Iya 16thmuna da labarin kama Josu Ternera, aka Jose Antonio Urrutikoetxea Bengoetxea, tsohon shugaban kungiyar ta'addanci ta Basque. Euskadi Ta Askatasuna(ETA, Basque Homeland and Freedom) kusa da Saint-Gervais-les-Bains a cikin Alps na Faransa. Rundunar Guardia Civil ta Spain da babban daraktan tsaron cikin gida na Faransa ne suka gudanar da aikin. Kamar yadda Ternera ke wakiltar wasu tsofaffin masu gadi na ETA, an maraba da labarai. Duk da haka, wasu tambayoyi masu mahimmanci sun kasance a halin yanzu. Ina Basques da Spain suke cikin tsarin zaman lafiya? Shin za a kara kama kwamandojin ETA da jagorancin ETA don sauƙaƙe isassun tashin hankali ga gwamnatin Spain don dawo da tattaunawa tare da hagu-Basque mai tsattsauran ra'ayi (Batasuna)?
Shekaru takwas ke nan da ETA ta ayyana tsagaita wuta ta dindindin kuma mai yuwuwa kuma a bara, Ternera a matsayin mai magana da yawun kungiyar. ta ayyana rushewar ETA ta ƙarshe.A cikin waɗannan shekaru takwas da suka gabata, yawancin Basques sun jira tsarin zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tare da gwamnatin Spain tare da yarjejeniyar Jumma'a mai kyau a Ireland ta Arewa. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin Spain da suka shude a wannan lokaci, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ba su so yin shawarwari da jam'iyyun siyasa na Basque wadanda a baya suka goyi bayan cin zarafin jami'an tsaron Spain, sojoji da 'yan sanda, da kuma sabanin 'yan siyasar Spain.
Tun daga farkon ETA a cikin 1959 ita ce ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane 829. A cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe, ƙungiyar ta'addanci ta yi wa 'yan siyasar Spain masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Popular Party hari. A cikin tarihinsa na rabin ƙarni kafin ƙarshe, ayyukan sa na soja sune ke da alhakin kashe fararen hula da dama, kisan sojoji da 'yan sanda, karbar laifuka, sace-sace, tashin bama-bamai, kisan kai, da yunkurin-kisa. Duk wannan tashin hankalin an yi shi ne da sunan 'yancin kai don ƙirƙirar ƙasar Basque daban ko Euskadi- ra'ayin da ba a san shi ba na ballewar siyasa na abin da ake kira lardunan Basque bakwai daga Spain da Faransa.
A matsayin motsi na siyasa-soja, ETA ba ta taso a cikin sarari ba. Ya kasance saboda Mutuwar Mutanen Espanya Francisco Franco (1939-1975)manufofin zalunci na al'adu akan Basques da Catalans. Franco da gwamnatinsa sun yi ƙoƙari sosai don kawar da tsohuwar harshen Basque (Basque) da al'adun Basque. Kishin kasa na Basque ko da yake ya fara kusan karni na ashirin ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen Dan siyasar Basque, Sabino Arana Goiri. Sai dai a cikin shekarun 1960 ne Basques ya yi tsaurin ra'ayi wajen yin amfani da tashin hankali, tare da samar da tsarin siyasa da dabarun yaki da 'yan ta'adda don tinkarar mulkin kama-karya na Francoist, yayin da kuma suka tsara manufofin 'yan aware na kafa kasar Basque.
A lokacin da El Caudillo-Franco-ya mutu a shekara ta 1975, kuma Spain ta canza zuwa dimokiradiyya, yakamata ta nuna alamar kawo karshen ETA. Duk da haka, ETA ta ci gaba da ci gaba da yakinta tare da 'yan sandan Spain da sojojin Spain, daga bisani kuma 'yan sandan Basque. Akidar siyasarta ta zama Marxist da siyasarta ta hagu, tana fifita muhalli, mata, da haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata, kodayake tashin hankalinta ya mayar da waɗannan mukamai zuwa kusan rashin dacewa. Taro na farko na siyasa ya zama na adawa da dauri da azabtar da membobinta da masu bin siyasa. Zuwa 2009 zaben Basques ya nuna goyon bayan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari kawai ga ETA da kuma kashi 64 cikin ɗari na adawa.
Lokacin da na gudanar da aikin fage na ƙabilanci a Ƙasar Spain-Basque (1996-1997), ETA ta canza dabarun soja don kashe ’yan siyasa ba wai kawai jami’an tsaro ba. By 1997, lokacin da yaro An sace dan majalisar PP, Miguel Ángel Blanco kuma daga karshe ETA ta kashe shi, ta haifar da gagarumar zanga-zanga da tashe-tashen hankula ga "Basque Homeland and Freedom" a duk faɗin Spain tare da miliyoyin mutane suna yin maci don neman zaman lafiya. Hakika, mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa lokaci ya yi da gwamnatin Spain za ta tallafa wa ƴan ta'adda a bainar jama'a da kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga iyalan waɗanda abin ya shafa har ma da biyan masu gadin ƴan siyasa masu barazana.
Ya bayyana a lokacin, an ƙidaya kwanakin ETA. Yawancin Mutanen Espanya sun ga ETA da Basque-hagu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a matsayin masu laifi kuma ba kamar yadda masu juyin juya halin Basque-hagu suka ɗauki kansu ba. Ko da shugaban Zapatista EZLN na Mexico, Subcomandante Marcos, ya yi tambaya game da manufofin Marxist na ETA idan aka kwatanta da matalauta Indiyawa a Chiapas, Mexico.
A cikin 2010 a Oslo, Norway, yayin da nake aiki da Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Oslo (PRIO), a matsayin babban mai bincike, na sami damar tattaunawa da wasu daga cikin Batasunajagoranci game da hanyoyin da za a iya kaiwa ga tsarin zaman lafiya. Matsayina gabaɗaya ƙanƙanta ne idan aka kwatanta da wasu kamar lauyan Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, Brian Currin–wanda ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar Hukumar Gaskiya da Sasantawa ta Afirka ta Kudu – da sauran fitattun mutane a matsayin jagoran Irish Sinn Féin, Gerry Adams da Martin McGuinness. , da kuma wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel kamar Bishop Desmond Tutu da John Hume, da sauran masu fada aji a zaman lafiya.
A cikin Maris, 2010, na kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu rattaba hannu kan abin da aka sani da "Bayanin Brussels", karantawa ga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (EU).: Mu, da undersigned, maraba da kuma yaba da samarwa matakai da kuma sabon jama'a sadaukar da Basque Pro-independence (AbertzaleHagu) zuwa “keɓancewar siyasa da dimokuradiyya” yana nufin da “rashin tashin hankali gabaɗaya” don cimma manufofin siyasa. Cikakkiyar aiwatar da wannan alƙawarin na iya zama babban mataki na kawo ƙarshen rikicin da ya rage a Turai. Mun lura da tsammanin cewa watanni masu zuwa na iya gabatar da yanayin da sadaukar da kai ga hanyoyin zaman lafiya, dimokuradiyya da rashin tashin hankali ya zama gaskiyar da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Don haka, muna roƙon ETA da ta goyi bayan wannan alƙawarin ta hanyar ayyana tsagaita wuta na dindindin, tabbatacce. Irin wannan sanarwar da gwamnatin [Spanish] ta amsa daidai zai ba da damar sabbin yunƙurin siyasa da dimokuradiyya don ci gaba, a warware bambance-bambance da samun zaman lafiya mai dorewa.
Sanarwar maraba ce don cikakkiyar sadaukarwar zaman lafiya - zaman lafiya daga shekarun rikicin Basque da zaman lafiya ga dukan mutanen Spain.
