Shekaru da dama, labarai da litattafai da ke tattara laifukan yaƙi, zalunci, da manufofin ƙetare na soja na Amurka sun fito da yawa. Mafi qarancin binciken su ne tambayoyin da ke da alaƙa: Waɗanne ƙungiyoyin siyasa da na tattalin arziki, waɗanne ƙungiyoyi masu mulki da ƙungiyoyi, waɗanne akidu ne ke sa zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni su yi almubazzaranci da tiriliyan daloli a cikin kuɗin masu biyan haraji kan yaƙe-yaƙe na haram da kuma ayyukan ƙara zalunci - yaƙe-yaƙe waɗanda sojoji suka keta ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi waɗanda Japan da Jamus da zarar sun keta. cikakken ma'auni mafi girma? Ta yaya hakan zai yiwu?
laifi don mayar da kwamandojin filaye na Amurka da da yawa daga cikin sojojin yaƙi su zama ƴan ta'adda masu aikata laifukan yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe na zalunci marasa amfani, ya ta'allaka ne kan cibiyoyi na siyasa da tsarin shari'a na Amurka mara kyau, al'adun aikin soja, da duk akidunta masu goyan bayan wariyar launin fata, narcissistic na musamman, da tashin hankali na fansa. . Wani tunani na nuni da cewa wadannan cibiyoyi da akidu sun samar da fahimtar juna ta kasa.
In Karfin Bam: Fadar Shugaban Kasa ta Zamani da Tsaron Kasa (2010), Garry Wills ya mai da hankali kan bam din atomic da kuma yadda ya canza matsayin Amurka a duniya, ya shafi tsarin siyasarta, ya sake fasalin ikon shugaban kasa, da "shigar da tsarin tsoro."[1] Wills ya bayar da hujjar cewa juyar da Amurka zuwa wata kasa mai tsaro ta kasa da ba za ta rugujewa ba, wanda aka sadaukar don kiyaye ikon mallakar jari hujja na Amurka, ya fara ne da farkon yakin duniya na biyu da kuma ayyana dokar ta-baci ta shugaba Roosevelt. Sa'an nan kuma ya zo Pearl Harbor da izinin FDR na sirri, haramtacciyar aikin Manhattan don gina bam ɗin atomic.
Tsarin tsari ya ci gaba a karkashin Truman, wanda ya fadada ikonsa na yaki, yana ci gaba da yin la'akari da kwamandan kwamandan da zai iya sa al'ummar kasar ta yi yaki. CIA, " rantsuwar aminci," da kuma babban lauyan janar "jerin" ƙungiyoyin da aka haramta duk sun kasance a cikin 1947. An yi nufin su ne don su ɓoye ayyukan tattalin arziki da dabarun Amurka daga binciken dimokuradiyya, yayin da suke tauye lamiri. Biyu na ƙarshe musamman sun ja da baya a siyasance ga gwajin maita Salem. Sauran cibiyoyin zartarwa da suka shiga tsakani sun biyo baya, ciki har da Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSA), wacce aka kafa a asirce a 1952 kuma yanzu tana leken asirin 'yan kasar Amurka.[2] A halin yanzu manufofin yakin sanyi don yaƙar Tarayyar Soviet kamar NSC-68 sun haɓaka yaƙi, ƙarin ɓoyewa da rashin tabbas.
Kafa tsarin tsaro na kasa ya kara tsunduma kansa cikin tsarin mulki, tattalin arziki, jami'o'i, da Majalisa. Yaƙe-yaƙe na zaɓi na shugaban ƙasa daga Koriya zuwa Vietnam sun haɓaka wannan tsari. Yayin da yaki ya zama ƙarshen kansa, mulkin mallaka na Amurka ya ƙara lalacewa. Tare da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, kawai hanawa na waje akan nunin shugabannin mu na daular hubris ya ɓace, yana barin 'yan ƙasa da baƙi masu damuwa a matsayin manyan masu zargin jama'a na laifukan yaƙi na Amurka.
Amma duk da haka ƙirƙira ƙirƙira na yanayin ƙasar Amurka sun kasa kai mu sosai. Ana iya samun wani bayani game da ƙarar ɗabi'ar manufofin Amurka da halayen yaƙi a cikin canje-canjen ra'ayoyin doka da ɗabi'a tsakanin masu mulki, wanda ya samo asali daga (a) haɓakar yanayin tsaro na ƙasa, (b) al'adar tabbatar da doka, wanda ya ɗauki dokar ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin nufin ƙasa mara tushe cikin ɗabi'a, da (c) ra'ayin Machiavellian na masu yanke shawara na yaƙi waɗanda ke yin amfani da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa don burin soja da siyasa. Tun kafin harin 9 ga Satumba, ƴan ƴan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi watsi da ra'ayin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin hani kan amfani da ƙarfi. Sun zo ne don kallon tsarin doka, a maimakon haka, a matsayin hanyar nuna ikon Amurka da kuma tabbatar da halin daular Amurka.[11]
Majalisar ministocin Bush da masu ba ta shawara sun nuna kyama ga dokokin kasa da kasa a matsayin wata hukuma da za ta bincika cin zarafin iko, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Yarjejeniyar Geneva. Don haka suka dakatar da dokokin kasa da kasa, suna halalta (a nasu ra’ayi) zalunci, kisa, da azabtar da wadanda suka sanya a waje da “wayewa” ta hanyar lakafta su “maganganun makiya marasa doka.” Kuma Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cikin sauri ya kaskantar da kansa ta hanyar zama tare da ci gaba da zama bawan Amurka, tare da ba shi hakkokin mamaya da kuma halasta laifukan yaki.
Rumsfeld da Cheney sun bayyana wulakancin da gwamnati ta yi wa doka ta hanyar ba da izini da kuma shiga da kansu cikin azabtarwa. Mataimakin sakatare na Rumsfeld Paul Wolfowitz ya ba da umarnin Ma'aikatar Tsaro a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2002 cewa "ta sassauta ka'idoji game da gwajin ɗan adam a kan fursunoni" kuma daga baya aka yi amfani da shi a kan waɗanda ake tsare da su a kurkukun azabtarwa na Guantanamo Bay. An buƙata tsayin daka sosai tare da umarnin Nuremberg don Gwajin ɗan adam. A halin yanzu lauyoyin "Bush shida" da ke aiki a reshen zartarwa - Alberto Gonzales, David Addington, John Yoo, Jay Baybee, William S. Haynes II, da Douglas J. Feith (ba lauya ba) - sun taimaka wa gwamnatin Bush ta sake komawa cikin barna duka biyun. a cikin halayensa na yaki da siffanta makiya.
Hanya ta uku don duba musabbabin komawar Amurkawa zuwa dabbanci ana ba da ita a cikin littafin John W. Dower. Al'adu na Yaƙi: Pearl Harbor/Hiroshima/9-11/Iraki, tarihin kwatankwacin dabarun dabarun Jafananci da Amurka. Dower yayi nazari akan masu yarda, rufaffiyar, lardi, ra'ayi na manyan masu tsara manufofin gwamnatin Bush. Ya nuna yadda masu fada a ji a gwamnatin Bush, tare da wadanda ke cikin kafafen yada labarai na kamfanoni suka yi watsi da masu sukar yakin, suka kuma garzaya da al'ummar kasar zuwa yaki da Iraki. Dower ya kawo karshen tunaninsa ta hanyar lura cewa zuriyar Amurkawa cikin aikata laifuka a Iraki ta faru ne tare da ci gaba da cin gajiyar tattalin arziki a gida da waje kuma tare da sassauta ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a a tsakanin 'yan siyasar Washington da masu ba da kuɗi na Wall Street. Na kowa ga manyan sojoji da na tattalin arziki, sojoji da shugabannin kamfanoni, danginsu ne cikin aikata laifuka da ruɗi. Tunaninsu na “tushen bangaskiya”, raini ga doka, da rashin tunani ya kai ga yanke hukunci da yanke hukunci na kuskure wanda ya jawo wahala da mutuwa mai yawa[5].
Tushen dabi'un da ba bisa ka'ida ba na shugabannin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da soja na Amurka ya ta'allaka ne a cikin tattalin arzikin siyasa na kamfanoni, wanda ya dogara da "na'urar yin yaki" da ake kira Pentagon.[6] Anan an haɗa ayyukan tattalin arziki, siyasa, da soja, haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu don cin gajiyar manyan kamfanoni masu cin riba. A cikin kowane manyan jami'ai - "farar hula masu zaman kansu" - suna jujjuya mukamai, suna fitowa daga ma'aikatun gwamnati da hukumomi zuwa mukaman zartarwa na kamfanoni da shawarwari, ko yin aiki a matsayin masu fafutuka ga kamfanoni masu kasuwanci da gwamnati. Harajin haraji da daidaita manyan jari da masu samun kudin shiga ta yadda za su ba da gudummawa sosai gwargwadon abin da suke samu fiye da sauran al'umma, na dan lokaci, canza abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali kan tattalin arzikin Amurka da kuma ba da gudummawa a kaikaice ga karancin manufofin kasashen waje. Amma hakan ba zai yiwu ya faru ba, kuma, da kanta, ba zai taɓa isa ya sake fasalin tattalin arzikin Amurka da aka yi yaƙi da shi ba.
