Na fara daga ra'ayi cewa lokaci ya yi da za a danganta tunawa da ranar Hiroshima da abin da masanin tarihi Garry Wills ya kira "juyin juya hali na shiru" a cikin harkokin mulki wanda aka kafa ta hanyar ci gaban Amurka da amfani da bama-bamai a kan 'yan kasar Japan biyu.
Kamar yadda Wills ya nuna a ciki Karfin Bam: Fadar Shugaban Kasa ta Zamani da Tsaron Kasa (The Penguin Press, 2010), lalata atomic a Japan da haɓakar sirri, gwamnatin da ba ta da lissafi a Amurka suna da alaƙa da juna. Don haka a yau muna bukatar mu yi tunani ba kawai a kan irin barnar da mutanen Hiroshima da Nagasaki suka sha daga zafin zafin rana, fashewar fashewa, da kuma radiyon da ya kashe kimanin mutane 140,000 a Hiroshima da kuma wasu 70,000 a Nagasaki a ƙarshen Disamba 1945. Dole ne kuma, fiye da kowane lokaci, mu mai da hankali a yau kan yadda mallakar bama-baman nukiliya ya canza matsayin Amirka a duniya, da tasiri a fagen siyasarta, da kuma sake fasalin yanayin ikon shugaban ƙasa.
Bama-bamai na nukiliya da suka lalata biranen Japan sun kasance ƙarshen shekara guda na tashin bama-bamai na farar hula a Jamus musamman Japan. Tashin bam din ya gaggauta mayar da Amurka daga jamhuriyar tsarin mulkin kasar da ake kyautata zaton samun mulkin mallaka a cikin jama'a zuwa wata kasa ta tsaron kasa wadda ta gada a cikinta a cikin shugaban kasa. Bayan haka, iko mai yawa ya ci gaba da kasancewa ga bangaren zartarwa yayin da Majalisa ta zama abin dogaro. Wannan ya share fagen yin amfani da karfi ba bisa ka'ida ba, a boye, da wuce gona da iri, da keta ka'idojin tsarin mulki wadanda suka kai ga girmansu a gwamnatin George W. Bush da kuma suke ci gaba da yin hakan a yau.
Wannan sauyi ya faru kusan ba a lura da shi ba, sama da shekaru sittin da tara ko saba'in da ya fara a kusan 1940-1941. Wannan shi ne lokacin da Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt ya ayyana dokar ta-baci ta kasa, bayan da ya kawo Amurka a asirce cikin yakin da ba a bayyana ba a kan Nazi Jamus tare da "Deal Deal" nasa don musanya 'yancin yin hayar sansanonin Amurka daga Burtaniya. Sai kuma Pearl Harbor - wani harin ba-zata da 'yan siyasa da yawa suka yi maraba da shi a lokacin saboda suna ganin zai hada kan rarrabuwar kawuna na al'ummar bayan wani sabon yaki. Bayan haka, Roosevelt ya ba da izinin aikin Manhattan a asirce don gina bama-bamai. Ya ci gaba da ba da tallafi ga babban aikin yaƙi na biliyoyin daloli gaba ɗaya ɓoye daga majalisa da binciken jama'a - na farko cikin yawancin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba a tsarin mulki da suka faru a cikin ginin Jihar Tsaro ta ƙasa.[1]
A cikin shekaru na karshe na yakin duniya na biyu ne gwamnati ta kafa harsashin kafa sabuwar daular Amurka wacce karfinta ya dogara ne kan jiragen sama da jiragen yaki da kuma sansanonin da za su iya isar da bama-bamai na al'ada da na nukiliya. An tabbatar da sansanonin ta hanyar kawancen soja marasa daidaituwa da yarjejeniyoyi masu ƙarfi (NATO da ANPO), ko kuma inda yarjejeniyoyin ba su wadatar ba kuma gwamnatoci sun ƙi ɗaukar umarnin Amurka, ta hanyar juyin mulki da kafa gwamnatocin abokan ciniki. A lokaci guda, Shugabannin Truman da Eisenhower sun haɓaka tseren makaman nukiliya: na farko da shawarar Truman don gina sojoji da samarwa da kuma tara makaman nukiliya da yawa; sai kuma daga 1949, lokacin da Rasha ta karya ikon mallakar Amurka a kan Bam, ta hanyar shawararsa na kera bam din hydrogen da kuma kara yawan makaman nukiliya da gwaje-gwajen yanayi. Duk waɗannan shugabannin yakin sanyi na farko sun faɗaɗa tare da ƙarfafa daular sansanonin kuma sun samar da cikakken tsarin Tsaron ƙasa.