Yanzu, shekaru takwas bayan sanarwar da ETA ta yi na tsagaita wuta na dindindin, na yi tunani kan ma'anar kama Josu Ternera da kuma abin da za a iya yi game da shirin zaman lafiya na Basque. Abin farin ciki ne cewa Ternera ne ya ba da sanarwar neman afuwa a hukumance a madadin ETA ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa.
A cikin kalmomin nasu, ETA ta bayyana a cikin 2018: “Mun san cewa mun haifar da radadi mai yawa a tsawon tsawon lokacin da aka yi ta gwagwarmayar makami, ciki har da barnar da ba za a taba iya gyarawa ba...Muna so mu nuna girmamawa ga wadanda ETA ta kashe ko suka jikkata da kuma wadanda rikicin ya shafa. . Mun yi nadama da gaske.” Waɗannan kalmomi ne masu ban mamaki da gaske daga waɗanda a da suke jahannama a kan samun 'yancin kai na Basque a kowane farashi-ciki har da shirye-shiryen mutuwa da kisa don wata manufa ta siyasa.
Abin takaici, shine Ƙungiyar waɗanda abin ya shafa daga Ta'addanci (Asscociación de Víctimas del Terrorismo, AVT), da sauran kungiyoyin da abin ya shafa (el Colectivo de Víctimas del Terrorismo, COVITE, A Fundación Miguel Ángel Blancoy La Asscociación de Cuerpos y Fuerzas de Seguridad del EstadoVíctimas del Ta'addanci), yayi watsi da uzurin a matsayin musun da ETA ta yi na ingantacciyar alhakinta na amfani da tashin hankali.
Kamar yadda NYU Fellow Teresa Whitfield ta bayyana a cikin littafinta mai kyau na 2014, Ƙarshen wasan don ETA:
Rikicin Mutanen Espanya na iya ɗaukaka 'ka'idodin' Mutanen Espanya, amma kuma yana taimakawa tabbatar da cewa al'ummar Basque za ta kasance cikin rudani da ƙiyayya ga Spain da Madrid. A cikin shekaru da yawa, ETA ta haifar da wahala mai tsanani ga wadanda abin ya shafa da kuma lalacewa ga Basque Country da Spain. An yi maraba da kawo karshen ayyukanta na makamai baki daya, kuma za a yi watsi da shi ma. Zaman lafiya ba shi da daraja ko wanne farashi, amma kuma ba ya zuwa kyauta.
ETA a zahiri ta sanar da rusa ta shekara guda da ta wuce.
Duk da haka, akwai raunuka masu zurfi don warkewa daga rikicin Basque.
A cikin 1960, kusan lokacin da ETA ta fara a matsayin ƙungiya ta siyasa, Dokta Martin Luther King, Jr. ya rubuta wasu kalmominsa game da "wahala na sirri" a cikin ɗan gajeren rubutunsa. "Wahala da Imani."Ya lura:
Gwajina na kaina ya koya mini amfanin wahala da ba ta dace ba. Wahalhalun da suka sha sun yi yawa nan da nan na gane cewa akwai hanyoyi guda biyu da zan iya mayar da martani ga halin da nake ciki: ko dai in mayar da martani da baƙin ciki ko kuma in nemi in canza wahala zuwa ƙarfin kirkira. Na yanke shawarar bin hanya ta ƙarshe. Gane wajabcin wahala na yi ƙoƙari in mai da shi abin kirki. Idan kawai in ceci kaina daga baƙin ciki, na yi ƙoƙarin ganin abubuwan da nake fama da su a matsayin wata dama ce ta canza kaina da warkar da mutanen da ke cikin mummunan halin da ake ciki yanzu. Na yi rayuwa a waɗannan ƴan shekarun da suka gabata tare da tabbacin cewa wahala da ba ta samu ba ita ce fansa.
Bari a sami waraka da fansa daga rikicin Basque.
P. Linstroth, Ph.D., syndicated ta PeaceVoice, tsohon Masanin Fulbright ne. Shi ne marubucin Marising Against Gender Practice: Harkokin Siyasa a cikin Basqueland (2015).
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