Tatsuniyar kafuwar kasashe masu rinjaye ita ce, sun sami fifikon masana'antu da fasaha ta hanyar ciniki cikin 'yanci. Al’ummar da suke fama da talauci a yau an gaya musu cewa idan suna son bin hanyarmu ta arziki, dole ne su bude tattalin arzikinsu ga gasar kasashen waje. Ana daure su.
Kusan kowace ƙasa mai arziki ta haɓaka masana'antu tare da taimakon ɗayan hanyoyin biyu da dokokin kasuwancin duniya suka haramta. Na farko shine "kariyar masana'antar jarirai": kare sabbin masana'antu daga gasar kasashen waje har sai sun isa isa gasa daidai gwargwado. Na biyu kuma shi ne satar dukiyar ilimi. Tarihi ya nuna cewa ci gaban fasaha na iya yiwuwa ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da ɗaya ko duka biyu ba.
An kafa juyin juya halin masana'antu na Biritaniya akan masana'antar masaku. An inganta wannan kuma an inganta shi ta hanyar shiga tsakani na gwamnati. Kamar yadda masanin tattalin arziki Ha Joon Chang na Jami'ar Cambridge ya rubuta, tun daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, kasar Birtaniyya ta yanke hukuncin yanke masu fafatawa da juna, ta hanyar sanya haraji ko hana shigo da masana'antun kasashen waje da kuma hana fitar da albarkatun kasa (ulu da ulu). tufafin da ba a gama ba) zuwa ƙasashe masu masana'antu masu gasa.1 Jihar ta ba da irin wannan kariya ga sabbin masana'antun da muka fara haɓakawa a farkon ƙarni na 18.
Sai a lokacin da Biritaniya ta sami fifikon fasaha a kusan kowane fanni na masana'antu, kwatsam ta gano kyawawan halaye na ciniki cikin 'yanci. Sai a shekarun 1850 da 1860 muka bude galibin kasuwanninmu.
Amurka, wacce a yanzu ta dage cewa babu wata al'umma da za ta ci gaba ba tare da ciniki cikin 'yanci ba, ta kare kasuwanninta da kakkausar murya a lokacin da take taka muhimmiyar rawa. Mutum na farko da ya fito da tsari kan batun kare masana'antar jarirai shine Alexander Hamilton, Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka na farko. A shekara ta 1816 haraji akan kusan dukkanin masana'antun da aka shigo da su shine kashi 35 cikin 40, yana tashi zuwa kashi 1820 cikin 50 kuma, ga wasu kayayyaki, kashi 1832 cikin XNUMX.2 Haɗe da farashin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Amurka, wannan ya ba masana'antun cikin gida babbar fa'ida a cikin kasuwar gida.
Kariya ta kasance abin zato shine dalilin yakin basasar Amurka nan take fiye da kawar da bauta. Yawan harajin haraji ya taimaka wa jihohin Arewa, wadanda ke bunkasa masana’antu cikin sauri, amma sun yi illa ga jihohin kudancin kasar, wadanda suka dogara sosai kan shigo da kayayyaki. Nasarar da 'yan Republican suka samu ita ce nasarar da masu kariya suka samu a kan 'yan kasuwa masu kyauta: a cikin 1864, kafin yakin ya ƙare, Ibrahim Lincoln ya tayar da harajin shigo da kayayyaki zuwa matakin da suka taba kaiwa. {Asar Amirka ta kasance al'ummar da ta fi samun kariya a duniya har zuwa 1913. A cikin wannan lokacin, ita ce mafi girma da sauri.3
Kasashe ukun da suka samu ci gaba sosai a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata - Japan, Taiwan da Koriya ta Kudu - duk sun yi hakan ba ta hanyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ba amma ta hanyar sake fasalin kasa, kariya da ba da kudade na manyan masana'antu da kuma sa kaimi ga fitar da kayayyaki daga waje. Duk wadannan kasashe sun sanya tsauraran matakai kan kamfanonin kasashen waje da ke neman kafa masana'antu.4 Gwamnatocinsu sun saka hannun jari mai yawa a kan ababen more rayuwa, bincike da ilimi. A Koriya ta Kudu da Taiwan, jihar ta mallaki dukkan manyan bankunan kasuwanci, wanda ya ba ta damar yanke manyan yanke shawara game da saka hannun jari.5 A Japan, ma'aikatar cinikayya da masana'antu ta kasa da kasa ta yi amfani da wannan iko ta hanyar doka.6 Sun yi amfani da jadawalin kuɗin fito da wasu dabaru na doka don rufe samfuran ƙasashen waje wanda ke yin barazana ga ci gaban sabbin masana'antu.7 Sun ba da babban tallafi don fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ketare. Sun yi, wato duk abin da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, Bankin Duniya da IMF suka hana ko kuma suka hana a yau.
