El Salvador ya kafa tarihi a cikin 2017 lokacin da 'yan majalisa da gagarumin rinjaye hana hakar gwal da sauran karafa bayan fuskantar matsin lamba daga muradun hakar ma'adinai na kasa da kasa. Haƙar ma'adinai na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa wanda galibi ana barin gurɓata da sinadarai masu guba. Fuskanci da wani musamman iyakance samar da ruwa mai tsafta, manoma da masu kula da muhalli sun yi murna lokacin da El Salvador ta zama kasa ta farko kuma tilo da ta zabi "ruwa fiye da zinariya."
Yanzu 'yan gwagwarmaya biyar da aka sani da Masu Kare Ruwa wadanda suka taka rawa wajen kamfen na hana hako ma'adinai suna fuskantar manyan laifuka amma ba su da alaka da tuhume-tuhumen tun daga shekarun 1980 kuma suna ci gaba da tsare a gida. Wata gamayyar kasa da kasa ta masu fafutuka da malaman jami'o'i na neman a yi watsi da tuhume-tuhumen, tare da gargadin duniya cewa zaluntar "Santa Marta 5" ta shari'a ta nuna wani gagarumin murkushe kungiyoyin fararen hula da rashin amincewa a karkashin tsarin shugaba Nayib Bukele na shari'ar fada da daure jama'a.
Shugaba Bukele ya rungumi Bitcoin tare da a m zuba jari na kudaden al'ummarsa da ke fama da talauci, ya kaddamar da wani yunkuri na murkushe kungiyoyin da suka cika gidajen yarin kasar tare da tunzura. rahotanni of cin zarafin bil'adama da ya yadu, kuma yana shirin yakin neman zabe karo na biyu mai cike da cece-kuce a ko'ina ake ganin ba bisa ka'ida ba karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.
Shin babban fare na gaba na Shugaba Bukele zai iya kasancewa kan hakar zinare? Farashin zinari yana kan ƙima, kuma an san cewa za a sami zinari a ƙasar tudu ta arewacin El Salvador idan aka lalata ko cire haramcin. Shin hakan ya bayyana kamawa da tsare su a shekara guda da ta gabata da aka yi wa masu kare ruwa biyar bisa zargin tun zamaninsu na ’yan daba a shekarun 1980, lokacin da yakin basasa mai zubar da jini ya yi fama da shekaru 12, kuma rundunonin kashe-kashen dama da Amurka ke marawa baya sun ta'addancin karkara?
Bayan aika tawaga zuwa El Salvador da kuma gano ƙungiyoyin farar hula kuma suna rayuwa cikin fargabar zaluntar ƙasa, wannan shi ne ainihin abin da magoya bayan ƙasashen duniya masu kare ruwa ke zargin. Alejandro Artiga-Purcell, farfesa a fannin sadarwa na muhalli a Jami'ar Jihar San Jose, yana nazarin hakar ma'adinai da hakowa a Amurka ta tsakiya kuma ya shiga tawagar gano gaskiya zuwa El Salvador a watan Oktoba.
"Masu kare ruwa guda biyar sun zama abin misali na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa masu nasara, ba kawai a El Salvador ba amma a duk faɗin Latin Amurka," in ji Artiga-Purcell a cikin wata hira. "Don haka, a cikin wannan motsi na zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, wannan wani yunƙuri ne na faɗin ... duk wani a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a za a iya daure shi a kurkuku ba tare da wata shaida ba, ba tare da wani tsari ba."
Masu kare ruwa guda biyar - Miguel Ángel Gámez, Alejandro Laínez García, Pedro Antonio Rivas Laínez, Antonio Pacheco da Saúl Agustín Rivas Ortega - sun buga a muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin jama'a don wucewa da aiwatar da haramcin hakar ma'adinai. Masu fafutuka sun shafe watanni a gidan yari amma sun samu nasara a karamar nasara a watan Satumba lokacin da alkali ya mayar da su gidan yari.
Tare da aƙalla fitattun shugabannin ƙwadago 17 da ke fuskantar tuhume-tuhume masu banƙyama, masu kare ruwa na cikin mutane 70,000 da shugaba Bukele ya ɗaure a gidan yari "a cikin mummunan yanayi da kuma azabtarwa" a lokacin da ake murkushe 'yan ta'adda a cikin ƙasa mai mutane miliyan 6 kawai, a cewar ku a sabon rahoto ta Artiga-Purcell da sauran membobin tawagar kasa da kasa.
John Cavanagh, darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa kuma marubucin wani littafi a kan masu kare ruwa ya ce "Abin takaici ne cewa gwamnatin Kanada da Amurka sun tsaya tsayin daka suna yin shiru a cikin fuskokin cin zarafi da aka zayyana a cikin wannan rahoto."
Da yake karin haske kan kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, rahoton ya kammala da cewa an kama dubun-dubatar mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, tare da daure su a gidan yari a hare-haren da jami'an tsaron gwamnati ke yi. A bara, bayan wani mummunan tashin hankalin da aka yi a karshen mako, Shugaba Bukele ya yi aiki tare da 'yan majalisar dokoki don ayyana dokar ta-baci da ta dakatar da yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba shi, kamar 'yancin yin taro da kuma 'yancin bin doka. The “yanayin banda” an tsawaita wa’adin sau goma sha biyu, inda aka cika sabbin gidajen yari da ake zargin ‘yan kungiyar asiri ne da kuma fararen hula da aka kama a cikin ja da baya wadanda ke jiran ranar su a kotu. Ana ci gaba da dakatar da 'yancin jama'a yayin da sojojin 'yan sanda ke jin dadi sabbin albarkatu da iko na ban mamaki.
A bara, Amnesty International ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Bukele tana aikata "manyan laifuffukan kare hakkin bil'adama" a karkashin dokar ta-baci, wadanda suka hada da "dubban tsare tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma cin zarafi, da azabtarwa da cin zarafi" wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da yawa a cikin gidajen yari da gidajen yari.
Artiga-Purcell ya ce "Sau da yawa ana daure mutane ba tare da bin ka'ida ba, a cikin mummunan yanayin gidan yari da rashin isasshen abinci, ruwa da kiwon lafiya, da azabtarwa, hukuncin gamayya, da kisa," in ji Artiga-Purcell. "Akwai tsare-tsare na kai hari ga matalauta, matasa, wadanda ke da jarfa, mutanen da ke zaune a yankin gungun har ma da gungun masu kwace."
Shugaba Bukele dai ba ya magana da kafafen yada labarai a matsayin wata manufa ta siyasa amma an san shi da yin tsokaci da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama a shafukan sada zumunta, inda ya zargi masu suka da kula da masu aikata laifuka fiye da kare lafiyar jama'a. 'Yan sandan jihar Rahoton wannan aika-aikar ta'addancin ya ruguje, kuma Bukele ya rage mashahuri kuma ya nufi wajen wa'adi na biyu da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba - koda kuwa dole ne a canza dokoki don ba da izini. Koyaya, zaman lafiya a kan tituna yana zuwa cikin tsadar zamantakewar jama'a a matsayin ɗaurin kurkuku shreds da zamantakewa masana'antu daga cikin al'ummomin da suka fi fama da rauni, wanda ya bar iyalai ba tare da iyaye, 'yan'uwa da masu ba da abinci ba.
daidai shekara guda da ta gabata 'Yan sanda sun kama wasu masu kare ruwa biyar a yankunan karkarar Santa Marta bisa caje-jajen da ke tattare da bacewar wata mace a tsawon shekaru 12 na yakin basasar El Salvador. A baya a cikin 1980s, Santa Marta 5 sun kasance masu gwagwarmaya da membobin kungiyar Farabundo Martí Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasa (FMLN), gamayyar dakarun 'yan tawaye masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ke kalubalantar mulkin kama-karya na soji da ke samun goyon bayan hamshakan masu hannu da shuni. Masu adawa da kwaminisanci a cikin gwamnatin Reagan sun tallafa wa tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da tallafi ga kungiyoyin ta'addanci da aka fi sani da " rundunonin mutuwa na dama " don murkushe ƙungiyoyin manoma. A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa:
Babban Lauyan El Salvador na tuhumar mutanen biyar da laifin kisan kai sama da shekaru 30 da suka gabata a lokacin kazamin yakin basasar El Salvador wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 75,000. Wadanda aka aikata laifuffuka daga wannan yakin, wanda ya ga mulkin kama-karya da Amurka ke marawa baya, da kuma kashe-kashe na dama, sun yi shekaru da yawa, suna kira da a yi adalci. Gwamnati mai ci kuwa, ta zaba riqe da rayayye shekarun da suka gabata na rashin hukunci. Maimakon a bincika ko gurfanar da waɗanda ke da alhakin ɗaruruwan shari'o'in take haƙƙin ɗan adam da laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama da membobin sojojin Salvadoran suka aikata a kan al'ummar Santa Marta (ciki har da kisan gillar da aka yi wa jama'a). Kisan Kisan Kogin Lempa a 1980, inda aka kashe mutane 30, 189 kuma ba a bace ba, a yanzu gwamnati na sake cin zarafin al’umma ta hanyar kai wa shugabanninsu hari, wadanda ke nuna adawa da manufofin gwamnati mai ci.
Hadaddiyar kungiyar malamai ta kasa da kasa ta fitar da wata sanarwa bude wasika ga babban lauyan da malamai da lauyoyi 185 daga kasashe 21 suka rattabawa hannu, tare da kungiyoyi 13 na shari'a da masu alaka da su, suna neman El Salvador ta janye tuhumar da ake yi wa Santa Marta 5. Bayan aikewa da tawagar binciken gaskiya, kungiyar ta yanke hukuncin cewa an shigar da karar ba tare da an gurfanar da su gaban kotu ba. shaida, wanda ke tattare da rashin cikakken tsari.
A matsayinsu na tsoffin mayaƙan FMLN, masu kare ruwa biyar suma suna cikin dokar afuwa ta 1992 da aka zartar a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta kawo ƙarshen yaƙin.
"Cuhumar ta ta'allaka ne kan shaidar wani shaidan gani da ido wanda daga baya ya yarda da rantsuwa cewa ba su da masaniya a kan laifin da ake zarginsu da shi," in ji gamayyar kungiyoyin. “Abin mamaki shi ne, ba a taba gano gawar wanda ake zargin ba. Haka kuma, da yawa daga cikin wadanda ake tuhumar suna da albishir a lokacin mutuwarta. "
Masu fafutuka a kasa sun yi imanin cewa tuhumar na da nasaba da siyasa. Mazauna yankin arewacin El Salvador sun ba da rahoton cewa wasu daga waje na neman siya da hayar filaye kusa da wata ma'adanin zinare da aka rufe shekaru da dama da suka gabata. Duk da haramcin shekarar 2017, tawagar ta ce gwamnatin Bukele ta nuna sha'awar jawo jarin kasashen waje ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai - kuma ba kawai don Bitcoins.
"Shaidu masu tasowa sun nuna cewa wannan shari'ar da ake yi wa masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama na Santa Marta ba bazuwar ba ce ko kuma ta sahihancin neman adalci na Babban Lauyan Gwamnati," in ji wasikar. "A maimakon haka, kungiyoyin al'umma a El Salvador sun yi imanin cewa an shigar da karar ne a matsayin wani bangare na manyan dabarun siyasa na gwamnatin Salvadoran don ba da damar shigar da karafa zuwa El Salvador wanda ya saba wa dokar 2017."
Ana kuma zargin "cin zaɓaɓɓen zaɓi" na dokar afuwa ta 1992 don murkushe masu fafutukar kare muhalli. Sojojin Salvadoran ne ke da alhakin yawan ta'asar da aka yi a lokacin yakin basasa, amma gwamnati na kai hari ga tsoffin 'yan tawayen da suka zama masu fafutukar neman zaman lafiya na samar da ruwa mai tsafta da kuma tabbatar da adalci a muhalli.
Bayan tattaunawa da dimbin mambobin kungiyoyin farar hula, tawagar ta yi gargadin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi wa masu kare ruwa wani bangare ne na babban koma baya ga mulkin kama-karya a karkashin Shugaba Bukele. Artiga-Purcell ya ce ya ga "tsoron tsoro" tsakanin lauyoyi, masu fafutuka, shugabannin al'umma da ma 'yan majalisa a El Salvador.
"Yawancin haƙƙoƙin da ke ba wa ƙungiyoyin farar hula damar yin tasiri a rayuwar siyasa da rayuwar yau da kullun ana lalata su, kuma wannan babban abin damuwa ne ga mutane da yawa," in ji Artiga-Purcell. "Akwai gabaɗaya kuma yaɗuwar ma'anar tsoron rayuwa a ƙarƙashin 'yanayin keɓantawa,' na haɓaka ikon mulki a El Salvador wanda da gaske yana barazanar lalata al'adar ƙungiyoyin farar hula na yaƙin fararen hula da 'yancin ɗan adam."
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