Layin lokaci mai amfani na Wills (shafi na 58) yana nuna matakan farko waɗanda sannu a hankali suka canza tsarin gwamnati bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II kuma ya ƙare da yin amfani da iko a cikin sararin samaniya, asirce, wanda ba a iya ba da lissafi amma haɗin kai. Ƙirƙirar wani ƙaramin tsari na ɓoyayyun iko ya fara ne da ƙwarin gwiwar da shugaban ƙasar ya yi na haƙƙin yaƙin nukiliya, nazarin halittu, da yaƙin sinadarai, da kuma sanya tsoro a cikin jama'a ta hanyar cibiyoyin zartarwa daban-daban. Dokar Makamashin Atom (1946) da aka kafa a karkashin shugaban Hukumar Makamashin Atomic, "Hukumar farar hula don sarrafa duk amfanin gida na makamashin atomic." Ya ba shugaban kasa "Ikilisiya ɗaya" akan amfani da Bom din. Don haka a cikin wannan ikon shi kadai an sanya shi a wajen tsarin mulkin kasa, ba tare da la’akari da kowa ba[2]. Dokar Tsaro ta Kasa (1947) ta kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta kasa (NSC) da CIA, wanda da sauri ya fara aiki a waje da doka. "Rantsuwar Aminci" da jerin sunayen kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya na Babban Lauyan Gwamnati sun lalata cibiyoyin farko na Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa.
Waɗannan an ƙara su ne tsakanin 1947 (farkon yaƙin cacar-baki na yaƙi da akidar gurguzu) da kuma ƙaddamar da Hukumar Tsaro ta ƙasa (NSA) a cikin 1952. A cikin wannan lokacin Truman ya kafa Rundunar Sojan Sama na Amurka a matsayin sabis na daban, wanda aka zarge shi da isar da sojojin. bama-bamai. A kan nasa ikon Truman ya ba da al'ummar kasar don yin yakin Koriya, ba tare da neman Majalisa don sanarwar yaki ba, yantar da shi don amfani da shi ko barazana ga wasu ƙasashe da duk wani makamin da ya zaɓa. A waje, Amurka ta fara kashe-kashe da ayyukan yakin tunani, da hambarar da gwamnatoci. A gida, ana gudanar da taron kasa a cikin "lokacin zaman lafiya" bisa ga takaddun manufofin NSC da ke cikin su kuma an ɓoye su daga Majalisa da jama'a.
Hukumar leken asiri ta CIA, wacce shugabanta (Daraktan leken asiri na tsakiya) ya kai rahoto ga shugaban kasar, ya yi yakin basasa da kuma yin leken asirin kasashen waje da na cikin gida. Wakilan ta a Ofishin Ayyuka na Musamman sun yi kisan kai, kisa, da azabtarwa. Ayyukansu na sirri sun hambarar da gwamnatocin Muhammed Mosaddeq a Iran, Jacobo Abenz na Guatemala, da Salvadore Allende na Chile, kadan kadan. Shugaban yana da iko akan CIA da kuma kiyasin bayanan sirri da jami'an CIA suka samar. Amma kiyasin nasu ko da yaushe ana iya siyasantar da su kuma a zaɓe su don ba shi da masu tsara manufofinsa abin da suke so idan suna son abin da bai dace ba. (A yau mun san gaskiya cewa George W. Bush da Richard Cheney sun matsa wa CIA lamba kuma sun samu daga gare ta a cikin 2003 hujjar WMD don ƙaddamar da yakin da ba a yarda da shi ba, ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan Iraki.)[3].
A lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, Daniel Ellsberg mai busa busa ya fito da takaddun Pentagon Takardun zuwa ga New York Times. Bayyanar da ya yi na "asirin kasa" ya tsoratar da Shugaba Nixon, don Ellsberg ya janye mayafin daga boyayyen gwamnati da ke aiki a matakin sirri, tare da shugabanni na yi wa jama'a karya don tabbatar da yaki mai tsanani da kuma boye laifukansu. Har zuwa wannan lokacin yawancin Amurkawa ba su san abin da kayan aiki daban-daban na gwamnatin Amurka ke yi a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba, balle yadda rashin cancantar inda Vietnam ta damu shugabannin Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, da Nixon da masu ba da shawara kan manufofin kasa.
