Lincoln da kuma New York da kuma John Brown: The Abolitionist da Legacy
Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta New York
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Lokacin da Abraham Lincoln ya karɓi takarar Jam’iyyar Republican a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a 1858, ya yi gargaɗin cewa "Gidan da ya rabu gāba da kansa ba zai iya tsayawa ba." Shugaban na gaba ya yi imanin cewa ba zai yuwu a ce kasar da ke saurin girma ta ci gaba da bautar rabin-bayi ba. Kamar yawancin masu matsakaicin lokaci na zamaninsa, ya nemi mafita ta sulhu da za ta ƙunshi bauta da fatan cewa zai ƙare.

John Brown ya wargaza wannan rudu. A watan Oktoban 1859, Brown da ƴan ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mabiya sun kwace wani makamin gwamnati a Harpers Ferry, Va., a wani yunƙuri da bai yi nasara ba na ƙaddamar da tawayen bayi. Brown, tare da dogon gemunsa fari mai gudana, an aika shi zuwa gungume kuma ya zama shahidi nan take ga miliyoyin. Hare-haren da ya yi da jajircewa ya yi nasarar kakkabe ’yan Arewa da dama da ke adawa da bauta a yayin da ya kara tsananta ra’ayin ballewa a Kudu, a daidai lokacin da aka fara yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa a 1860.

Lincoln ya yi watsi da Brown a matsayin mahaukaci yayin da yake neman nasararsa ta fadar White House. Koyaya, kalmomin rabuwar Brown ("Za a iya tsarkake zunubai na wannan ƙasa mai laifi da jini kawai") zai zama la'ana ta annabci. Yayin da yakin basasa ya faru, Lincoln zai sami kansa yana taka rawa iri ɗaya da Brown ya yi yayin da ya koma baya don zama "Babban Emancipator" wanda tarihi ya tuna da shi.

Yanzu, bayan shekaru 150 Harpers Ferry, Hanyoyi daban-daban amma masu daidaitawa na maza biyu - ɗaya manzon wuta na aiki kai tsaye, ɗayan kuma mai gyara gyara - an bincika a cikin nau'i-nau'i na nuni a New York Historical Society. Haɗe, abubuwan nunin biyu suna magana game da maimaita tambaya na ko ana kawo canjin zamantakewa ta hanyar tsattsauran ra'ayi daga wajen cibiyoyin da ake da su ko kuma ta hanyar masu gyara da ke aiki daga cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin.

HANYOYI masu sabani

Nunin John Brown yana ɓoye a cikin ɗaki ɗaya na bene. Nunin ya biyo bayan yadda Brown ya ƙara mayar da martani ga rangwamen da aka yi wa sojojin da ke goyon bayan bauta a cikin shekarun 1850. Wannan bi da bi shi ne gabatarwa ga babban makircin da ya kulla a wata gona mai nisa mil biyar a wajen Harpers Ferry. An ba da cikakken bayani game da harin. Ba kamar yawancin abolitionists ba, Brown ya yi imanin cewa bayi suna shirye kuma suna iya yin yaki don 'yancinsu kuma kawai suna buƙatar makamai don yin haka.

Dogaro da wasiku na sirri, nunin yana gabatar da muryoyin dangin Brown, ƴan uwan ​​​​maƙarƙashiya, abokan shakku a ƙungiyar kawar da kai da kuma matar da ta mutu na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Mai zurfin addini, Brown mutum ne mai cin wuta. Ko shi jarumi ne mai gwagwarmayar yanci ko kuma dan ta'adda na cikin gida na karni na 19 an bar masu ziyara su gane.