Bayanin yadda jama'ar Amurka suka jure wa laifin yaki na shugabanninsu na bukatar mu magance wasu batutuwa masu mahimmanci. Rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, alal misali, yana yada kiyayya ga Amurka. Domin Washington ita ce mai ba da gudummawa kuma mai haɗin gwiwa a yakin Isra'ila, kisan gilla, da tsare Falasdinawa ba tare da tuhuma ko gwaji ba. Ya dace da yadda Isra'ila ke ci gaba da satar kasar Falasdinu sannan kuma ita ce mai kare Isra'ila daga kowane mataki na takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Amurkawa ba za su iya fuskantar nasu laifukan yaƙi ba yayin da suke ci gaba da ba da hujjar keta dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na Isra'ila.[7] Ko da abin da ya fi tayar da hankali, yawancin Amurkawa masu goyon bayan Isra'ila sun amince da munanan manufofinta dangane da haɗuwa da matsayi tare da manufofin yakin Obama wanda ya fara a 2009.
Wani batu kuma shi ne rawar farfaganda na ƙungiyoyin kafofin watsa labaru masu neman riba don kiyaye 'yan ƙasa cikin aminci cikin iyakokin kafa yarjejeniya kan batutuwan yaƙi da zaman lafiya. CNN, NBC, MSNBC, labarai na NPR, Fox, da jami'an kafofin watsa labaru da aka amince da su a hukumance da masana kimiyya suna karkatar da labarai a kullun don tsarawa da daidaita fushin jama'a, kiyaye mutane a siyasance, da sanya su a bangaren gwamnati. Suna kwadaitar da ‘yan kasa su yi imani da karyar jami’an gwamnati da kuma yin aiki saboda tsoro da rashin tsaro. Domin yin magana da maganganu na masu mulki wasu, wadanda suke kiran kansu "'yan jarida," suna samun albashi na miliyoyin daloli.
Galibin ‘yan jarida, ba sa bukatar ‘yan kasuwa su siya da kudi. Akida da dabi'u masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna jagorantar su wajen ayyana "barazana," wajen ba da rahoto kan sauyin mulki a duniya, da kuma zabar wasu abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin "labarai" ba wasu ba. Ra'ayoyinsu da ra'ayoyinsu ga tunanin rukuni sun haɗa su cikin yanayin tsaro na ƙasa. Takaddama kan kai da ƙunƙuntaccen kewayon ra'ayoyi da aka yarda da su suna nuna rahoton rahoton kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka. Buga kuskuren kafofin watsa labarai na labarai da son zuciya inda makiya aljanu ke damun Amurka sananne ne. Noam Chomsky da Edward S. Herman, da Howard Friel da Richard Falk sun yi nazari sosai a cikin binciken al'ada.[8]
Misali, a Iraki kafin mamayewa da mamaya na Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda marubutan edita da 'yan jarida na New York Times inganta sosai, manufofin Amurka da Birtaniyya sun lalata tattalin arzikin Iraqi kuma sun sa adadin mace-mace tsakanin dukkan Iraqin ya hauhawa. Kamar yadda Joy Gordon ya lura a ciki Yakin Ganuwa: Takunkumin Amurka da Iraki (2010), "mafi yawan binciken da aka yi a lokacin tsarin mulkin takunkumi yana nuna cewa, na tsawon lokaci daga [Afrilu] 1990 zuwa [Maris] 2003. . . aƙalla yara 500,000 ne suka mutu saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki da cututtuka waɗanda da wataƙila sun rayu.”[9]
Binciken Edward S. Herman da David Petersen na yadda kafofin watsa labaru na Amurka da masu fasaha na kafa suka bi da yakin da aka yi kafin kai hari da kuma takunkumin cinikayya, wanda aka sani da "shirin mai don abinci," yana ba da fassarar daban-daban na bayanai. Suna jaddada cewa kafofin yada labaran Amurka ko dai sun yi watsi da zargin "kisan kare dangi" a matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na manufofin Amurka na "canjin mulki" ta hanyar takunkumin tattalin arziki, ko kuma kawai sun kasa amincewa da mutuwar farar hula na Iraqi da wahala. a matsayin kisan kare dangi saboda Washington da ɗaya daga cikin jihohin abokan cinikinta suna yin ta.[10] Ƙwarewar farfaganda ta hana wannan mummunan laifi yin rajista a cikin lamiri na Amurka. Don haka takunkumin Iraki ya sami lakabin "kisan kiyashi mai gina jiki" sabanin sauran nau'ikan da kafofin watsa labarai suka yi wa lakabi da daban.
Amma duk da haka wasu ƴan abubuwan da ke da bege sun wanzu waɗanda ke fuskantar haɓakar zalunci da rashin hankali na sojan Amurka. A halin yanzu fagen fama ya koma intanet. A nan, Wikileaks masu kima da sauran gidajen yanar gizo masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da ke yin koyi da shi, sun ninka hanyoyin tsige laifuffukan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, suna kara habaka yiwuwar samun sauyi na dimokuradiyya, kamar yadda ake yi a Tunisiya, tare da bayyana gaskiyar manufofin mulkin mallaka na Amurka da kuma goyon bayanta. Mulkin kama-karya na Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda ke tallafawa muradun kamfanoni na Amurka da na Turai.
A nata bangaren, gwamnatin Obama na kokarin dorewar yanayin tsoron-mutuwa bayan-9/11, wanda a tarihi ya yi aiki don haifar da tashin hankali. Duk da haka a Afganistan, inda Obama ya dage kan ci gaba da yakin da ya yi rashin nasara, saukowa cikin dabbanci na sojojin Amurka ya tilasta zurfafa juriya da makamai. A duk faɗin duniya mutane sun daina girmama Amurka kuma sun koyi yin watsi da kalaman munafunci na gwamnatinta; yayin da a gida wasu Amurkawa ke farkawa game da rashin kuskuren yanayin da suke fama da shi a kullum. Ra'ayin ƙarya ne, yana ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar kai na ƙasa na ƙarya, ci gaba da tunanin Amurka a matsayin dimokuradiyya mai aiki yayin da, kan batutuwan da suka fi dacewa ga ƴan ƙasar Amurka, hakan ya sabawa gwamnatin dimokraɗiyya, balle a ce jamhuriya.
Notes
1. Garry Wills, Karfin Bam: Fadar Shugaban Kasa ta Zamani da Tsaron Kasa (The Penguin Press, 2010), p. 53.
2. Herbert N. Foerstel, 'Yancin Bayani da Haƙƙin Sanin: Tushen da Aikace-aikacen Dokar 'Yancin Bayani (Greenwood Press, 1999), shafi. 115.
3. Anne Orford, "A Fikihu na Iyaka," a cikin Orford, ed., Dokokin Duniya Da Sauransu (Jami'ar Cambridge, 2006), shafi. 24; David Kennedy. Dokokin Duniya Da Sauransu, shafi na 145-6. Hakanan duba kyakkyawan sharhin Richard A. Falk na wannan tarin maƙala a ciki Jaridar Amurka ta Dokokin Duniya, Vol. 104, Na 3 (Yuli 2010), shafi na 543-8.
4. Jason Leopold da Jeffrey Kaye, “Kula da Fursunoni Kamar Alade na Guinea, ”An buga Oktoba 14, 20010 a Consortiumnews.com.
5. John W. Dower, Al'adu na Yaƙi: Pearl Harbor/Hiroshima/9-11/ Iraq (W. W. Norton, 2010), shafi. 446.
6. Kalmar ita ce Seymour Melman. Dubi nasa Pentagon Capitalism: Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa na War (Kamfanin Littafin McGraw-Hill, 1970).
7. Don misalin yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa baki ɗaya don ɗaga matakin fahimtar jama'ar Amurka game da aikata laifukan Isra'ila, duba Edward Mast, "'Isra'ila gaskiya ko kuskure' taron jama'a yana ba da ra'ayin censorship a Seattle," Seattle Times, De. 31 ga Nuwamba, 2010.
8. A kafofin watsa labarai son zuciya gani, Edward S. Herman da Noam Chomsky, Yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci: Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa na Mass Media (Pantheon Books, 1988) da bincikensu na farko, Noam Chomsky da Edward S. Herman, Haɗin Washington da Fascist na Duniya na Uku (Labarun Ƙarshen Kudu 1979); Howard Friel da Richard Falk. Rubuce-rubucen Takardu: Yadda Jaridar New York Times ke Batar da Manufofin Harkokin Wajen Amurka (Varso 2004).
9. Akan yawan mutane na takunkumi duba, Joy Gordon, Yakin Ganuwa: Takunkumin Amurka da Iraki (Jami'ar Harvard Press, 2010). Don zance da taƙaitaccen bayani duba, Anthony Gregory, “Fahimtar Takunkumin Iraki, ”An buga Janairu 19, 2010.
10. Edward S. Herman da David Peterson, Siyasar Kisa (Bita na Wata-wata, 2010).
Herbert Bix shine marubucin Hirohito da yin Japan na zamani. An zana wannan labarin daga a jawabin da aka gabatar a taron Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Amirka a Boston a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2011.
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