Lokacin da gwamnatin Bush ta bukaci shugabannin Hollywood da su yi abin da ya dace a cikin 'yakin da ta'addanci', sun sanya hannu da ɗokin shiga sabuwar yakin. Sun yi alƙawarin 'ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin inganta fahimtar Amurka a duniya.' Don cimma wannan matsananciyar manufa, sun fito da ra'ayin samun tsohon zakaran ajin masu nauyi Muhammad Ali wanda ake so da yawa don inganta manufofin Amurka. Mike Marqusee ya ba da labarin (an buga shi a fitowa ta 93, Maris 2002)
Bisa ga New York Times, masu gudanarwa na studio sun gamsu cewa 'Mr. Ali zai samu kwarin gwiwa na musamman tare da masu sauraro da aka yi imanin cewa suna matukar shakkun Amurka.'
Abubuwan ban dariya a nan suna da yawa kuma masu rikitarwa. Dama dai barnar da Ali ya yi ga 'hangen Amurka a duniya' ne ya sa CIA da FBI suka yi masa sa ido na tsawon shekaru. Washegarin da ya fara lashe kambun nauyi mai nauyi, a watan Fabrairun 1964, ya tsaya a gaban manema labarai, tare da Malcolm X a gefensa, kuma ya sanar da cewa shi mamba ne na kungiyar da a lokacin ita ce ta fi cin zarafi a Amurka, bakar fata 'yan aware. Al'ummar Musulunci. Ta yin haka, babbar murya mai shekara ashirin da biyu tana ƙin kiristanci a cikin ƙasa mafi yawan Kirista. Ya kasance yana watsi da tsarin haɗin kai na ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a, sannan a tsayin daka. Fiye da duka, yana ƙin kasancewarsa ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne don neman na duniya, na ƙetare.
Da yake Malcolm ya koya maka cewa 'kai ba Ba'amurke ba ne, kai ɗan Amurka ne', wannan matashin shahararre mai arzikin duniya a ƙafafunsa ya zaɓi jefa ƙuri'a tare da 'Basaraken Al'ummar Islama a ciki. Dajin Arewacin Amurka' - yana kaiwa ga jama'ar da ba a san su ba wadanda suka raba korafinsa akan Amurka.
Ba da daɗewa ba Ali ya ziyarci Afirka, inda ya yi taɗi da Nkrumah da Nasser, dukansu suna cikin jerin ƙiyayya na ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, yana fuskantar daftarin, ya bayyana cewa, 'Ba ni da wata jayayya da su Vietcong,' kuma 'yan siyasa, masu fashin baki da masu ra'ayin jama'a, hukumomin dambe sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin mayaudari kuma matsoraci. Ya bayyana ra’ayinsa ga wani ɗan jarida mai tausayawa: ‘Daga dambe ba komai ba ne, kawai gamsar da wasu masu kishin jini. Ni ba Cassius Clay ba ne, ɗan Negro daga Kentucky. Ni na duniya ne, baƙar fata. Kullum zan sami gida a Pakistan, a Aljeriya, a Habasha. Wannan ya fi kudi.'
A shekara ta 1967, Ali ya ki shigar da shi sojan Amurka, an cire masa kambunsa, an hana shi shiga zoben, an same shi da laifin gujewa aikata laifin, sannan aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari. An sake shi a kan belin da ya shigar da kara, kuma tare da kwace fasfo dinsa, ya shafe shekaru uku da rabi na gaba a cikin wani nau'in gudun hijira na cikin gida - yana bayyana a harabar jami'a da nunin tattaunawa, yana mai gabatar da kararsa kan hakkinsa na kin amincewa da imaninsa, da kuma kambun nauyi mai nauyi. .
Binciken tsoro
A lokacin da sanannen ra'ayi a Amurka ya fi bambanta da sanannen ra'ayi a wasu wurare fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar rayuwa, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa, har zuwa tsakiyar 1970s, Muhammad Ali ya fi sha'awar ƙasarsa, kuma ya fi jin daɗi. girmama kasashen waje. Ta hanyar ƙin 'tafiya mil dubu 10 daga gida ya jefa bama-bamai da harsasai a kan masu launin ruwan kasa,' ya sanya kuɗinsa, da ƙari, inda bakinsa yake. Wani aiki ne na haɗin kai da sadaukarwa wanda ya samar wa Ali babban mabiya na duniya. Shi ya sa masu kishin kasa na Hollywood ke son shi ya zama bakinsu. Kimar totemic Ali ta ta'allaka ne a cikin sanannen gaskiyar duniya cewa ya bijire wa kafa Amurka, tare da yin kasada a gidan yari a cikin wannan tsari.
Tun daga ranar 11 ga Satumba, membobin ƙwararrun reshen dama na Amurka sun sha shelar shan kashi na ƙarshe na abokan hamayyarsu na 1960. Sojojin da suka sanya Amurka 'rauni' (a ra'ayinsu) sun kawar da su daga jikin siyasa saboda mummunan harin ta'addanci da kuma nasarar da sojojin suka samu. Amma duk da haka, abin mamaki, a wannan lokacin na cin nasara, lokacin da suke son sayar da sabon ikon da aka tabbatar a duniya ga al'ummomin da suka fi so, sun koma ga wannan babban mutum na rashin aminci irin na 1960, Muhammad Ali.
Tabbas, an dade da mayar da Ali Ali ga jama'ar Amurka a matsayin wanda ba a siyasance ba na jajircewa. Masu yin Ali, $ 105 miliyan biopic star star Will Smith, yi alkawarin mayar da rigima gefen ga gwarzo. Fim ɗin ya kasance a cikin kwanon kafin ranar 11 ga Satumba, kuma a sauƙaƙe mutum zai iya tunanin rashin jin daɗin shugabannin ɗakin studio yayin da suke tunanin tallata wannan tatsuniya na wani baƙar fata Ba'amurke wanda ya Musulunta sannan ya ƙi bauta wa ƙasarsa a lokacin yaƙi.
Duk da buɗaɗɗe mai ƙarfi a ranar Kirsimeti, ba da daɗewa ba an kafa almara na dogon lokaci a ofishin akwatin gida, waɗanda fantasy blockbusters suka watsar da shi kuma cikin sauƙin jingoistic ya mamaye shi. Black Hawk Down, Labarin Yaron na mummunan kutsen da Amurka ta yi a Somaliya a 1993. Shugaban tallace-tallacen Hotunan Sony ya ce "Wannan shi ne babban Martin Luther King na bude karshen mako." BHDBabban abubuwan da suka dauka game da hutun kasa da aka sanya wa suna na zakaran rashin tashin hankali da masu sukar manufofin ketare na Amurka.
Rashin al'ada na kowane alamar baƙin ciki a cikin gaisuwar kamfani, gwargwadon nasarar da aka samu. Black Hawk Down kanta, in ji mai girma game da halin yanzu a Amurka. Ana amfani da al'adar afuwa don haifar da sha'awar aikin soja na ketare. Yaya sauƙaƙan shigar da fushin ƙasa zuwa ta'addanci ga wasu sanannun maƙiyan ƙasashen waje waɗanda ba a san su ba, yayin da aka daɗe ana lalata kyakkyawar bambance-bambance tsakanin hoto da abu, nishaɗin almara da gaskiyar tarihi.
Baki yayi tunani kasa
A cikin rabin hasken wannan dindindin na dindindin, rashin lokaci na kasuwanci ba shine kawai matsalar da ke fuskantar Ali fim. Darakta Michael Mann ya yi taka-tsan-tsan ya sake fitar da abin rufe fuska na lokaci da wuri, Bur ya ba da ƙarin bayani kaɗan wanda masu kallo da ba su saba da lokacin ba na iya yin mamakin menene hargitsin. Kulawar da aka yi akan saiti da wurare, da hankali ga cikakkun bayanai na lokaci, ɗimbin abubuwan gani da sauti sune abubuwan jin daɗi na dindindin, amma sau da yawa kawai. Duk da (ko saboda) kasancewar mawallafa biyar akan allo, fim ɗin ba a rubuta shi ba, kamar yadda samfuran Hollywood ke da yawa a kwanakin nan. Ko da yake ana nuna kin amincewa da zakaran yaki a Vietnam a matsayin jarumtaka, amma akwai rashin son binciko siyasar yakin ko yunkurin da ake yi da shi.
Hikimar da aka samu za ta sa a ce hanyar da za a yi fice a fagen siyasa kamar Ali ita ce a mai da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo na sirri da kuma ajiye gardama a baya. Amma a wannan yanayin, aƙalla, hikimar da aka karɓa ba daidai ba ce. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta jagoranci masu kallon da ba su da kwarewa a fagen siyasa ita ce ta bar Ali ya yi magana da kansa, kamar yadda ya yi da irin wannan hazikanci, wayo, hankali da jajircewa a cikin shekarun 1960. Wasu daga cikin fitattun al'amuran da ke cikin fim ɗin su ne waɗanda Smith ya yi kwaikwayi cikakkiyar kwaikwayi na taron manema labarai na Ali da hirarrakin TV. Waɗannan abubuwan ban dariya ne, cizawa da sallamawa, na siyasa da na sirri, kuma su ne kawai lokutta a cikin fim ɗin don tayar da dariya a lokacin nunin manema labarai. Baya ga waɗannan al'amuran, da kuma lokacin da yake yin abubuwansa (na gamsuwa) a cikin zobe, hanyar Smith game da rawar yana da daraja amma kuma mai girma. Ba a cika samun ɓacin rai da ya ƙarfafa Ali a farkon shekarunsa ba, kuma fushin ya kasance a rufe.
Duk da juggling na jerin abubuwan da suka faru, Ali ya fi aminci ga gaskiya. Duk da haka, yana shiga cikin ɓacin rai idan ya zo dalla-dalla game da rabuwar Malcolm X tare da Al'ummar Islama. A cikin fim ɗin, Malcolm (wanda Mario Van Peebles ya buga) ya ce Iliya Muhammad ya dakatar da shi daga ƙungiyar saboda burinsa na tallafawa ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a a sakamakon kisan da aka yi wa yara huɗu a wani harin bam da aka kai a wata cocin Birmingham da ke Alabama. . A gaskiya ma, an dakatar da Malcolm ne saboda ya zaɓi sanya kisan gillar da aka yi wa John F Kennedy na baya-bayan nan a cikin yanayin shigar da Amurka ta yi a Kongo da Vietnam - da kuma bayyana hakan, wanda ya girgiza kusan kowa da kowa a cikin ƙasar a lokacin, kamar yadda yake. al'amarin 'kaji sun dawo gida su yi kiwo.' Idan da an haɗa wannan bayanin a cikin fim ɗin, bayan 11 ga Satumba, da tabbas zai sami rauni a bene na yanke. Sai dai kafin wannan lokacin, da alama, akwai wasu ra'ayoyi game da dangantakar Amurka da waje waɗanda ko da wasu masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin al'ummar Amurka ba za su iya cimma daidaito ba.
Rashin son Ali don shiga tare da ra'ayoyi, tsoron siyasa mai wuyar gaske da fifita hoto akan mahallin na iya zama yawancin Hollywood, amma sun ƙare har suna lalata halayen masu sauraro da masu yin fim ke nema. An tabbatar da batun ba da gangan ba ta kwatanta da ɗimbin al'amuran da ke cikin sabon shirin da William Klein ya sake fitarwa, The Mafi Girma. Don cikakken bayanin abin da Ali yake nufi a farkon shekarunsa, zai yi wahala a doke taƙaicen fim ɗin Klein na Malcolm X yana magana kai tsaye ga kyamara. Ali addicts, wanda ke jin daɗin duk wani fim na mutumin a lokacin da yake yin kusan komai, za su ji dole ya kalli fim ɗin, amma taro ne maras kyau, mara kunya, kuma duk wani jigo mai haɗa kai dole ne mai kallo ya kawo shi. Duk da haka, yana sake jaddada ƙalubalen da ya fuskanta Michael Mann da tawagarsa. Yana da wuya a inganta a kan asali kamar Ali, wanda ainihin gaskiyarsa a matsayinsa na matashi mai ruɗewa yana kokawa cikin haɗari da manyan batutuwa ya fi rikitarwa, ya fi siyasa, ya fi nishadantarwa kuma ya fi jan hankali fiye da abin da aka mayar da hankali ga gwarzo na makomar Mann da Smith.
Dawowar sarki
Dukansu Ali da kuma The Mafi Girma nemo ƙarshensu na makawa kuma ba za a iya jurewa ba a cikin Rumble a cikin Jungle, wanda shine batun shirin 1996. Lokacin Muna Sarakuna, har yanzu mafi kyawun Ali movie. A cikin 1974 Ali ya dawo Afirka don fuskantar babban zakaran George Foreman a cikin hikimar da aka ɗauka cewa ba shi da amfani na ƙarshe na ƙoƙarin maido da kambun da aka ba shi daraja saboda gaskiyar siyasa. A cikin dukkan fina-finan guda uku, lokacin da Ali, bayan da ya jiƙa bayan da aka yi masa hukunci mai tsanani, ba zato ba tsammani ya juya teburi ya zubar da Foreman a kan tabarmar yana riƙe da ikon sa gashin wuyanka ya yi bristle. Komai sau nawa na gani, a cikin nau'i nawa, yanayin yakan sanya ni sha'awar tsalle-tsalle na shiga cikin bukukuwan murna da suka biyo baya, a filin wasa, a kan titunan Kinshasa, da ma duniya. Irin tatsuniyar tatsuniya ce — na mutum, ƙa'idodin da ya tsaya a kai, da kuma ɗimbin magoya bayansa a ko'ina - wanda zai yi kama da rashin bege idan an ƙirƙira shi kawai don ƙarfafa almara, idan mutum bai san cewa wahalhalu da wariya da abubuwan da suka faru a duniya da suka kai ga sun kasance na gaske.
Amma duk da haka a wancan lokacin babban nasara, dalilai da mazabun da Ali ke wakilta sun kasance suna yin sulhu tare da ba da izini daga sojojin baki. Rumble in the Jungle an yi shi ne a karkashin jagorancin azzalumi Mobutu Sese Seko (wanda aka tsige shi a shekarar 1997 kawai), kuma ya kai Don King zuwa ga kololuwar wasan dambe (har yanzu yana nan). Dukansu mazaje biyu sun tsunduma cikin furucin 'baƙar fata' don su ɓoye yadda suke cin mutuncin baƙar fata.
Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda suka sa Ali gaba - gwagwarmayar 'yancin ɗan adam na Afirka-Amurka da yaƙin neman zaɓe sun wargaje da ja da baya. Rungumar da Ali ya yi wa ubangidansa na Afirka ba ta da cece-kuce. Tabbas, Rumble in the Jungle ya taimaka wajen faɗakar da masana'antar nishaɗin da ke Amurka game da yuwuwar ƙimar kasuwancin 'baƙar fata' da 'ƙasar Afirka'. Aikin Ali ya koya wa ƴan kasuwa cewa mai yiwuwa a sami riba mai yawa ta hanyar haɓaka tawaye. Amma kamar yadda duka biyu Ali, Fim ɗin, da rawar da Ali ya shirya a cikin sanarwar da ke tafe don yaƙi da ta'addanci sun tabbatar da, ko da mafi kyawun hotuna na tsayin daka sun rasa ikonsu lokacin da aka yanke su daga maɓuɓɓugarsu a tarihi; sun tsage daga yanayin gwagwarmayar zamantakewar da ke haifar da su, sun rasa ma'anarsu da jin dadi.
Dangane da al'adar afuwa ta gamayya, babu wanda ke tunatar da kowa cewa wannan ba zai kasance karo na farko da Ali ya amince ya zama wakilin gwamnatin Amurka a ketare ba. A cikin 1980, bisa ga umarnin Jimmy Carter, ya sake ziyartar Afirka a cikin wani yunƙuri na ƙulle-ƙulle na ƙulla goyon bayan Amurka ga kauracewa gasar Olympics ta Moscow, zanga-zangar adawa da mamayewar Soviet na Afghanistan.
A wani lokaci, Muhammad Ali ya zagaya duniya a matsayin jakadan Amurka mai ra'ayin rikau ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya yi magana ga al'umma-cikin-wata al'umma don kaiwa ga kuma samar da manufa guda tare da wasu a kasashen waje. Amma a yau, kamar a cikin 1980, da alama ba zai sami ɗan tasiri a matsayin jakadan hukuma ba, kuma mai yiwuwa mai ba da hakuri, ga Fadar White House, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen da Pentagon. Muryoyin Amurkawa waɗanda suka ƙetare iyakoki kuma suka taɓa manyan mazaɓar duniya sun kasance waɗanda ba a hukumance ba - mawaƙa na duniya, marubutan demotic, annabawan siyasa ko masu yin dambe masu nauyi. Rufe su a cikin Taurari da Rarrabu, kuma sauran duniya ba da daɗewa ba za su kashe.
Cewa masu yada farfagandar Amurka da alama ba su da masaniya game da wannan gaskiyar (kakanin kakanninsu na 1950 suna yakar Yaƙin Cold ta hanyar wakilcin al'adu, fitar da jazz da zane-zane, sun fi ƙwarewa) wata alama ce ta narcissism na manyan Amurkawa na yau - da kuma girman kai na ƙasa. a halin yanzu suna sayarwa, tare da irin wannan nasarar da aka samu, ga 'yan uwansu Amurkawa.
Mike Marqusee shine marubucin 'Waƙar Fansa: Muhammad Ali da Ruhun Sittin'; hoto credit Library of Congress via Wikimedia Commons
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