Bayan yakin Vietnam an sake tsara tsarin tsaron kasar. Tashin hankali tsakanin gwamnatin Amurka na boye ko na gaske da Majalisa ya zama bayyane a cikin binciken Majalisar Dattijai da na CIA.[4] A cikin 1975 Kwamitin Sanata Frank Church ya binciki laifuffukan CIA kuma yayi ƙoƙarin dawo da haƙƙin Majalisa da suka ɓace a manufofin ƙasashen waje ta hanyar bincika ikon shugaban ƙasa don yin yaƙi.[5] Wakilin Otis Pike, wanda ke jagorantar kwamitin leken asiri na majalisar, ya yi haka. Kwamitin Pike ya fitar da rahoton karshe inda ya kammala (cikin wasu abubuwa) cewa jimlar kasafin kudin leken asirin Amurka an boye a gaban Majalisa, kuma saboda sirrin “masu biyan haraji da galibin Majalisa ba su sani ba kuma ba za su iya gano nawa suke kashewa [CIA] ba. kan ayyukan leƙen asiri.”[6] A ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki (Sashe na 1, Sashe na 9 [7]) irin waɗannan kuɗaɗen asiri ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne.
Amma rube-baren da tsarin Amurka na yanke hukunci, rashin bin diddigin manyan jami'ai, da rauni ko rashin kasancewar "sabbin sa ido na majalisar zartarwa" na bangaren zartarwa ya yi nisa matuka da duk wani kwamitin majalisar dattijai ko majalisar wakilai ya duba shi. Shugaba Ford, Henry Kissinger, da CIA sun lalata Cocin da kwamitocin Pike. Ford da magajinsa, ban da Jimmy Carter, sun yi watsi da Ƙimar Ƙarfin Yaƙi na 1973.
A lokacin shugabancin Ronald Reagan, an sami wasu badakaloli, irin su Iran-Contra a shekarar 1986-87, wanda ya nuna irin yadda sirrin ya zama na'urar yaudarar Majalisa. Amma ana bukatar a tuna cewa rugujewar reshen zartarwa na sirri ya samo asali ne daga aikin Manhattan, da jefa bama-bamai a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, da kuma bukatar kula da makaman nukiliya da hanyoyin isar da su.
A farkon shekarun 1990, Tarayyar Soviet ta ruguje, kuma Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa ta dawo da fadadata, inda daga karshe ta sami sansani a Gabashin Turai da kuma kusa da kan iyakokin kudanci da tsakiyar Asiya na Tarayyar Rasha. A halin yanzu, kasafin kudin sojan Amurka ya ci gaba da girma ga masu fafutukar neman zaman lafiya da yawa wadanda suka yi tsammanin "rarrabuwar zaman lafiya" saboda kuskuren tunanin sojan Amurka aiki ne. kawai na yakin cacar baka, wanda bai taba kasancewa ba. Kamfanonin da ke kasuwanci tare da Pentagon da 'yan siyasa sun mallaki hannun jarinsu ko kuma ɗaukar duka rabonsu da gudummawar yaƙin neman zaɓe koyaushe suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.
Halin Amurka a cikin Nineties, musamman a lokacin G.W. Shugabancin Bush da W.J. Clinton, sun nuna maimaituwar halin Amurka na yin watsi da dokokin kasa da kasa game da kai tsaye da kuma kaikaice ta jirgin sama da aka yi wa fararen hula hari da kuma ababen more rayuwa na “amfani biyu”. An tabbatar da wannan a cikin hare-haren jiragen sama na Amurka da Birtaniya a kan Iraki da kuma a cikin harin bom na Kosovo da Serbia a 1999 tare da "madaidaicin makamai" - jagoran.
Sa'an nan, a cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, harin ta'addanci na 9 ga Satumba ya ba wa Shugaba Bush da tawagarsa damar da suka dace na shelanta yaki da ta'addanci, fadada Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa, da kuma ajiye takunkumi na kasa da kasa da na cikin gida game da halin da ake ciki. na yaki. Bayan haka, yana nuna haɗin gwiwar ikon gwamnati da na kamfanoni waɗanda ke gudana shekaru da yawa, yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka da tattara bayanan sirri sun ƙara ba da kwangilar mai da kamfanoni. Sirri na hukuma kuma ya karu kuma ya zama (a cikin kalmomin da ya dace da masanin tsarin mulki Glenn Greenwald) "addinin ajin siyasa, da kuma babban mai ba da damar cin hanci da rashawa," kamar yadda aka gani a asarar biliyoyin daloli na Pentagon da aka ware don sake ginawa a Iraki da Afghanistan.
Don haka ba wai kawai an kai matsayin da za a iya jujjuya karfin ikon mulki daga majalisa zuwa bangaren zartarwa ba amma, mafi mahimmanci, Dokar Patriot da sauran dokoki, da aka kafa bayan 9/11 sun ba Bush da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Obama damar murkushe fararen hula. 'yanci, tattake Kundin Tsarin Mulki, da hukunta masu busawa. Shugabancin Barack Obama, wanda ya daidaita kisan gilla a matsayin dabarar manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka, ya tabbatar da wadannan hujjoji ne kawai.[7]
Don ci gaba: kamar yadda aka haɓaka bayan 1945, ikon bam ɗin nukiliya ya kawo Amurka - al'ummar sojan tarihi ta tarihi - ta kusanci Japan daular zamani a lokacin da jami'an Japan suka yi yaƙi da "dogon yaƙi" a yankin Asiya.
Sarrafa kan makaman nukiliya ya tattara iko a ofishin shugaban kasa, ya ƙarfafa asirinsa a matsayin babban kwamanda, kuma ya ba wa Shugaba G.W. Bush don nuna girman kai da nuna haƙƙin haɗin kai don yin watsi da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dokokin yaƙi, da kuma amfani da Ofishin Majalisar Dokoki a Sashen Shari'a don ba da "[shi] kansa izinin doka don yin abin da [ya] ke so[ed] yi.”[8]
A ƙarshe, ƙarfin bam ɗin atomic ya haɗu da sojojin Amurka zuwa ga girmamawa da yin amfani da ƙarfi, don "firgita da tsoro," da "lalacewar haɗin gwiwa," ko kashe fararen hula a cikin yanayin da sojojin Amurka ba za su taɓa bambance aboki da abokan gaba ba. Ka yi la'akari da Yaƙin Koriya, wanda ya ƙare cikin rashin daidaituwa, da kuma na uku da suka biyo baya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, yaƙe-yaƙe na mulkin mallaka na zaɓin shugaban kasa da aka yi a Vietnam, Iraq, da Afghanistan. Yanzu da wannan cin nasara mai tsada ga manufofin Amurka a ƙarshe ya fara wargaza baya na tsakiyar aji na Amurka, ƙila, muna iya tsammanin ƙarin juriya na tushen jama'a ga Ƙasar Tsaro ta ƙasa, adawa da tsarin tsarin mulki.
Notes
1. Wasiyya, Ƙarfin Bam: Fadar Shugaban Kasa ta Zamani da Tsaron Kasa (The Penguin Press, 2010), p. 99.
2. Wasiyya, Karfin Bam, shafi na 31, 45, 49.
3. Dubi Fulton Armstrong da Thomas Powers, "CIA da WMDs: Shaidar Daming," New York Review of Books, Vol. LVII, Na 13 (Agusta. 9, 2010), shafi 53-54.
4. Glenn Greenwald, "Gwamnatin Amurka ta Gaskiya," wanda aka buga a salon.com, Yuli 19, 2010.
5. Wasiyya, Karfin Bam, shafi na 177, 197.
6. An buga daga Gerald K. Haines, "Binciken Kwamitin Pike da CIA," an buga a http://bss.sfsu.edu/fischer/ir 360/Readings/pike.htm
7. Garry Wills, "Gidan Giant," New York Review of Books, Vol. 56, Na 15 (Oktoba 8, 2009).
8. Wasiyya, Karfin Bam, p. 224.
Herbert Bix ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer don littafinsa, Hirohito da yin Japan na zamani. Wannan shine nassin jawabin da aka bayar na Ranar Hiroshima, ga Agusta 6, 2010, a Cocin Ikilisiya ta Farko, Binghamton, NY.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi