Source: Green Social Tunanin

A cikin dokokin marijuana a duk faɗin Amurka suna tayar da batutuwan da suka wuce, "Hey, ɗan'uwa, za mu iya busa haɗin gwiwa a yanzu ba tare da murkushe su ba." Wariyar wariyar launin fata da ta mamaye shekarun aikata laifuka a yanzu tana ɓoye cikin lokacin yanke hukunci. Kasuwancin da ke bunƙasa na noman tukunya yana ɗaga kallon ayyukan noma na kamfanoni tare da barazanarsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da yanayin muhalli. Shin akwai hanyoyin jin daɗin ciyawa yayin ƙalubalantar wariyar launin fata da mamayar kamfanoni akan muhalli?

An kai hari kan Al'adun Baƙar fata da Brown

Mutanen Espanya, waɗanda suka zauna a Amurka tun lokacin da suka sace rabin ƙasar Mexico, suna da al'adar shan marihuana. A tsakiyar karuwar tsoron baƙi na Mexiko a farkon ƙarni na ashirin, da'awar jin daɗi game da maganin ya zama tartsatsi, kamar zargin cewa ya haifar da "sha'awar jini." Ajalin cannabis an maye gurbinsu da yawa Anglicised marijuana, watakila don bayar da shawarar kasashen waje na miyagun ƙwayoyi. A wannan lokacin jihohi da yawa sun fara zartar da dokoki don hana tukunya.

A cikin "Me yasa marijuana ta haramta a Amurka?" Amy Tikkanen rubuta cewa a cikin 1930s, Harry J. Anslinger, shugaban Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Tarayya, ya mayar da yaƙi da tabar wiwi ya zama yaƙin gama-gari. Wataƙila ya sami ƙarancin motsa shi ta hanyar matsalolin tsaro-mafi yawancin masana kimiyyar da ya bincika sun yi iƙirarin cewa maganin ba shi da haɗari-kuma fiye da sha'awar haɓaka sabon sashin da ya ƙirƙira. Anslinger ya nemi haramcin gwamnatin tarayya kan miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma ya ƙaddamar da babban yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda ya dogara kacokan akan wariyar launin fata. Anslinger ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin masu shan tabar wiwi 'yan tsiraru ne, ciki har da Amurkawa na Afirka, kuma marijuana yana da mummunan tasiri a kan waɗannan "lalata jinsi," kamar haifar da tashin hankali ko haifar da hauka.

Har ila yau, ya ce, "Reefer marcas duhu suna ganin sun yi kyau kamar fararen fata.” Anslinger ya lura da zartar da Dokar Harajin Marihuana ta 1937. Ko da yake an ayyana waccan dokar ta saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a cikin 1969, Dokar Kayayyakin Kaya ta ƙara ta a shekara mai zuwa. Wannan dokar ta rarraba marijuana - haka ma tabar heroin da kuma LSD, da sauransu - a matsayin Jadawalin I magani. Wariyar launin fata kuma ta bayyana a cikin aiwatar da doka. Ba’amurken Afirka a farkon ƙarni na 21 sun fi farar fata kusan sau huɗu kama akan tuhume-tuhumen da suka shafi marijuana - duk da ƙungiyoyin biyu suna da ƙimar amfani iri ɗaya.

A cikin fim dinta na 2016. 13th Gyara, furodusa, Ava Duvernay ya rubuta dokokin miyagun ƙwayoyi da manufofin da suka ƙara yawan adadin ɗaurin kurkuku Brashi da launin ruwan kasa a cikin shekaru sittin da suka gabata.

shekara	Yawan Jama'ar Kurkuku na Amurka
1970	300,000
1980	513,900
1985	759,100
1990	1,179,200
2000	2,015,300
2020	2,300,000

Shugaba Nixon's "War on Crime" na 1970s ya yi niyya ga zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da kuma ƙungiyoyin 'yanci daga 'yan luwadi, mata, da Brashi. "Laifuka" ya zama kalmar code don kabilanci. Mai ba Nixon shawara, John Ehrlichman, ya yarda da hakan da "Yaki akan Magunguna" duk game da jifa ne Brashin mutane a gidan yari don tarwatsa waɗannan al'ummomin. Waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce ne don samun masu jefa ƙuri'a na kudanci.

In da 1980s, Shugaba Reagan's "War on kwayoyi” an kwatanta miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin “matsalar cikin gida,” an ba da izinin yanke hukunci na tilas don shan hodar ibilis, kuma ya rubanya kashe kuɗin da tarayya ke kashewa kan tabbatar da doka. Yaƙin Magunguna ya zama yaƙi da Brashi da al'ummomin Latino, tare da manyan chunks na Brashi da launin ruwan kasa maza suna ɓacewa cikin kurkuku na ɗan lokaci "da gaske". Yawan ɗaurin kurkukun da ya fashe ya ji kisan kiyashi. Wannan ya sake zama abin damuwa ga masu jefa kuri'a masu wariyar launin fata.

A kokarinsa na bayyana”mai tsanani a kan laifi"A cikin shekarun 1990, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya tura dala biliyan 30 na Dokar Laifukan Tarayya wanda ya fadada hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, ya ƙarfafa jami'an tsaro don yin abubuwan da muke la'akari da cin zarafi, da kuma soja.ed 'yan sandan yankin. Ƙara yawan adadin ɗaurin kurkuku saboda gwamnatin Clinton ya haɗa da gabatar da kalmomin "manyan cin zarafi," Mafi qarancin jimloli na wajibi, "Gaskiya a cikin Hukunce-hukunce" (wanda ya kawar da sakin layi), da "bugu uku kuma kun fita" dokokin indaby wadanda aka samu da laifuka uku an yanke musu hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Irin wannan tsarin shari'a na laifuka yana buƙatar ciyar da matasa maza da mata masu launi akai-akai.

Wariyar launin fata a lokacin Laifin Marijuana

Talauci yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daure jama'a - mutanen da aka saka a gidan yari da kuma kurkuku matalauta ne. Tsarin shari'ar laifuka yana azabtar da talauci, yana farawa da tsadar kudin belin kuɗi. Matsakaicin adadin kuɗin belin babban laifi ($10,000) daidai yake da kuɗin shiga na watanni takwas ga wanda ake tuhuma. Wadancan tare da ƙananan kudin shiga sun fi fuskantar fuskantar illolin tsarewa kafin a yi shari'a. Talauci ba wai kawai ba mai tsinkaya na ɗaure - shi ma akai-akai sakamakon, a matsayin rikodin laifi da lokacin da aka kashe a kurkuku yana lalata dukiya, haifar da bashi, kuma yana rage damar aiki.

Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa mutane masu launi - waɗanda ke fuskantar matsanancin talauci - suna da yawa a cikin gidajen yari da gidajen yari na ƙasar. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen kabilanci sun yi tasiri sosai ga Baƙar fata Amirkawa, waɗanda ke da kashi 38% na jama'ar da ake tsare da su duk da wakiltar kashi 12% na mazauna Amurka kawai.

'Yan sanda, masu gabatar da kara, da alkalai na ci gaba da hukunta mutane da kakkausan harshe ba don komai ba face mallakar miyagun kwayoyi. Laifukan miyagun kwayoyi har yanzu suna da nasaba da tsare mutane kusan 400,000, kuma hukuncin da aka yanke na miyagun kwayoyi ya kasance wani ma'anar fasalin tarayya tsarin kurkuku. Har yanzu 'yan sanda suna kama sama da miliyan daya da safarar miyagun kwayoyi a kowace shekara, wadanda yawancinsu kan kai ga yanke musu hukunci. Kame miyagun kwayoyi na ci gaba da bai wa mazauna al'ummomin da ba su wuce gona da iri ba bayanan laifuka, yana cutar da tsammanin aikin su da kuma ƙara yuwuwar yanke hukunci mai tsawo akan kowane laifi na gaba. Babban tashin hankali da fita daga wuraren gyara shine mutane 600,000 a kowace shekara. Akwai kuma wasu mutane 822,000 da aka yi wa afuwa da kuma mutane miliyan 2.9 da ke fuskantar gwaji - mutane miliyan 79 suna da tarihin aikata laifuka; kuma 113 miliyan manya suna da 'yan uwa na kusa waɗanda da kasance gidan yari.

Daya daga cikin biyar mutanen da aka kulle ana kulle su don a laifin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Hudu cikin mutane biyar da ke gidan yari ko gidan yari an kulle su ne don wani abu banda laifin miyagun kwayoyi - ko dai babban laifi ko kuma Kadan mai tsanani. Sharuɗɗan "m"Da kuma"rashin tashin hankali"An yi amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi sosai don haka ba su da amfani a cikin mahallin siyasa. mutane yawanci amfani da "tashin hankali" da "marasa tashin hankali" a madadin m a kan m ayyukan laifi. Wannan kadai yaudara ce, amma mafi muni, ana amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan azaman codeed (sau da yawa ana nuna wariyar launin fata) harshe zuwa yiwa mutane lakabi kamar yadda na zahiri m a kan marasa hadari.

Ƙaddamarwa Yana Sake Ƙirƙirar Wariyar launin fata ta marijuana

Hukunce-hukuncen da ke yawo a duk faɗin Amurka yana ɗauke da tabbatattun hujjoji cewa (a) tukunya ba kuma ba ta taɓa zama magani mai haɗari ba, kuma (b) aikata miyagun ƙwayoyi bai taɓa kawo wani abu mai kyau ba. Wannan ya nuna cewa an yi wa wadanda aka zalunta ba bisa ka’ida ba, don haka a biya su hakkin da aka yi musu. Koyaya, wadanda abin ya shafa galibi mutane ne masu launi kuma wariyar launin fata ta Amurka ta sake bayyana a lokacin yanke hukunci ta hanyar rage illolin da aka yi da bayar da ramawa wanda da kyar ya tona abin da ake bukata.

Kafin magance gazawar ga lalacewar da ba daidai ba ga dokokin marijuana, yakamata Amurka ta nemi afuwar jama'a game da rashin adalci da wariyar launin fata "Yaki akan Magunguna" kuma ta yi alƙawarin rama waɗanda suka sha wahala ta hanyoyin da suka dace da abubuwan da suka shafi cannabis a ƙasa.

Ya kamata a biya wadanda abin ya shafa diyya na lokacin da aka kashe a gidan yari. Fursunonin na iya samun diyya saboda aikin da aka yi a gidan yari; amma yana iya zama kamar ƙasa $ 0.86 zuwa $ 3.45 kowace rana ga mafi yawan ayyukan gidan yari. Akalla biyar jihohi ba su biya komai kwata-kwata. Pkamfanoni masu fafatawa da ke amfani da aikin gidan yari ba su ne tushen yawancin ayyukan gidan yari ba. Kimanin mutane 5,000 ne kawai ke cikin kurkuku - M fiye da 1% - kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna aiki ta hanyar tarayya PIECP (Shirin Tabbatar da Inganta Masana'antar Gidan Yari), wanda ke buƙatar su biya aƙalla mafi ƙarancin albashi kafin a cire su. (Aiki mafi girma na "masana'antu na gyaran fuska" mallakar gwamnati wanda ke biyan kuɗi kaɗan. Amma wannan har yanzu yana wakiltar kusan kashi 6% na mutanen da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin jihar.)

Ba za a iya yin tattaunawa mai mahimmanci game da biyan diyya idan da yawa sun ci gaba da lalacewa a gidan yari. Dole ne a sake su nan da nan, ba tare da la'akari da ko wace jiha suke ba. Yawancin waɗanda aka saki ba su da bayanan kamasu, yanke musu hukunci da yanke hukunci ("fitarwa"). Bisa lafazin Daidaito da Canjin Chicago, akwai jira na shekaru 5-8 don share bayanan. Dole ne a fitar da bayanan da sauri kamar yadda za a yi idan da gaske ya shafi rayuwar mutane (saboda yana yi).

Babban ɓangaren gyara cutarwa da aka yiwa waɗanda aka ɗaure shine fifikon su (bisa ga adadin lokacin da aka yi gidan yari) don karɓar lasisi don girma, sarrafawa, jigilar da rarraba marijuana. Jihohi daban-daban sun dauki matakan jarirai ta hanyar da ta dace. Alal misali, Chicago Kwalejin Olive Harvey yana ba da horo a cikin nazarin cannabis ga waɗanda aka kama da marijuana da suka gabata. Mahalarta suna karɓar "koyarwa kyauta, $ 1,000 na kowane wata, tallafin ilimi da taimako tare da kula da yara, sufuri da sarrafa shari'a." Tun daga Maris, 2022 akwai 47 da ke karatu don ayyuka a matsayin masu noma, daraktocin lab da lab ko ƙwararrun masu sarrafa inganci.

wani kokarin nuna gaba shine Shirin New York don ba da lasisi don shagunan shagunan marijuana ga mutum ko dangin da aka daure saboda laifin da ya shafi marijuana. Wani jami'in gudanarwa na shirin yana tsammanin lasisi 100-200 don zuwa irin waɗannan waɗanda abin ya shafa.

Bari mu sanya waɗannan shirye-shiryen ƙirar a cikin hangen nesa. Yayi kyau kamar yadda suke, ɗalibai 47 da ke karɓar tallafin karatu a Chicago da lasisin dillali 100-200 a New York ba su ma yi wani lahani a cikin sama da 867,000 da aka kama.

Yayin da shirye-shirye na yanzu ba su da iyaka, shinge ga wadanda abin ya shafa na shari'a suna da yawa. Missouri tallafi lasisi kawai ga waɗanda "suna da kwarewar marijuana na doka" (kamar sarrafa maganin cannabis na doka) don neman lasisi don girma, rarrabawa, da sarrafawa. Illinois ta musanta lasisi da lamuni ga masu laifi, kodayake 1 cikin 3 manya na Chicago suna da rikodin laifi. Illinois kuma tana hana waɗanda ke da alaƙa da cannabis shiga masana'antar cannabis ta manyan kuɗin aikace-aikacenta.

Matsalolin kuɗi ga waɗanda marijuana ke fama da su don karɓar lasisi da alama ba za a iya wucewa ba. Mutane da al'ummomi sun yi mummunan tasiri sakamakon Yaƙin Magunguna suna da ƙimar ɗaurin kurkuku da ƙasa kaɗan matsakaicin albashi saboda iyakance damar aiki na tsoffin masu aikata laifuka. Don haka, ba su da albarkatun kuɗi don manyan kuɗaɗen aikace-aikacen da ba za a iya dawo da su ba ($ 10,000 zuwa $ 50,000) waɗanda aka bayar a cikin caca don dacewa da adadin da jihar ta ayyana na masu noma, masu rarrabawa, masu sarrafawa, da masu jigilar kaya. A ciki Illinois, shiga zuwa bashi da ƙananan lamuni na kasuwanci ne wuya domin mutanen da ke da bayanan aikata laifuka don samun. Kowane mai nema na ƙungiyar da ake bayarwa dole ne ya sami aƙalla $400,000 a cikin kadarorin ruwa. Abin da ya sa mutane masu launi ba za su iya shiga a matsayin masu mallakar kasuwancin marijuana da aka halatta a Illinois ba.

Noma Masana'antu Guba Noman Tari.

Abin takaici, ko da duk waɗannan shingen za a shawo kan su, za a sami matsalolin lafiya a duk faɗin masana'antar tabar wiwi, ko na doka ko na doka. Idan mutane masu launi sun sami fifiko a duk matakan masana'antu, to, sabon nau'i na wariyar launin fata zai fito. Mutanen da ke wannan masana'antar za su zama wani ɓangare na lalata muhalli to al'ummarsu yayin da suke fuskantar illa ga lafiyar su daga gubar magungunan kashe qwari.

Kyakkyawan bita na damuwa game da noman cannabis ta a tawagar Yin aiki tare da Zhonghua Zheng ya gano cewa yana da alaƙa da matsalolin muhalli da kiwon lafiya ko an girma. a waje ko a cikin gida. Bukatar ruwa mai yawa, cannabis yana buƙatar sau biyu ruwa kamar alkama, waken soya da masara. Karkatar da ruwa zuwa ban ruwa amfanin gonakin tabar wiwi sau da yawa yana haifar da rafukan da ba su da ruwa da ke shafar sauran ciyayi. ingancin ruwa kuma worsened (musamman ta masu shuka ba bisa ka'ida ba) ta hanyar amfani da maganin ciyawa, maganin kwari, rodenticides, fungucides da nematodes.

Matsalolin lafiyar ɗan adam waɗanda za a iya danganta su da na yau da kullun pesticide daukan hotuna sun hada da matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na numfashi da kuma lahani na haihuwa. Sauran tasirin lafiya sun raunana aikin tsoka, ciwon daji da lalacewar hanta. Kungiyar Bayan magungunan kashe qwari rubuta manyan barazana saboda dalilai guda biyu: (a) "Ragowar magungunan kashe qwari a cikin tabar wiwi da aka bushe kuma aka shaka suna da hanyar kai tsaye zuwa cikin jini." kuma, (2) har zuwa "69.5% na ragowar magungunan kashe qwari na iya zama a cikin shan taba."

Wataƙila tushen gubar magungunan kashe qwari da aka fi sani da shi shine saboda roba piperonyl butoxide (PBO), wanda shine synergist, wanda aka yi amfani dashi don haɓaka tasirin abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin magungunan kashe qwari. PBO na iya kanta lalata lafiya saboda neurotoxicity, ciwon daji da kuma hanta matsaloli.

Taki da magungunan kashe qwari suna shiga ruwan saman, ruwan kasa da kasa, inda suke barazana ga wadatar abinci. Babban buƙatun ciyawa yana shafar magudanar ruwa, yana da lahani aƙalla ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗari kifi kifi jinsuna da 'yan amphibians ciki har da kogin kudancin salamander da kuma bakin teku.

Gonakin cannabis na waje suna damuwa lafiya-lalata kusa da magudanan ruwa, ta yadda hakan ke barazana ga wasu nau'ikan da ba kasafai ba kuma masu hatsarin gaske. Noman sa na iya taimakawa deforestation da wargajewar daji. Takin da ake amfani da su don maganin tabar wiwi ya yi rauni ingancin iska saboda fitar da nitrogen. Yawan nitrogen yana ƙara yawan acidification na ƙasa kuma ruwa eutrophication.

Haɓaka cannabis a cikin gida yana ɗaga al'amuransa, musamman haɗarin lafiya daga fallasa su m da magungunan kashe qwari. Mold a ciki damp yanayi na cikin gida yana da alaƙa da kumburi, tari, cututtuka na numfashi, da fuka bayyanar cututtuka a cikin mutane masu hankali.

Wataƙila matsalolin da suka fi ban mamaki game da noman cannabis a cikin gida shine tasirinsa akan canjin yanayi ta hanyar wutar lantarki. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shekara-shekara Kudin makamashi na dala biliyan 6 a Amurka, yana mai da alhakin samar da akalla 1% na jimlar wutar lantarki. Babu makawa, yanke hukunci zai haifar da ƙarin amfani da makamashi.

Babban tushen amfani da makamashi shine hasken wuta da sarrafa microclimate. Hasken haske mai ƙarfi kaɗai shine kashi 86% na amfani da wutar lantarki cannabis na cikin gida. Ana amfani da tsarin cire humidification don ƙirƙirar musayar iska, zafin jiki, samun iska da kula da zafi awanni 24 a kowace rana. Saboda rikitaccen buƙatun cikin gida, haɓaka kilogram ɗaya na marijuana da aka sarrafa na iya haifar da shi 4600 kilogiram na CO2 fitarwa!

Matsalolin muhalli da lafiya tare da haɓakar marijuana za su ƙaru sosai idan yanke hukunci ya ba da damar sarrafawa ta hanyar aikin gona na kamfanoni. Abin da ake kira "Green Juyin Juyin Halitta" ya jaddada yin amfani da manya-manyan nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) wanda ke haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da ban ruwa da taki.

Tun daga farkon 2022, aƙalla jihohi 36 na Amurka sun ɗauki wani nau'i na lalata tabar wiwi, suna ƙara fashewar kasuwanci a kowane lokaci na samarwa. A cikin 2018, Bloomberg ya ruwaito "Corona giya Kamfanin Constellation Brands Inc. ya sanar da cewa zai kashe dala biliyan 3.8 don kara yawan hannun jarinsa a Canopy Growth Corp., mai samar da marijuana na Kanada da darajar da ta zarce dala biliyan 13 (dala biliyan 10).

Coca-Cola ya kasance yana sa ido kan kasuwa don abubuwan sha da ke ɗauke da CBD wanda ke sauƙaƙe zafi ba tare da samun mai amfani da yawa ba. Wataƙila Pepsi ya tsallake bindigar akan Coke. Wani hemp na New Jersey da mai samar da marijuana, Hillview, yana da yarjejeniya da Pepsi Cola Kamfanin Bottling na New York don kera masu siyar da CBD wanda za'a siyar dashi akan $40 akan kowane fakiti takwas. Yarjejeniyar na nufin rufe Long Island, Westchester da dukkan gundumomi biyar na New York.

Tare da ƙwararrun masana'antu kamar Coke da Pepsi suna tsalle cikin kasuwar cannabis, tabbas tabbas ba za su sayi marijuana daga dubunnan masu noman uwa-da-pop ba. Nemo babban abin sha mai laushi don neman kwangila tare da babban ag.

Haɓaka kasuwancin amfanin gona bisa tushen ka'ida (kayan amfanin gona guda ɗaya ko kaɗan da aka shuka) ya zama wurin kiwo don kwari, yana haifar da buƙatun wucin gadi don sarrafawa ta hanyar gubar sinadarai. Babban ka'idar aikin noma ita ce haɓaka 10, 15 ƙarin nau'ikan tsire-tsire tare yana rage duk wata buƙatar sinadarai. A cikin samfurin ag na kamfani, idan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i). A cikin tsarin kwayoyin halitta manomi yana tsammanin cewa 1, 2 ko 3 na iya cutar da kwari ta hanyar kwari, amma yawancin zasu tsira.

Cewar manomi Patrick Bennett, "Don wani kaso na farashin kwalban guda ɗaya na takin zamani na roba, za ku iya samun iri ɗaya, idan ba mafi kyawun amfanin ƙasa ba, dandano, da abun ciki na cannabinoid a cikin amfanin gona a gida ta hanyar amfani da ayyukan noma kawai." An yi girma ta marijuana tsawon ƙarni (ko millennia) ba tare da magungunan kashe qwari ba. Masu noman halitta na yanzu sun sami biyar maganin kwari na tushen shuka masu kare amfanin gonakinsu da kyau:

• Neem mai ana “ ciro daga tsaba da ’ya’yan itacen neem na wurare masu zafi, [kuma] yana sarrafa kwari da yawa, gami da mites, kuma yana hana cututtukan fungal, kamar mildew powdery.”
• Azadirachtin yana sarrafa "masu iko akan kwari da yawa, gami da mites, aphids, da thrips" amma baya ba da kariya ta fungal.
• Pyrethrums yana kashe kwari da ke kai hari kan tsire-tsire na cannabis, gami da thrips. Pyrethrins, duk da haka, nau'in roba na pyrethrums, bai kamata a yi amfani da su ba saboda dacewar muhalli.
• Bacillus Thurengensis (BT) yana da matukar tasiri wajen sarrafa kwari da naman gwari.
• Nematodes masu amfani kwayoyin halitta ne da ke faruwa ta dabi'a a cikin kasa, suna kiyaye lafiyarsa yayin da suke sarrafa kwari da aka haifa a cikin ƙasa kamar naman gwari.

Dabarun irin waɗannan sun tabbatar da tasiri. Mike Benziger ya gaya wa mai hira Nate Seltenrich cewa yana girma 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu da kayan lambu na magani tare da cannabis. Ya haɗa da tsire-tsire masu yawa waɗanda ke jan hankalin kwari kamar ladybugs da lacewings waɗanda ke tayar da mites masu cutarwa da aphids. Masu noman halitta sukan dogara da mulching da jujjuya amfanin gona. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna da mahimmanci musamman don kare ma'aikata masu shuka tsiro, namun daji makwabta, masu gonaki, masu rarrabawa da, ba shakka, masu amfani da marijuana.

Tun daga 2015, Maine ta hana amfani da duk wani maganin kashe kwari. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa dokokin na iya zama raunana ko sokewa ta hanyar dokokin da suka biyo baya, yana mai da muhimmanci a sami jagorori masu dorewa. Irin waɗannan jagororin yakamata su haɗa da ayyuka kamar waɗanda ke cikin Washington DC da Maine waɗanda ke buƙatar masu samarwa don nuna ilimin hanyoyin haɓaka ƙwayoyin halitta.

motsi Forward

Tunda dokar tarayya ta rarraba marijuana azaman narcotic babu ƙa'idodin tarayya don haɓaka ta. Wannan ya sa ya zama abin sha'awa don neman a bayyana shi kuma a kawo shi ƙarƙashin inuwar gawawwaki kamar Hukumar Kare Muhalli. Wannan manufa ce mai dacewa, amma matsalar ita ce hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi suna ƙarƙashin ikon kamfanoni suna neman mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi. Ya kamata a bayyana maƙasudai irin waɗannan masu zuwa don magance wariyar launin fata kuma suna da kariyar muhalli ta gaske tare da ainihin (ba karya) ƙa'idodin halitta ba:

1. Maidawa dole ne a fara da uzuri wanda ya yarda cewa laifin tabar wiwi ya haɗa da kai hari kan waɗannan al'adun amfani da shi; wani bangare ne na wani babban hari wanda ya yi amfani da kwayoyi a matsayin daya daga cikin makamai masu yawa don lalata al'umma; kuma ya haifar da wahala ga adadi mai yawa na mutane.

2. Duk al'ummomin da laifin tabar wiwi ya shafa da kuma babban harin da aka kai musu ya kamata su yanke shawarar abin da ya kamata su samu na kuɗi da al'adu.

3. Mutanen da aka cutar da su ta hanyar aikata laifukan tabar wiwi ya kamata su sami diyya ta kuɗi don kowane kama, gwaji, ɗaurin kurkuku da diyya bayan ɗaurin kurkuku. Ya kamata a ba da kuɗi don girma, shiryawa da rarraba tabar wiwi na halal daidai gwargwado daidai da cutarwar da mutane suka sha - waɗanda suka fi cutar da su ya kamata su sami mafi girman diyya. Musamman, mafi girman cutarwar da mutum ya sha, mafi girman fifikon da mutum ya kamata ya samu don karɓar lasisin da ya shafi ba da marijuana.

4. Girman kwayoyin halitta dole ne ya zama babban sashi na kare lafiyar ma'aikatan marijuana, masu kera da masu amfani da su. Duk wanda ke noman marijuana dole ne ya sami ilimi kyauta kan yadda ake yin hakan ba tare da amfani da gubar sinadarai ba (“maganin kashe qwari”). Wannan dole ne ya haɗa da yadda za a haɗa marijuana tare da sauran amfanin gona don kada kwari ba su da barazana kamar yadda suke da monocultures. Duk waɗanda suke girma, sarrafa da kuma watsar da marijuana dole ne su sami takaddun shaida cewa samfuran su ba su da gurɓata sinadarai. Kada a sami iyakancewa akan adadin tsire-tsire na marijuana da mutum zai iya girma, muddin waɗannan tsire-tsire sun girma tare da ainihin ƙa'idodin halitta.

Kafin yanke hukunci, lalacewar kiwon lafiya da muhalli na girma da amfani da tabar wiwi sun fi kama ko žasa ga duk kabilanci da kungiyoyin al'adu. Amma hakan ba zai ci gaba da kasancewa ba idan aka sanya ramuwar gayya daga aikata laifuka. Idan waɗanda suka fi cutar da su ta hanyar tsangwama da ɗaurin marijuana suna samun fifiko ga lasisi don samarwa da rarraba cannabis, za su sami mafi yawan gubar maganin kashe qwari idan ba a buƙatar hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Hanya daya tilo don gujewa ci gaba da cutarwa ga wadanda aka cutar da su a baya ita ce yin amfani da noman kwayoyin halitta.

Kawar da cin zarafi na duk ma'aikatan aikin gona na buƙatar irin wannan hani kan amfani da sinadarai yayin girma duk ganye, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. Ya kamata noman cannabis ya zama abin koyi don canja wurin samarwa ta hanyar megafarm na kamfanoni ta amfani da noman noma, sinadarai, da kuma amfani da aiki zuwa hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta dangane da kananan gonaki, girma mara sinadarai ga al'ummomin gida da kyakkyawar kulawa ga ma'aikata don kafa ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi don gamayya. kare kai.

Don Fitz (fitzdon@aol.com) yana kan Editorial Board of Green Social Tunanin. Shi ne dan takarar 2016 na Jam'iyyar Missouri Green Party don Gwamna. Kasidunsa kan siyasa da muhalli sun bayyana a ciki Bita na wata-wata, Mujallar Z, da Green Social Tunanin, da kuma littattafan kan layi da yawa. Littafinsa, Kulawar Kiwon Lafiyar Kuba: Juyin Juya Hali, yana samuwa tun watan Yuni 2020.

Susan Armstrong PE, LEED-AP (susan@susansnaturalspringwaters.com) Injiniyan farar hula ne mai lasisi, wanda ƙwarensa shine Tsaron Kiwon Lafiya da Injiniyan Muhalli (HSE). Ayyukan rayuwarta shine tsarin ɗorewa lafiya a cikin al'ummomi, wuraren aiki, da muhalli - ta hanyar kimiyya, injiniyanci, manufofi, da kuma gwagwarmaya.

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