Tun daga shekara ta huɗu a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Ecuador, Rafael Correa ya fuskanci babban ƙalubale daga wasu ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na zamantakewa waɗanda suka tunzura shi a ofis. A cikin wani jawabi da ya yi wa kasar a farkon watan Janairu, Correa ya nuna fushinsa da "tashe-tashen hankula da ke tafe a wannan watan, wadanda suka hada da hada-hadar 'yan asalin kasar, da ma'aikata, da sadarwar kafofin watsa labarai, da ma matakin sojoji."
Yayin da kasar, a cikin rikicin duniya, ke fuskantar koma baya a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma matsalar karancin wutar lantarki, tushen fadace-fadacen da ake fama da shi a halin yanzu yana kara zurfafa, ga rashin jin dadin "Juyin Juyin Jama'a" wanda ya tunkude Correa kan mukaminsa a shekara ta 2007 kuma ya kafa. tushen kungiyarsa ta siyasa, Alianza Pais, ko Ƙungiyar Ƙasa. Correa ya yi alkawarin sake kafa kasar da sabon magna carta da kuma kawar da kasar daga gurbatattun jam'iyyar da ta kunshi masu kudi da siyasa wadanda suka sanya munanan manufofin tattalin arziki na Neoliberal a Ecuador kusan shekaru ashirin.
Tun da farko ya kafa wasu tsare-tsare na ciyar da al'umma wanda a wani bangare na kudaden shigar man fetur na kasar ke samu don taimakawa marasa galihu sannan kuma ya kira taron mazabu wanda ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin kasa mai yawan jama'a wanda ya tanadi isasshiyar shigar jama'a cikin cibiyoyin zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin kasar. Shugaban da aka sake zaba karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin, ya bayyana a jawabinsa na farko a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan da ya gabata cewa juyin juya halin jama'a "yana bin juyin juya halin gurguzu na karni na ashirin da daya."
Amma ayyukansa da dangantakarsa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun kasance masu adawa da juna kuma sun ƙaryata alƙawarin sahihancin gurguzu. Kamar yadda Rene Baez, ɗan gwagwarmayar lokaci mai tsawo kuma mai gudanarwa na Cibiyar Madadin Tunanin na Jami'ar Tsakiya ta Quito ya gaya mani, "Correa yana ba da shawarar tsarin ƙididdiga na ci gaba wanda ya ba da izinin shiga cikin farin ciki na gaske. Ayyukansa sun saba wa sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Ma'aikata, malamai, kungiyoyi na asali, da kuma masana ilimin halittu ba su da wata magana a wannan gwamnati."
Daga cikin kungiyoyin da ke shirin yin gangamin nuna adawa da gwamnati, akwai kungiyar malamai ta kasa, kungiyar 'yan asalin kasar Ecuador (CONAIE), kungiyar daliban jami'o'i, da kungiyoyin kwadago da dama, ciki har da kungiyar 'yan asalin Ecuadoran. Ƙungiyoyin aji. Lokacin da ECUARUNARI, wata babbar ƙungiya a cikin CONAIE da ke cikin tsaunukan Andean, ta kafa sabon shugabancinta a ranar 8 ga Janairu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da ke Quito, shugaban mai barin gado, ya bayyana, "Wannan saƙon haɗin kai ne [ga gwamnati], saboda wannan dalili. mun gayyaci shuwagabanni da masu fafutuka na dukkan kungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin hagu."
Daga nan sai ya nemi Alberto Acosta ya dauki mumbari. Acosta yana daya daga cikin masana tattalin arzikin kasar da ake mutuntawa, Ministan Makamashi da ma'adinai a gwamnatin Correa ta farko, kuma shugaban majalisar wakilai har sai da Correa ya tilasta masa yin murabus. Acosta, ya yi kira ga hadin kai tsakanin kungiyoyin zamantakewa da na asali, ya bayyana cewa, "Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin "yana zama madaidaiciyar rigar gwamnati saboda sauye-sauyen da ya bukata mutane ne su aiwatar da su." samfurin biyu ko uku masu mulki amma na kungiyoyi da gwagwarmaya."
Babban gwagwarmaya tsakanin Correa da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa shine kan sarrafa tattalin arzikin ƙasar, musamman albarkatunta da ake hakowa, man fetur da ma'adinan ma'adinai da aka gano kwanan nan. Rikicin dai ya yi kamari ne shekara guda da ta wuce a lokacin da kwamitin majalisar dokokin kasar ya amince da sabuwar dokar hakar ma'adinai.
A cewar Accion Ecologica, wata kungiyar Ecuadorian da ake mutuntawa sosai tare da gogewa sama da shekaru goma da rabi, an rubuta dokar a cikin tsarin neoliberal, wanda ke fifita saka hannun jari na kasashen waje kan abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da muhalli, tare da sanya hakar ma'adanai akan hakkokin al'ummomi. , da kuma ba da izinin hakar ma'adinan ramin buɗaɗɗen ramuka da lalata nau'ikan halittu, gami da lalata albarkatun ruwa marasa iyaka a cikin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. (1) Dokar ta kuma "lalata zanga-zangar da 'yancin yin tsayin daka."
An gudanar da zanga-zangar kan dokar a watan Janairun 2009, wanda ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar da ƙungiyoyin birni, muhalli, da na agaji suka shirya, tare da ƙungiyar ƴan asalin ƙasar ta bishara. An gamu da masu zanga-zangar da hayaki mai sa hawaye da kuma tsangwama kai tsaye. Dukkansu sun yi tambaya kan dokar hakar ma'adinai, suna masu la'akari da ita a matsayin doka da ta saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, ta shiga cikin doka ba tare da cikakkiyar muhawara ta kasa ba. A tsakiyar watan Maris, 2009, CONAIE ta shigar da kara a gaban kotu inda ta tabbatar da cewa dokar ta saba wa sabon kundin tsarin mulki na amincewa da yancin mallakar filaye. Wannan ya faru ne yayin da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na Kanada suka sami izinin yin bincike don ajiyar zinariya da tagulla.
Correa, wanda a shekarar da ta gabata ya ayyana cewa "babban hatsari" ga ci gaban kasa yana tattare da "hagu da jarirai," da kuma "jarirai na asali," yanzu ya tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa suna "inganta zanga-zangar adawa da ma'adinai. ...Tare da doka a hannu ba za mu ƙyale waɗannan cin zarafi ba, ba za mu iya ƙyale tashe-tashen hankula ba, waɗanda ke toshe hanyoyi, suna barazana ga dukiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da hana haɓaka ayyukan doka, hakar ma'adinai."
Hankali ya kai makura a watan Satumba tare da shirin da gwamnati ta yi na samar da sabuwar dokar ruwa. ‘Yan adawar sun yi ikirarin cewa hakan ya saba wa tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na tabbatar da cikakken ikon jama’a da al’umma kan albarkatun ruwa. Dokar ta ba da damar mayar da ruwa ga kamfanoni, ta sanya iyaka kan shiga cikin al'umma a fannin sarrafa ruwa, ta ba da fifiko ga masu amfani da masana'antu, sannan sama da duka babu wani hani kan barnar koguna da ramukan ruwa da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai ke yi.
Zanga-zangar ta sake barkewa, a wannan karon musamman a birnin Cuenca na Andean da kuma garin Macas na Amazon. Yayin da ‘yan sanda ke kokarin kakkabe shingen hanyoyi guda biyu a kusa da Macas a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, rikici ya barke da ya yi sanadin mutuwar wani malamin ‘yan asalin yankin Shuar mai harsuna biyu tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Don yada abubuwan fashewar, bangarorin biyu sun amince da wata cikakkiyar tattaunawa da ta hada da tattaunawa kan dokokin ruwa da ma'adinai da kuma tanadin kasa mai yawan jama'a da aka ayyana a cikin sabon kundin tsarin mulki. (2)
Amma tattaunawar ba ta kai ko ina ba. A farkon wannan shekara, wakilin ECUARUNARI, wanda ke nuna ra'ayoyin CONAIE da sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Correa "tana ci gaba da siyasarta na dama, da mayar da dukiyar kasa zuwa kamfanoni, da kuma rashin amincewa da siyasa don magance matsalolin. aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da kasar ke bukata." Ya ci gaba da yin kira da a gudanar da taron gama gari domin a dawo da gwamnati cikin hayyacinta. Tare da dokokin hakar ma'adinai da na ruwa, dokar da aka tsara ta hanyar sadarwa ita ma ta zama abin cece-kuce yayin da gwamnati ta rufe gidan rediyon Shuar bisa zargin tada tarzoma.
Takaddama kan yadda ake amfani da albarkatun Ecuador yadda ya kamata ya barke a cikin gwamnati a cikin makon da ya gabata lokacin da Correa ya tilastawa ministan harkokin wajen kasar Fander Faconi yin murabus saboda "nuna jarirai" a tattaunawarsa da hukumar raya kasashe ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP). Fander Faconi ya amince ya ware dajin Yasuni da ke yankin Amazonic da ba a gama amfani da shi ba, a madadin dala biliyan 3.6 na kudaden da kasashen duniya ke bayarwa. Wani abin mamaki shi ne, lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 2007, Correa, karkashin jagorancin Ministan Makamashi da Ma’adinai na wancan lokacin Alberto Acosta, ya sanya wannan aikin ya zama wani shiri na sanya hannun gwamnatinsa, inda ya nuna yadda kasashen kudu da arewa za su hada kai don kulla yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi muhalli. .
Sai dai kuma Correa ya baiwa kamfanin kasar, Petroecucador damar ci gaba da bincike da kuma tsara shirye-shiryen da za a yi na rijiyar man da ke dajin, yayin da ya amince cewa ana tuhumar wata kamfani Petroamazonas da duk wani hakki na hakowa. Yayin da Fander Faconi ke kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar amincewa da UNDP a wannan watan, Correa ya bayyana cewa amanar ta kasance mai cike da kura-kurai kuma "ba za a ba da izinin hukumomin kasa da kasa ko masu cin zarafi na kasa da kasa" su yi wa Ecuador umarni ba. Ya zargi Fander da Acosta da hada baki da wasu a cikin gwamnatinsa da kuma kasar hadin gwiwa don sanya "shinge" a kusa da shi don dakatar da hakar mai.
Correa ya ba da umarni ga sabuwar tawagar da ke tattaunawa da kada ta baiwa hukumar UNDP damar gudanar da ayyukan dalar Amurka biliyan 3.6, yana mai cewa, "Wannan kudi namu ne kuma za a sanya su kai tsaye a cikin kasafin kudin jihar." Acosta ya ce aikin ba zai gaza ba idan Correa ya ci gaba da rike wannan hali, ya kara da cewa, "idan ba a kafa amana ba, ba za a yi yarjejeniya ba." (3) Kungiyar Shuar, a wata majalissar da ta yi a karshen makon nan, ta dauki matsaya mai girman gaske, inda ta zartar da wani kuduri na neman a janye wa’adin shugabancin Correa, tare da bayyana cewa idan gwamnati ta yi yunkurin yin amfani da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabunta su ba a filayensu, za mu kare. yankin mu."
Notes.
1.http://upsidedownworld.org/main/ecuador-archives-49/1772-ecuador-the-logic-of-development-clashes-with-movements
2. http://upsidedownworld.org/main/ecuador-archives-49/2146-ecuador-conaie-…
3. http://www.elmercurio.com.ec/229071-acosta-sin-un-fideicomiso-el-yasuni-…
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