A ƙasa, baje kolin Lincoln yana amfani da tsarin multimedia mai ɗorewa. Ana amfani da sauti, bidiyo, hotuna, zane-zane, zane-zane, shafukan farko na jarida, wasiku na sirri, kayan tarihi, wasa mai ma'amala don masu neman riba da sauransu don ba da kyan gani ga shugaban na 16th da yakin basasa. Nunin yana fama da batutuwan da suka saba da zamaninmu - yakin da ba a so, rikicin tattalin arziki, daure fursunoni ta hanyar umarnin shugaban kasa da kuma wariyar launin fata mai zurfi. Ta hanyar mai da hankali kan Lincoln da New York, babban wasan kwaikwayo na zamanin yakin basasa yana taka rawa akan sikelin ɗan adam.

NEW YORK A GABA

Taimakon Lincoln ya kasance bakin ciki a birnin New York, saboda yawancin 'yan kasuwa na son ci gaba da kasuwanci tare da masu sana'ar auduga na Kudancin yayin da masu aiki masu aiki suka damu da cewa kawar da bautar zai haifar da karin gasa ga ayyukansu. Lokacin da Lincoln ya hau karagar mulki, magajin garin Fernando Wood ya kai ga bayar da shawarar cewa New York ta balle ta zama birni mai cin gashin kanta, wacce za ta sami 'yancin yin kasuwanci da Arewa da Kudu.

Wadannan roiling tashin hankali zo rayuwa a ko'ina cikin nuni, daga Lincoln's 1860 Cooper Union adireshin wanda ya kaddamar da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na tsawon lokaci, inda dubban matasa, magoya bayan Lincoln masu farin kaya da aka fi sani da "Wide Awakes" suka yi ta kururuwa kan kanun labarai na jaridun birnin ba tare da kunya ba.

Yayin da nunin ya mayar da hankali kan Lincoln, bai ɗaukaka Babban Mutum ba amma yana nuna shi a matsayin mutum mai rigima da ya kasance a lokacin. Ga da yawa daga cikin magoya bayansa, kamar Ba’amurke Ba’amurke Frederick Douglass da mawallafin New York Tribune Horace Greeley, Lincoln ya yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen kawar da bautar da zarar an fara yaƙi. Masu zaginsa, a halin yanzu, an nuna shi da farko suna nuna shi a matsayin ɗan tsattsauran ra'ayi ("The Railsplitter") kuma daga baya a matsayin azzalumi mai kauri ("Sarki Abraham Africanus I") kuma mai tallata auren kabilanci, masu kare bautar jama'a na kowa. amfani da abolitionists.

A kusan tsakiyar wurin nunin, za ku iya zama a gaban gaban wata cocin Ba-Amurke da aka sake ƙirƙirar. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1863 ne, kuma muryoyin murna suna murna da kafa shelar 'yantar da jama'a a yayin da ake kira ga jama'a. "Jikin John Brown" ana yi. Watanni shida da dakuna biyu sun ci gaba da nuna baje kolin, farin ciki ya koma ban tsoro yayin da ake ci gaba da yin kace-nace a tseren tsere da tashin hankali lokacin da matalautan bakin haure na Irish suka saki fushin su kan al'ummar Afirka-Amurka na New York.

Falon bangon bango da taswirorin tituna na birnin suna ba da cikakken tarihin tashin hankali na kwanaki huɗu. Ita ce tarzoma mafi muni a tarihin Amurka. Akalla mutane 120 ne suka mutu sannan wasu fiye da 2,000 suka jikkata, lamarin da ya sa Lincoln ya aika da dakarun gwamnatin tarayya domin kwantar da tarzoma. Zaune a cikin ƙaramin ɗaki da aka rufe, mutum zai iya sauraron sake-ƙirƙirin muryoyin waɗanda abin ya shafa da shaidun gani da ido suna kwatanta abin da suka gani.

Cibiyar Lincoln na daftarin soja - na farko a tarihin Amurka - shine ya haifar da tarzoma. Kashe-kashen yakin yana karuwa ba tare da ganin karshensa ba. Masu arziki za su iya siyan hanyarsu ta ficewa daga aikin soja a kan dala 300 (yawan kuɗi ga matsakaitan ma'aikaci), yayin da ƴan kwangila masu zaman kansu suka yi arziki wajen baiwa sojojin riguna, ruɓaɓɓen abinci, bindigogi marasa lahani da sauransu. Irin waɗannan yanayi ne suka ba wa 'yan jaridar anti-Lincoln damar haifar da koma baya na kabilanci na wani rukuni na mutane marasa ƙarfi a kan wani.

KYAUTA

Ƙarƙashin ƙarancin ma'aikata na Ƙungiyar Sojan Ƙasa ya tilasta hannun Lincoln akan bauta. Da yake ambaton "wajibi na soji" ya ba da sanarwar 'yantar da jama'a kuma ya ba da izini ga Amurkawa-Amurka su yi aiki a cikin sojan Amurka (amma kawai a cikin sassa daban-daban). Kusan 200,000 ne suka yi hakan a ƙarshen yaƙin.

Ta hanyar 'yantar da bayi, Lincoln ya canza yakin zuwa irin halin kirki wanda John Brown ya dauka a baya. Wani soja Bakar fata mai girman kai da aka zana a shafin farko na wata jaridar Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ya nuna babban abin ban haushi: Gwamnatin tarayya ɗaya da Brown ya yi wa tawaye a yanzu tana ba wa tsoffin bayi makamai don su yi yaƙi don ’yancinsu a kan sikelin da kawai zai yi mafarkin wasu kaɗan. shekaru baya.

Tatsuniyar da ta taso a kusa da Lincoln tun farkon rayuwarsa an rushe shi a hankali a cikin nunin, daga alamar Greeley na "Gaskiya Abe"A lokacin yakin neman zabe na 1860 zuwa sanarwar bayan-Emancipation da aka nuna na Lincoln a matsayin uban farar fata mai tausayi wanda ya 'yantar da bayi zuwa hawan Lincoln na ƙarshe zuwa tsarkaka na duniya bayan kashe shi. An gabatar da Lincoln a matsayin wani mutum mai ban mamaki, amma kuma ana gayyatar masu kallo don yin tambayoyi da kuma yanke shawarar kansu.

Babban gazawar Lincoln ta nuna ita ce rashin mahallin fahimtar hangen nesa na tattalin arziki wanda ya jagoranci Lincoln da 'yan Republican. Duk da yake 'yan Democrat sun kasance jam'iyyar masu bautar kudanci, yawancin 'yan Republican ba su kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba. Sun so su ga an daina yaɗuwar bauta, amma saboda wasu dalilai. Fadada tattalin arziƙin shukar da ke kudu da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ketare bai dace ba da ci gaban da Arewa ke ci gaba da bunƙasa tsarin jari-hujja na zamani, na kasuwanci wanda ya dogara da aikin albashi da biyan buƙatun bunƙasa kasuwar cikin gida.

Babban sulhun da ya biyo bayan ƙarshen Sake Ginawa a 1876 ya ga Kudu ta kasance ƙarƙashin tattalin arziki ga babban birnin Arewa amma an ba da izinin kiyaye tsarin kabilanci na "na musamman" ban da bautar taɗi. Lincoln da 'yan Republican za su yi farin ciki a kan wannan a cikin 1860. Kusan karni guda bayan haka, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a sun yi nasarar kalubalanci yawancin mummunan cin zarafi na al'umma mai rarrafe. An lulluɓe cikin ɗabi'a amma bisa ƙa'idodin rashin tashin hankali, ya girgiza tsarin mulkin ƙasar kuma ya taimaka wajen kunna sauran manyan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na 1960s. Dabarun sun bambanta da na John Brown - amma burin Brown na haɗin kai tsakanin kabilanci da daidaiton siyasa da zamantakewa ga kowa shine hangen nesa da Amurka ta sake motsawa zuwa ga. Kuma da yawa ya rage a yi, ba tare da la’akari da wanda ke cikin Fadar White House ba. Ko a 2009.

Lincoln da kuma New York da kuma John Brown: The Abolitionist da Legacy Za a baje kolin a New-York Historical Society har zuwa Maris 25, 2010.
212-873-3400 • nyhistory.org

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