Akwai ban mamaki guda biyu masu ban mamaki ga wannan hanyar zuwa ci gaba. Switzerland ko Netherlands ba su yi amfani da kariyar masana'antar jarirai ba. Maimakon haka, kamar yadda masanin tarihin tattalin arziki Eric Schiff ya nuna a Masana'antu ba tare da Takaddun shaida na ƙasa ba, wanda aka buga a 1971, kawai sun saci fasahar wasu ƙasashe.8 A lokacin mahimman matakan ci gaban su (1850-1907 a Switzerland; 1869-1912 a Netherlands), babu wata ƙasa da ta amince da haƙƙin mallaka a yawancin sassan tattalin arziki.
Harkokin masana'antu na Switzerland ya fara ne a cikin 1859, lokacin da wani karamin kamfani a Basel ya kaddamar da tsarin mutuwar aniline wanda aka haɓaka da kuma haƙƙin mallaka a Biritaniya shekaru biyu da suka wuce. Daga baya aka sanya wa kamfanin suna Ciba; kwanan nan, bayan jerin haɗe-haɗe, ya zama Novartis sannan kuma Syngenta. A cikin Netherlands, a farkon shekarun 1870, kamfanoni biyu masu kasuwanci da ake kira Jurgens da Van Den Bergh sun ba da izinin girke girke na Faransanci kuma suka fara samar da wani abu da ake kira margarine. Daga baya suka hade suka kafa kamfani mai suna Unilever. A cikin 1890s, wani Gerard Philips ya sace zanen Thomas Edison na fitulun wuta, kuma ya kafa kamfani mafi nasara a Turai.9
Kasashen da ke fama da talauci a yau, dokokin kasuwanci sun hana su bin kowace hanya ta ci gaba. Sabbin masana'antu nan da nan an fallasa su ga cikakken gasa tare da kamfanoni da aka kafa a ketare, waɗanda ke da jari, gogewa, haƙƙin mallakar fasaha, kafa hanyoyin sadarwar talla da tattalin arziƙin ma'auni a gefensu. Ana ƙarfafa "canja wurin fasaha" a ka'idar, amma an hana shi a aikace ta hanyar tsarin ikon mallaka. Ba za su iya haɓaka masana'antun nasu gasa ba, ƙasashe matalauta sun kulle kansu a matsayinsu na masu samar da arha da arha kayan aiki ga kamfanonin duniya masu arziki. A sakamakon haka, an hana su ci gaba fiye da wani matakin ci gaba. Duk da yake babu wani sahihin hujja na barin kasashe masu arziki su kare tattalin arzikinsu, akwai wani lamari mai karfi na barin talakawa su bi hanyoyin ci gaba daya tilo da ake ganin suna aiki.
Littafin George Monbiot The Age of Consent: an buga bayanin sabon tsarin duniya a ranar 16 ga Yuni ta Flamingo.
References:
1. Ha-Joon Chang, 2002. Korar Tsani: Dabarun Ci Gaba a Mahangar Tarihi. Anthem Press, London.
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4. Mark Curtis, 2001. Ciniki don Rayuwa: Yin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ga Talakawa. Christian Aid, London.
5. John Brohman, Afrilu 1996. Bayan Yaƙin Ci Gaba a cikin NICs na Asiya: Shin Tsarin Neoliberal Ya dace da Gaskiya? Tattalin Arziki Geography, juzu'i na 72, fitowa ta 2.
6. Takatoshi Ito, 1996. Japan da Tattalin Arzikin Asiya: "Mu'ujiza" a cikin Sauyi. Takardun Brookings akan Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki, fitowa ta 2 (1996). Cibiyar Brookings, Washington DC.
7. Graham Dunkley, 2000. Kasadar Ciniki Kyauta: WTO, Zagayewar Uruguay da Duniya. Littafin Zed, London. An fara buga shi a cikin 1997 ta Jami'ar Melbourne Press.
8. Eric Schiff, 1971. Masana'antu Ba tare da Tabbacin Ƙasa ba: Netherlands, 1869-1912; Switzerland, 1850-1907. Jami'ar Princeton Press.
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ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi
