Yau ake bikin cika shekaru 50 na yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Paris - wacce aka sanya wa hannu a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1973 - wanda ya kawo karshen yakin Amurka da Vietnam. Da yawa a cikin Amurka, irin su mayaƙan yaƙi na Amurka da 'yan gudun hijira daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya, har yanzu suna rayuwa tare da gadar yaƙin. Amma ga wasu, abu ne mai nisa - wani abu da ba a san shi ba ta hanyar ƙwaƙwalwar rayuwa da ƙari ta hanyar tarihin Hollywood da abubuwan tunawa.
Wannan ya yi ƙasa da haka a Vietnam, inda yawancin yaƙin ya faru, kuma inda gadonsa ya ragu a cikin ƙasar. ƙasa kuma ana gani a jikin har ma da samari. Har yanzu magudanan bama-bamai sun cika sharar gida. Har yanzu ba a ga gawarwakin dubban daruruwan sojoji ba. Kusan adadin bama-bamai da ba su fashe ba sun ragu a cikin ƙasa: Fiye da 100,000 mutane sun ji rauni ko kuma sun kashe su tun 1975. Waɗannan bama-bamai har yanzu suna tashi a yau. nakasassu da kuma kisan waɗanda aka haifa da kyau bayan yaƙin ya ƙare.
Haka kuma akwai gurbacewar dioxin da shekaru da dama da Amurka ta yi na fesa filayen Vietnam da miliyoyin galan na sinadarai masu guba kamar Agent Orange, mai guba mai guba. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross kimomi Agent Orange ya shafi mutanen Vietnam miliyan 3. Wannan ya hada da akalla yara 150,000 da aka haifa bayan yakin da su yanayi kamar nakasar kashin baya mai tsanani. Gadon mai guba na Agent Orange shima ya shimfiɗa zuwa maƙwabta Laos da Cambodia.
A yau, ana ci gaba da yin yunƙuri a Vietnam don gyara waɗannan abubuwan da aka gada na yakin Amurka. Misali, Bien Hoa, kusa da babban birni mafi girma a Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, shine wurin da aka fi yawan tashar jiragen saman Amurka a lokacin yaƙin. An adana adadi mai yawa na Agent Orange a wurin kuma sun cika yankin. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka fi gurɓata a Vietnam, kuma wurin da ke gudana kokarin tsaftacewa.
"A Koyaushe Ina Mamakin Me Yasa Wani Abu Da Ba Adalci Ya Faru Mana"
Girma a Vietnam, Nguyet Nguyen, wanda koyar tarihin yakin da aka yi a Jami'ar Alaska Kudu maso Gabas, ya tuna ganin yadda maharan bama-bamai da mayaƙan da suka bace da hannu da ƙafafu. Ta tuna da hirar da aka yi ta ji game da kisan kiyashi.
Iska ce ta shaka. "Na ga komai a kusa da ni, amma ban taba tambaya ba," in ji ta Truthout. "A can ne kawai."
Nguyen ya zo Amurka a 2007 a matsayin masani na Fulbright don nazarin sadarwa. Amma sha'awarta da "wani ma'anar adalci" sun shiga ciki, suna jawo ta zuwa tarihin yakin.
“A koyaushe ina mamakin dalilin da ya sa wani abu na rashin adalci ya same mu,” in ji ta.
Kasancewar a Amurka ya sanya wannan buri ya kara bayyana, in ji ta, lokacin da ta ci karo da Amurkawa wadanda suka koka da cewa Amurka ta “rasa” yakin. "A gaskiya ba a lissafta ba," in ji ta. "Wannan yana nufin cewa duk wannan halaka, kisa da wahala za su yi kyau idan kun ci nasara?"
A matsayinta na ɗalibar masters, ta rubuta ƙasidarta kan hoton ɗan Vietnamese a cikin fina-finan yaƙi na Amurka kamar Apocalypse Yanzu, inda aka nuna su a matsayin marasa suna kuma marasa fuska, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne kawai ga labarin Amurka. Ko a yau, in ji Nguyen, da yawa a Amurka har yanzu suna "magana game da yaƙin kamar babu Vietnamese."
Akwai "wannan yanayin na sanya Amurka a tsakiyar komai," in ji ta, kamar dai yakin ya fi faruwa ne da Amurkawa, ba 'yan Vietnamese ba.
Wajen Yaki
Tarihin tsayin daka da 'yan Vietnamese suka yi ga mamayar kasashen waje ya wuce shekaru aru-aru, amma yawancin masana tarihi sun gano asalin yakin Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. The Vietnam Minh, tare da goyon bayan Amurka, ya taimaka wajen fatattakar 'yan mamaya na Japan, kuma a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1945, Ho Chi Minh ya ayyana kafa Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Vietnam mai cin gashin kanta (DRV). kiran Sanarwar 'Yancin Amurka a cikin jawabinsa.
Faransawa, waɗanda suka yi mulkin Vietnam a ƙarni na 19, suna da wasu ra'ayoyi. Tun daga shekara ta 1946, sun yi yaƙi don sake mamaye Vietnam. Dangane da roƙon DRV, Amurka ta goyi bayan Faransawa. Sojojin Vietnam sun gwabza da Faransa na tsawon shekaru takwas masu zuwa har sai da suka samu gagarumar nasara a yakin Dien Bien Phu a shekara ta 1954. Tattaunawar zaman lafiya da ta biyo baya ta raba Vietnam a tsakiya, inda DRV ke iko da arewa. Zabe a cikin shekaru biyu ya kamata ya sake hada kan al'ummar kasar.
Wannan zaben bai taba faruwa ba saboda kasashen Yamma sun san Ho Chi Minh zai yi nasara a zaben da aka yi. Madadin haka, bangarorin biyu sun taurare: 'yan gurguzu "Arewacin Vietnam" da 'yan gurguzu "Kudancin Vietnam," da Amurka ke samun goyon baya. Ga yawancin Vietnamese, Kudancin Vietnam ƙagaggun almara ne da ikon daular suka sanya. Ga Amurka, ita ce al'ummar 'yan gurguzu da za su gina don "ƙunshe da kwaminisanci."
A farkon shekarun 1960, rikici ya karu a Kudancin Vietnam. {Asar Amirka ta ci gaba da goyan bayan wani shugaban da ba a so kuma azzalumi, Ngo Dinh Diem. Juriya ga mulkin Diem ya karu a cikin karkara, inda ya rikide zuwa cikakken gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar da sabuwar kafa ta National Liberation Front (NLF), wacce Arewacin Vietnam ta taimaka.
A cikin tashin hankali a Kudancin Vietnam, an hambarar da Diem kuma aka kashe shi a 1963. Amurka ta goyi bayan jerin sabbin shugabanni da sojojin kudanci, Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). Amma "kudancin Vietnam" mai adawa da kwaminisanci aiki ne da ba zai taba yiwuwa ga Amurka ba. Sojojin ARVN sun kasance masu cin hanci da rashawa da zalunci. NLF tana fafutukar kwato 'yancin Vietnam ne. Haɓaka kasancewar Amurka yana ƙarfafa juriyar kishin ƙasa ne kawai.
A shekara ta 1965, tare da halin da ake ciki na sojojin da Amurka ke goyon baya a Kudancin Vietnam ya tabarbare, Shugaba Lyndon Johnson, ya yi amfani da yaudara. Lamarin Gulf of Tonkin a matsayin hujja, ya fara tura dubban daruruwan sojojin Amurka zuwa Vietnam, kuma suka fara yakin shekaru uku, wanda ya mayar da rikici zuwa yakin Amurka. A shekara ta 1968, fiye da rabin sojojin Amurka sun kasance a Vietnam.
"An manta da yawa daga cikinsu"
Yakin ya kasance mai muni da ba za a iya cewa komai ba. Sojojin Amurka sun tsunduma cikin ayyukan "bincike-da-lalata" a kauyukan karkara kuma an bukaci su kara girman "kididdigar jikin" abokan gaba. Amma “maƙiyi” ƙungiya ce ta ‘yan daba tare da goyon bayan jama’a a duk faɗin karkara, kuma babu ɗan bambanci tsakanin soja da farar hula. "Kashe duk abin da ke motsawa," sojojin Amurka kasance ya gaya.
A matsayin dan jarida Deborah Nelson ta nuna irin ta’asa irin ta kisan gilla na My Lai, inda sojojin Amurka suka kashe daruruwan mutanen kauye a watan Maris din shekarar 1968, sai dai kawai ya tona asirin irin ta’asar da Amurka ta yi a lokacin yakin. Akwai daruruwan na zaluncin da ake zargin 'yan Vietnamese da sojojin Amurka suka rubuta a asirce. Fararen hula miliyan biyu halaka, kamar yadda sojojin Vietnam sama da miliyan ɗaya suka yi yaƙi da Amurka da ARVN.
Nguyen yana fatan a sami ƙarin sani game da tasirin yaƙin kai tsaye ga matan Vietnam waɗanda suka sha wahala sosai. "An jefa musu bama-bamai, an kashe su, an yi musu fyade," in ji ta, kuma yawancin wannan "an shiga cikin wannan wahala ta gama-gari." A lokuta da yawa, mata sun zama manyan masu kula da gida lokacin da maza suka je fada su mutu ko kuma sun dawo sun nakasa.
"An manta da yawa daga cikinsu," in ji ta. "Dole ne mu yarda da yawan rauni da wahala da suka fuskanta."
A sa'i daya kuma, Nguyen ya jaddada cewa, matan Vietnam a lokacin yakin sun yi nisa da wadanda abin ya shafa. "Sun yi fada," in ji ta. "Mata sun taka rawar gani sosai a yakin, a arewa da kudu," ciki har da "dubun dubatar mata da suka kasance ma'aikatan kayan aiki" da kuma wadanda suka yi aiki a kan Hanyar Ho Chi Minh.
Masana tarihi suna da rubuce Muhimmiyar gwagwarmaya da rawar da matan Vietnamese suka taka a yaƙe-yaƙe don samun 'yancin kai da Jafananci, Faransanci da Amurka daga 1940s zuwa 1970s. Sun kafa tarkuna, sun ba da bayanan sirri, ƙarfafa layukan wadata, samar da kayayyaki da harbin makamai. Sun cika ramummuka, sun boye mayaka, suna fama da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma kula da wadanda suka ji rauni a karkashin wuta mai tsanani. Mutane da yawa sun jimre dogon lokaci mai raɗaɗi da rabuwa da danginsu a yaƙin neman yancin kai.
"Suna aiki a wata masana'anta - amma kuma suna dauke da bindiga yayin da suke kera masana'anta," in ji Nguyen.
Nguyen ya kuma ce mata a Vietnam da suka shiga yakin suna bukatar karin tallafi a yau. Yawancin waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don ƙoƙarin yaƙi ba a ɗauke su a matsayin “tsofaffin sojoji” don haka ba sa samun fa'ida, in ji ta. Haka kuma, yayin da aka gwabza yakin baki daya, tun daga fagen daga zuwa masana'antu har zuwa gonaki, an bar mata da yawa da suka amsa kiran kasarsu domin tunkarar matsalar da ta biyo baya.
Mata ‘yan Vietnam sun “sun sadaukar da kai shiru tun daga karshen yakin,” in ji Nguyen, kuma ya kamata a ba su karin albarkatu - daga wayoyi da kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci, zuwa kudin tafiye-tafiye, ga kungiyoyin gida da na kasa - don yin cudanya da juna. Ya kamata kuma a kara yin bikin su a taron tunawa da yakin baki daya, amma ba a matsayin alamu ba.
“Sadarwar da suka yi bai kai ta maza ba,” in ji ta.
Wani Irin Zaman Lafiya
A cikin Janairun 1968, sojojin NLF da na Arewacin Vietnam sun shirya Tet Offensive, wani harin soji mai ban sha'awa a cikin garuruwa, garuruwa da ƙauyuka a Kudancin Vietnam. Duk da yake an kore shi daga ƙarshe, babbar nasara ce ta siyasa, ta nuna wa duniya - musamman jama'ar Amurka - cewa sojojin kwaminisanci suna da babban goyon baya kuma za su ci gaba da yaƙi.
Richard Nixon ya hau ofis a 1969 kuma ya tsananta yakin ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a Cambodia da Laos, yana kara yakin iska, da kuma karfafa goyon baya ga ARVN a matsayin wani bangare na "Vietnamization” dabara. Ƙungiyar antiwar Amurka da ta taso a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 kuma ta kumbura zuwa ƙarshen shekaru goma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1970s. An tabbatar da yaudarar gwamnatin Amurka ta hanyar buga littafin Takardun Pentagon a 1971.
A shekara ta 1972, Amurka da Arewacin Vietnam da alama sun cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Bayan tsagaita wuta na kwanaki 60, Amurka za ta janye dukkan sojojinta daga Kudancin Vietnam. Mahimmanci, sojojin Arewacin Vietnam na iya zama a kudu. Arewacin kasar ya amince da gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta kudu da Nguyen Van Thieu mai samun goyon bayan Amurka a kudancin kasar. Fursunonin yaƙi na Amurka (POWs) za a mayar da su zuwa Amurka
Amma Nixon ya goyi baya - kuma ya ci gaba da aiwatar da daya daga cikin kamfen din bama-bamai marasa tausayi na gaba dayan yakin. "Bombings na Kirsimeti" na Disamba 1972 ya jefar da bama-bamai 36,000 mai ban mamaki a Arewacin Vietnam, fiye da yadda aka jefa a cikin dukan tsawon lokacin tsakanin 1969 da 1971. Nixon ya so ya tabbatar wa Thieu cewa Amurka ba za ta yi watsi da Kudancin Vietnam ba.
A ƙarshe, a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1973, duk jam'iyyun sun sanya hannu kan "Yarjejeniyar Ƙarshen Yaƙi da Maido da Zaman Lafiya a Vietnam”- da gaske dai yarjejeniyar da aka amince da ita kafin tashin bama-bamai na Kirsimeti. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tare da tafi Amurka, Vietnam ta sake haɗewa ƙarƙashin mulkin gurguzu.
Shekaru goma bayan haka, a cikin 1995, Robert McNamara, tsohon sakataren tsaron Amurka wanda ya sa ido kan yadda yakin ke ci gaba da ruruwa, ya shaidawa fitaccen dan gurguzu Janar Vo Nguyen Giap cewa watakila Amurka da Hanoi sun “yi rashin fahimtar juna” a wasu lokutan da yakin zai iya tsananta.
“Ku yi hakuri, amma mu daidai fahimce ka" katse Gaba. Yaƙin da aka yi muku sadaukarwa ce mai daraja. Ba mu so mu yaƙi Amurka…. Amma ba ka ba mu zabi ba.”
Labarin Yaki
Nguyen ya ce yana da muhimmanci a yau a Amurka a ci gaba da karyata tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da yakin. A kan wannan batu, mutane kaɗan ne ke da abin da za su ce kamar Jerry Lembcke, wanda ya rubuta litattafai da yawa suna wargaza waɗannan tatsuniyoyi.
An sanya Lembcke cikin sojoji a cikin 1968 kuma ya tafi Vietnam a matsayin mataimaki na limamin coci tare da rukunin 41st Artillery Group. Yayin da ya shiga, ya koyi game da gwagwarmayar antiwar da kuma dogon tarihin juriya na Vietnamese ga mulkin mallaka, ya gaya wa. Truthout.
Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, a matsayin farfesa, Lembcke ya fara sha'awar game da "tunani" da aka saba yarda da su game da yakin - alal misali, sojojin Amurka da suka dawo daga Vietnam sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu daga masu zanga-zangar antiwar. Ya fahimci cewa waɗannan tatsuniyoyi ne na birni waɗanda ba su da tarihin yaƙi da kuma samar da yardar siyasa ga sojan Amurka.
Ya fara rubuta littattafai game da waɗannan tatsuniyoyi kusan shekaru talatin da suka wuce - kuma bai daina ba.
Littafin sanannen littafin Lembcke, Hoton Tofi, ya karyata ra'ayi, sau da yawa aka nuna a cikin al'adun gargajiya, an tofa albarkacin bakinsu akan sojojin Amurka. "Babu wata shaida da ke nuna hakan ya faru," in ji shi Truthout. Madadin haka, tatsuniyar ta sami haske ne kawai a cikin 1990s, lokacin da 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu fafutuka na yaki suka kira shi don samar da yarda ga ayyukan daular Amurka a Iraki da sauran wurare.
Idan wani abu, antiwar farar hula aiki da GIs don taimakawa wajen gina motsi na zanga-zangar antiwar wanda ya zurfafa cikin sojojin Amurka - "ƙarfin GI mai ƙarfi game da yaƙin Vietnam," kamar yadda Lembcke ya ce.
Dubban daruruwan tsoffin sojojin Amurka, kamar miliyoyin 'yan Vietnamese, suma gwamnatin Amurka ta fallasa su ga Agent Orange, kuma wasu sun fuskanci mummunan sakamako na lafiya tun daga lokacin.
Lembcke ya ce wani yanki na tatsuniyoyi cibiyoyi a kusa da tsoffin POWs na Amurka a Vietnam, waɗanda Vietnamese ta nuna himma da himma da azabtar da su. Lembcke ya ce duka waɗannan hotunan karya ne.
"Kashi 50 zuwa XNUMX na POWs na adawa da yakin kafin a sake su," in ji shi. Ya yi karin bayani kan wadannan da sauran batutuwa a cikin littafinsa na baya-bayan nan, Rashin amincewa POWs, wanda aka rubuta tare da Tom Wilber, wanda mahaifinsa POW ne wanda ya juya baya ga yakin.
A kan batun azabtarwa da yawa, Lembcke ya yi nuni ga abubuwan tunawa da POWs na Amurka waɗanda suka ce ba a azabtar da su ba. Ya ce har yanzu bai karanta wani memoir na POW da ya ambaci shaida wani POW da ake azabtar da shi ba.
"Gaskiya ita ce ba mu sani ba," in ji shi.
Lembcke ya ce tatsuniyoyi da yawa na "cika-ba-da-baki" a kusa da yakin Vietnam - wanda ya nuna cewa masu zanga-zangar adawa da masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ci amanar sojojin Amurka tare da hana nasara - har yanzu suna mamaye al'adun siyasar Amurka. Ya ce da gaske ba za mu iya fahimtar yunkurin Trump na “Sake Amurka Mai Girma” ba tare da fahimtar wannan tatsuniya ba.
A gare su, ya ce, "Amurka ta yi rashin 'girma' lokacin da ta yi rashin nasara a yakin Vietnam."
"Kada Ku Daina" Yaki don Zaman Lafiya da Adalci
Nguyen, wanda ya yi bincike kan yunkurin da ake yi na yaki da yakin, inda ya ke mayar da hankali kan rawar da 'yan kabilar Bietnam ke takawa, ya ce yana da muhimmanci a yau a tuna da gagarumin tasirin gwagwarmayar yaki da yaki, musamman wajen dakile munanan ayyukan yaki. Ta kawo lokuta da yawa inda yunkurin zaman lafiya a Amurka ya taimaka wajen hana ci gaba da ta'azzara, duk da lokacin da Amurka ta yi tunanin yin amfani da makaman nukiliya.
Duk da yake Nguyen ba ta tunanin yunkurin antiwar ya yi tasiri sosai kan sakamakon yakin, ta yi imanin cewa ya yi tasiri sosai. Ganin duk kashe-kashe da barna da hakan yi faru, tana mamakin irin barnar da zata iya faruwa ba tare da yunkurin zaman lafiya.
"Ka yi tunanin abin da zai kasance," in ji ta. "Wadannan ƙungiyoyin sun yi tasiri sosai wajen rage wahalhalun da mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan rikice-rikice suke yi" kuma mai yiwuwa sun "taimaka wajen rage rikicin."
Lokacin da yake yin la'akari a yau game da gadon ƙoƙarin zaman lafiya da sauran ƙungiyoyi don tabbatar da adalci a lokacin yakin, Nguyen yana da wasu takamaiman shawarwari.
"Suna aiki. Don haka kar a tsaya.”
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi