarayya sun ba da rahoton rahoton aikace-aikacen tap waya sama da 2000 aikace-aikace a kowace shekara don sa ido wanda ke ba da izinin katse dubban ɗaruruwan kira da imel. Kotuna sun ki amincewa da gwamnati sau biyu a cikin rahoton na baya-bayan nan. Wasikun tsaron kasa na FBI ba ma dole ne kotu ta ba su izini kwata-kwata. Rashin sa ido na Majalisa a bayyane yake amma rashin yin bitar shari'a da yawa daga cikin wadannan ayyukan sa ido da kuma raunin sa ido inda kotuna ke bitar ya kamata ya shafi duk wanda ya damu da alhakin gwamnati.
Bari mu karya sa ido daga hukuma don leken asiri.
A Kotu A FISA Gwamnatin Koyaushe Nasara
Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi kokarin cewa bai kamata jama’a su damu da yadda gwamnati za ta lakume daruruwan miliyoyin kiran waya da ayyukan intanet ba saboda ba a bayyana hakikanin bayanai sai dai idan an ba da izini daga abin da ake kira kotun FISA. Don haka, zaku iya amincewa da mu da wannan bayanin.
A gaskiya ana kiran kotun da ke kula da bayanan sirri na kasashen waje, kotun ta FISA tana da alkalai goma na tarayya wadanda suka yi shawara kuma suka yanke hukunci a asirce ko gwamnati za ta iya tattarawa da kuma duba miliyoyin bayanan waya da intanet. Wannan kotu, ko da yake na sani kuma na mutunta yawancin mambobinta, ba za a iya ɗaukar ta a matsayin mai kare haƙƙin tsarin mulki da 'yancin ɗan adam ba.
Lauyoyin gwamnati suna zuwa wurin wadannan alkalan FISA a asirce. Lauyoyin gwamnati sun gabatar da shaidar sirri a cikin shari'ar da ba a yarda da lauyan kariya ko jama'a ko 'yan jarida ba da kuma neman umarnin sirri da ke ba gwamnati damar yin leken asiri a kan mutane. Ra'ayinsa sirri ne. Iyakar abin da jama'a suka sani shi ne rahoton sakin layi daya da ake yi duk shekara na adadin aikace-aikacen da kotu ta hana.
Abin da ya fi muni shi ne, alkalan sirri ba su taba mayar da lauyoyin gwamnatin asiri ba.
A cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata, gwamnati ta gabatar da bukatu 4,976 ga kotun FISA ta sirri don ba da izinin gudanar da sa ido kan na’urorin leken asiri na kasashen waje. Amma ainihin babban lambar FISA ba shi da sifili. Wannan shi ne adadin buƙatun gwamnati na gudanar da sa ido ta hanyar lantarki da kotun FISA ta ɓoye ta yi watsi da ita a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata.
A cikin 2012, gwamnati ta nemi izini daga alkalan Kotun Sa ido kan Leken Asiri ta Waje (FISA) sau 1,789 don gudanar da sa ido na lantarki don dalilai na leken asirin kasashen waje. Babu musu. Wani lokaci gwamnati ta janye bukatar ta. Tushen: Wasiƙar Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka zuwa Majalisa, Afrilu 30, 2013. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2012rept.pdf
A cikin 2011, gwamnati ta nemi alkalan FISA sau 1,676 don gudanar da sa ido na lantarki don ayyukan leken asirin kasashen waje. Babu musu. Gwamnati ta janye buƙatun guda biyu. Tushen: Wasiƙar Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka zuwa Majalisa Afrilu 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
A cikin 2010, gwamnati ta nemi alkalan FISA sau 1,511 don gudanar da sa ido na lantarki don dalilai na leken asirin kasashen waje. Babu musu. Gwamnati ta janye bukatu biyar. Source: Wasiƙar Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka zuwa Majalisa Afrilu 29, 2011. Source: Wasiƙar Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka zuwa Majalisa Afrilu 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Ba mummunan rikodin ba, eh? Nasarorin kusan dubu biyar ga waɗanda ke son ikon sa ido kuma babu cin nasara wani tarihin da ya kamata ya shafi duk wanda ke neman kare 'yancin ɗan adam.
Wasiƙun Tsaron Ƙasa na FBI Sun Ƙarfafa Bayanin Babu Amincewar Kotu Koda Ana Bukata
Tare da wasiƙar NSL FBI na iya buƙatar bayanan kuɗi daga kowace hukuma daga bankuna zuwa gidajen caca, duk bayanan tarho, bayanan masu biyan kuɗi, rahoton kuɗi, bayanan aiki, da duk bayanan imel na manufa da adiresoshin imel da sunayen allo ga duk wanda ya ya tuntubi wannan asusun. Dalilin da ya kamata ya kasance don hana leken asirin kasashen waje. Babu bukatar amincewar kotu kwata-kwata. Don haka ba a hana buƙatun ba. Dokar Patriot ta sanya wannan sauƙi ga FBI. http://epic.org/privacy/nsl/#authority
Dangane da bayanan Majalisa, an sami sama da 50,000 na waɗannan buƙatun FBI NSL a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata. Wannan baya ƙidaya lokuta masu yawa inda FBI ke lallashin bayyana bayanai ba tare da samun NSL ba. Haka kuma baya kirga buƙatun FBI da aka yi don kawai gano asusun imel na wane ne.
Waɗannan lambobin NSL da aka ruwaito suma ba su haɗa da adadi mai yawa na sammacin gudanarwa da FBI ta bayar waɗanda kawai ke buƙatar amincewar memba na ofishin Lauyan Amurka na gida. 21 USC 876. Duba 1 William & Mary Policy Review 51 (2010). David Kravets, "Ba ma buƙatar wani garanti mai banƙyama: tashin hankali, rashin kulawa na sammacin gudanarwa." WANDA, 8-28-12 http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/08/administrative-subpoenas/
A cikin 2012, FBI ta ba da buƙatun wasiƙar tsaron ƙasa 15,229 don bayani game da 'yan ƙasar Amurka. Tushen: Wasiƙar Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka zuwa Majalisa, Afrilu 30, 2013. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2012rept.pdf
A cikin 2011, FBI ta yi buƙatun wasiƙar tsaron ƙasa 16,511 don neman bayanai game da mutanen Amurka. Tushen: Wasiƙar Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka zuwa Majalisa Afrilu 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
A cikin 2010, FBI ta yi buƙatun wasiƙar tsaron ƙasa 24,287 don samun bayanai kan 'yan ƙasar Amurka. Tushen: Wasiƙar Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka zuwa Majalisa Afrilu 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Tunda babu amincewar kotu da ake bukata, babu musu. Rikodin NSL ya fi rikodin FISA a 56,027 nasara kuma babu asara don Kulawa da Ƙungiya.
Dubban Wayoyin Waya Kowanne Tasirin Sama da Mutane Dari Daya An Karyata Biyu
A cewar sabon rahoton da kotunan Amurka ta yi wa Majalisa, an gabatar da bukatu 2,732 na sauraren karar waya ga daukacin kotunan tarayya da rabin kotunan jihohi a shekarar 2011. Rabin jihohin ba su bayar da rahoton adadinsu ba don haka wadannan lambobin sun yi kasa sosai. . Kalmar waya ta ƙare saboda a halin yanzu wannan tsari ya ƙunshi samar da bayanai akan layukan waya na al'ada, wayoyin salula, makirufo na sirri, rubutu, fax, paging, da watsawar kwamfuta ta imel.
A cikin shekara ta 2011, daga cikin aikace-aikacen 2,732, biyu ne kawai aka ƙi. Asarar biyu daga cikin gwaje-gwaje 2700 shine kwatankwacin rashin nasara mara kyau ga masu sa ido.
A matsakaita, kowane na'urar ta wayar tarho ya katse hanyoyin sadarwa na mutane 113, don haka sama da mutane dubu dari uku aka katse kiransu.
Babban dalilin da ya fi dacewa da aka ruwaito na tap ɗin wayar shine laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Matsakaicin tsayin bugun waya ya kasance kwanaki 42. Ɗaya daga cikin tap ɗin waya na tarayya a Michigan ya haifar da katse saƙonnin salula sama da 71,000 waɗanda ke tsawaita cikin kwanaki 202. Wata hanyar wayar tarho ta jihar New York ta katse sakonni 274,210 a cikin kwanaki 564. http://www.uscourts.gov/uscourts/Statistics/WiretapReports/2011/2011WireTap.pdf
Rahoton Kamfanin akan Leken asirin Ya Nuna Dubun Buƙatun
Sanannen abu ne cewa asusun masu amfani a Google, Apple da sauransu suna ɗauke da tarin bayanai game da ainihin bayanan abokin ciniki da suka haɗa da bincike, abubuwan da ake so da waɗanda ba a so, sayayya, abokai, da makamantansu. Masu bincike na gwamnati suna neman wannan bayanin sau dubunnan kowace shekara kamar yadda rahotanni daga kamfanonin suka nuna.
Kamfanin Apple ya ba da rahoton samun buƙatun gwamnati 4,000 zuwa 5,000 don samun bayanai kan abokan ciniki a cikin watanni shida da suka gabata. Daga Disamba 1, 2012 zuwa Mayu 31, 2013 Apple ya karɓi buƙatun tilasta doka don bayanan abokin ciniki akan asusun 9-10,000 ko na'urori. Wannan lambar ba ta haɗa da buƙatun FISA ba. Yawancin wadannan bukatu daga 'yan sanda ne na fashi da makami, da bacewar yara da sauransu. https://www.apple.com/apples-commitment-to-customer-privacy/
Facebook ya ruwaito cewa a cikin watanni shida da ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2012, ya karɓi buƙatun tsakanin 9,000 zuwa 10,000 daga gwamnatin Amurka don bayanan masu amfani da asusun 18,000 zuwa 19,000. http://newsroom.fb.com/News/636/Facebook-Releases-Data-Including-All-National-Security-Requests
Google ya ba da rahoton cewa ya karɓi buƙatun sama da 15,000 na bayanai daga jami’an gwamnatin Amurka a cikin 2012 don bayani kan sama da asusu 30,000. Ya samar da wasu bayanai 88% na lokaci. http://www.google.com/transparencyreport/userdatarequests/US/
Microsoft (ciki har da Skype) ya ba da rahoton buƙatun tilasta bin doka 75,378 don bayani kan asusu 137,424 a duk duniya na shekara ta 2012. A cikin fiye da 11,000, ba za su iya samun bayanai don amsa buƙatun ba. Microsoft ya bayyana bayanan da ba na abun ciki ba a cikin shari'o'i 56,388, galibi ga Amurka, Burtaniya, Turkiyya, Jamus da Faransa. http://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_on_the_issues/archive/2013/03/21/microsoft-releases-2012-law-enforcement-requests-report.aspx
A Amurka, Microsoft ya karɓi buƙatun 11,073 daga jami'an tsaro don bayani kan asusu 24,565. Microsoft ya ƙi buƙatun 759 ko 6.9% bisa dalilai na doka. Microsoft ya ba da abun ciki mai amfani a cikin shari'o'i 1544 da masu biyan kuɗi/ bayanan ma'amala a cikin lokuta 7,196. http://www.microsoft.com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/reporting/transparency/
Yahoo ya ce a cikin watanni shida na karshe na 2012 ya samu tsakanin 12,000 zuwa 13,000 bukatu na bayanan masu amfani daga jami'an tsaro. http://yahoo.tumblr.com/ Yuni 17 Marissa Mayer Shugaba da Ron Bell
Kammalawa
A cikin dimokuradiyya, nuna gaskiya da sa hannun jama'a na da matukar muhimmanci. Wannan ba batun "'yan ta'adda ba ne kawai." Wannan game da 'yancin ɗan adam ne da kuma lissafin gwamnati. Dubban daruruwan mutane ne ake yi wa leken asiri a duk shekara ta hanyar shigar da gwamnatin mu a bainar jama'a. Akwai karancin sa ido daga alkalai har ma da kasa da Majalisa. Idan gwamnati ta yarda da haka, tabbas za ku iya ɗauka cewa akwai ƙarin fitowar. Lokaci ya yi da za a tashi. Ya kamata a soke waɗannan sammaci na sirri da kotuna na asirce ko kuma a canza su. In ba haka ba, canza taken kan dala zuwa "A Sirri Mun Aminta."
Bill lauya ne mai kare hakkin dan adam kuma farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Loyola College of Law. Bill kuma yana aiki tare da Cibiyar Haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki. Akwai tsayin sigar wannan labarin tare da tushe. Kuna iya samun Bill a [email kariya]
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi