Nasara! Maganar kallon fadar White House ce idan ana maganar sojojin Amurka. "Za mu ba sojojin mu kayan aikin da kuke buƙata don hana yaƙi kuma, idan an buƙata, don yaƙin yaƙi kuma kuyi abu ɗaya kawai - kun san menene hakan? Nasara! Nasara!" Shugaba Donald Trump ya ce a farkon wannan shekara yayin da yake tsaye a cikin sabon jirgin saman jirgin USS Gerald R Ford.
Tun yakin duniya na biyu, duk da haka, ba hana ko cin nasara a yaƙe-yaƙe ba ya kasance cikin manyan kwat da wando na Amurka. A maimakon haka al'ummar kasar ta shiga cikin rigingimu da shiga tsakani a ciki cin nasara An yi ƙarancin ƙarancin gaske, yanayin da ya haɓaka kawai a cikin bayan-9/11. Daga Afghanistan zuwa Iraki, Somaliya zuwa Philippines, Libya zuwa Yemen, saka hannun jari na soja - a cikin rayuka da dalar haraji - sun kasance masu tsada da nasarori masu jurewa da gaske.
Amma Amadou Sanogo wani abu ne na babban labarin nasarar soja na Amurka baki daya, koda kuwa ba Ba'amurke bane kuma nasarar da ya samu ba ta wuce gona da iri ba. Sanogo koyi Turanci a Texas, ya sami umarni daga sojojin ruwa na Amurka a Virginia, ya dauki horon leken asiri a Arizona, kuma sha wahala Hafsan Sojoji na farko horo a Jojiya. Komawarsa gida a ƙasarsa ta Mali, an ba da rahoton cewa matashin hafsan sojan ya yi sha’awar zama, karatu, da horo a Amurka.
A watan Maris na 2012, Sanogo ya yi amfani da shahararsa da fasaharsa lokacin da ya jagoranci juyin mulkin da juyin mulki Zababbun gwamnatin Mali. “Amurka babbar ƙasa ce mai yawan sojoji. Na yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da duk abubuwan da na koya a can a aikace a nan,” inji shi ya gaya Der Spiegel a lokacin da yake rike da mukamin babban sojan kasar Mali. (A ƙarshe ya rasa riƙon mulki, an kama shi, kuma a cikin 2016 ya ci gaba fitina don "haɗaɗɗen satar mutane da kisa.")
Tun daga 9/11, Amurka tana da ciyar sama da dala biliyan 250 ne ke horar da jami’an soji da ‘yan sanda na kasashen waje kamar Sanogo. Shekara bayan shekara, cibiyar sadarwar shirye-shiryen Amurka bayar 200,000 daga cikin wadannan sojoji da jami'an tsaro tare da taimako da tallafi. A cikin 2015, kusan 80,000 daga cikinsu, waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashe 154, sun sami abin da aka fi sani da horon soja na ƙasashen waje (FMT).
The manufofin da aka bayyana na manyan shirye-shiryen FMT guda biyu - Ilimi da Horarwa na Soja na Duniya (IMET) da Shirin Haɗin gwiwar Ta'addanci (CTFP) - sun haɗa da haɓaka "zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya" da haɓaka wayar da kan ma'aikatan sojan kasashen waje na "'yancin ɗan adam da aka amince da su a duniya." A zahiri, waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan ƙarfafa abokan hulɗar Amurka da rundunonin wakilai a duk duniya, kodayake akwai ƙarancin shaidar cewa a zahiri sun yi nasara a wannan burin. Wani bincike da aka buga a watan Yuli, yana nazarin bayanai daga 1970 zuwa 2009. sami cewa shirye-shiryen FMT, duk da haka, suna da tasiri wajen ba da basirar da suka haɗa da aƙalla takamaiman nau'in ɗaukar makamai. Jonathan Caverley na Kwalejin Yakin Sojan Amurka da Jesse Savage na Kwalejin Trinity Dublin ya rubuta cewa: "Mun sami dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin horar da sojojin Amurka na kasashen waje da kuma yunkurin juyin mulki da sojoji ke marawa baya." Journal of Peace Research.
Mugayen 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo
Ta hanyar shirye-shirye daban-daban kusan 200, Ma'aikatar Jiha da Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DoD) Shiga a cikin abin da ake kira "hadin gwiwar tsaro," "gina karfin abokan tarayya," da sauran taimako ga sojojin kasashen waje. A cikin 2001, DoD gudanarwa kusan kashi 17% na tallafin tsaro. A shekara ta 2015, wannan adadi ya yi tsalle zuwa kusan 60%. Shirin Haɗin kai na Ta'addanci, ƙirƙira bayan-9/11 wanda ke nuni da wannan haɓaka, galibi ana gudanar da shi ta cikin DoD kuma yana mai da hankali kan horo matsakaita da manyan jami'an tsaro daga sojojin kawance a cikin tsarin yaki da ta'addanci. Ma'aikatar Jiha, da bambanci, ita ce tuki da karfi a bayan tsofaffi kuma mafi girma shirin IMET, kodayake Ma'aikatar Tsaro tana aiwatar da horon.
Karkashin IMET, ma'aikatan kasashen waje - kamar Sanogo - suna tafiya Amurka don daukar darasi da koyarwa a makarantun soji da sansanonin. "An tsara IMET don taimakawa sojojin kasashen waje su karfafa dangantakarsu da Amurka, koyi game da kayan aikin sojan Amurka, inganta kwarewar soja, da kuma sanya dabi'un dimokiradiyya a cikin mambobinsu," rubuta Joshua Kurlantzick a cikin sanarwar Majalisar Kan Harkokin Waje ta 2016 da nufin sake fasalin shirin.
Duk da haka, a cikin wani bincike da aka buga a farkon wannan shekarar, Lauren Chadwick na cibiyar kare mutuncin jama'a samu cewa, bisa ga takardun gwamnatin Amurka, aƙalla manyan baki 17 - ciki har da janar-janar guda biyar - waɗanda aka horar da su ta hanyar IMET tsakanin 1985 da 2010 daga baya an zarge su kuma a wasu lokuta an same su da laifin aikata laifuka da cin zarafin bil'adama. Wani bincike na budaddiyar majiyar da cibiyar kula da manufofin kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta ta gudanar ya gano wasu jami'an sojan kasashen waje 33 da Amurka ta horas da su, wadanda daga baya suka aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. Kuma masana sun ba da shawarar cewa jimillar masu aikata laifukan da ake horar da su a Amurka na iya yin yawa sosai, tun da IMET ita ce daya tilo daga cikin tarin tarin shirye-shiryen taimakon tsaro da ke bukatar rahotannin hukuma kan masu take hakkin dan Adam.
A cikin su Journal of Peace Research binciken, Caverley da Savage sun ci gaba da haskakawa a kan IMET saboda shirin "ya fi mayar da hankali kan inganta ka'idojin kula da farar hula" na soja. Lallai, gaskiyar shirye-shiryen taimakon sojan Amurka ne cewa suke cusa kimar demokradiyya da mutunta ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Duk da haka jerin masu juyin mulkin da Amurka ta horar - daga Isaac Zida Burkina Faso, Haiti Philippe Biamby, Da kuma Yahya Jammeh na Gambia zuwa Masar Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi, Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq na Pakistan, da shugabannin IMET masu ilimi na juyin mulkin 2009 a HondurasBa tare da ambaton Amadou Sanogo na Mali ba - yana ba da shawarar rungumar wani abu banda dabi'un dimokuradiyya da kyakkyawan shugabanci. "Ba mu kashe ba, mai yiwuwa, lokacin da ake bukata wajen mai da hankali kan dabi'u, da'a, da kuma ka'idojin soja," a lokacin babban kwamandan rundunar Amurka ta Afirka, Carter Ham, ya ce na Sanogo bayan juyin mulkin da ya yi. "Na yi imani cewa mun mai da hankali ne kawai kan dabara da fasaha [horo]."
A cikin 2014, wasu tsararraki biyu na jami'an Amurka masu ilimi sun fuskanci Gambiya a matsayin rukuni na masu son yin juyin mulki da Amurka ta horar. ƙoƙari (amma ya kasa) kifar da An horar da Amurka Wanda ya yi juyin mulki Yahya Jammeh wanda ya kwace mulki a shekarar 1994. Tawayen da ba su yi nasara ba ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar Lamin Sanneh, wanda ake zargin shugaban da ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Tsaro ta kasa (NDU) da ke Washington, DC (Wasu masu yunkurin juyin mulkin guda biyu sun yi nasara. ko da ya yi aiki a sojan Amurka.) "Ba zan iya girgiza jin cewa karatunsa a Amurka ya shafi ayyukansa ba," rubuta Tsohon mashawarcin NDU na Sanneh Jeffrey Meiser. "Ba zan iya taimakawa ba sai dai ina mamakin ko kawai buga ɗalibanmu na ƙasashen waje da 'tsarin Amurka' bai dace ba kuma rashin ɗa'a ne."
Caverly ya yi gargadin cewa ya kamata Washington ta kuma yi taka tsantsan game da fitar da manufofinta na kasashen waje da na cikin gida, ganin cewa gwamnatocin baya-bayan nan sun bar ma'aikatar tsaron cikin gida da kudade da asusun Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ba ta da komai. janar-janar ne tilasta to roƙa a madadinsa. "Kara a taƙaice," in ji shi, "kana buƙatar gina ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a don daidaitawa kuma wani lokacin daidaita ƙarfin soja."
Caverley da Savage sun gano juyin mulki 275 da sojoji suka goyi bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a duniya tsakanin 1970 zuwa 2009. A cikin 165 daga cikinsu, sojojin kasar sun sami horo na IMET ko CTFP shekara guda kafin juyin mulkin. Idan ka tara duk shekarun wannan koyarwar ga duk waɗannan ƙasashe, ya fi 3,274 “shekarun ƙasa.” A cikin lokuta 165, an yi yunkurin kwace mulki a shekara mai zuwa. "Wannan shine kashi 5%, wanda yake da yawa, tun da ba kasafai ake samun juyin mulki ba," in ji Caverley TomDispatch. "Ragowar shekarun ƙasa ba tare da horar da Amurka ba shine 110 cikin 4101, ko 2.7%."
Duk da yake horar da Amurka ba ta gudanar da ranar a Gambiya ba a cikin 2014 (kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin 1994 lokacin da jami'an horar da 'yan sandan Amurka suka yi. Yahya Jammeh kwace mulki), duk da haka yana da alaƙa da gwamnatocin nasara. Caverley da Savage sun ce "Juyin mulkin da aka yi nasara yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da horar da IMET da kashe kuɗi." Bisa binciken da suka yi, Amurkawa masu horarwa sun yi nasarar hambarar da gwamnatocinsu a cikin 72 daga cikin 165 na yunkurin juyin mulkin.
Kuyi Wreck
Akwai kwararan shaidun da ke nuna cewa ba da fatan za a yi watsi da ayyukan horar da sojojin Amurka ga sojojin kasashen waje. A cikin 2013, kwamitin ba da shawara na Ma'aikatar Jiha samu cewa taimakon tsaro na Amurka ba shi da wata hanya ta tantancewa kuma ba ta da wata dabara. Ya kwatanta tsararrun shirye-shiryen “mai ban tsoro” zuwa “tsarin bayar da tallafi na taimakon jama’a ta ƙungiyar tushe daban-daban tare da manufofi daban-daban.”
RAND 2014 analysis Haɗin gwiwar tsaron Amurka (SC) ya sami "babu wata alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin SC da sauyi a raunin ƙasashe a Afirka ko Gabas ta Tsakiya." Rahoton 2015 daga Jami'ar Haɗin kai na Musamman na Umurnin Ayyuka na Musamman na Amurka ya lura yunƙurin gina ƙarfin abokan haɗin gwiwa sun “amfanu da albarkatu masu yawa don kaɗan kaɗan.” A wannan shekarar, wani bincike da Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa ya kammala da cewa, "duk da karuwar girmamawa a kan, da kuma tsakiyarta, [karfin ginin abokan tarayya] a dabarun tsaron kasa da ayyukan soja, tunanin cewa gina jami'an tsaron kasashen waje za su sami tsaro na kasa na Amurka. fa'idodin ya kasance wani ingantacciyar shawara mara gwadawa."
"Babu daidaitattun jagororin ƙayyadaddun manufofin shirye-shiryen taimakon tsaro na [yaki da ta'addanci], musamman shirye-shiryen horar da haɗin gwiwa, ko don tantance yadda waɗannan shirye-shiryen suka dace da manyan manufofin manufofin ketare na Amurka." karanta Cibiyar Sabbin Rahoton Tsaron Amurka na 2016. "Kuma akwai 'yan awoyi kaɗan don auna tasirin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da zarar an aiwatar da su." Kuma a cikin rahotonsa na 2016 kan IMET na Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Waje, Kurlantzick ya lura cewa kokarin yana matukar bukatar gyara. "Shirin," in ji shi, "ba shi da wani tsari na bin diddigin abin da jami'an sojan kasashen waje suka halarci IMET…
Nazari a gefe, gazawar ƙoƙarin horar da Amurka a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya kasance a bayyane tsawon shekaru. Daga rushewar na sojojin Iraqi da Amurka ta gina a gaban 'yan ta'addar masu da'awar kafa daular Islama, a kokarin da ba a rasa ba, na samar da sabuwar rundunar soji domin Libya, Yunkurin dala miliyan 500 ya gaza wajen horar da kayan aiki 'Yan tawayen Siriya, Da kuma wani sau da yawa rashin iyawa, fatalwa-soja-cika, jajircewa Sojoji a Afganistan, manyan shirye-shiryen Amurka na ginawa da karfafa sojojin kasashen waje sun yi karo da kone-kone akai-akai.
Abu daya da ake ganin horon Amurka ya yi, a cewar Caverley da Savage, shine haɓaka “jarin ɗan adam” - wato, ƙwarewar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun dabaru da tsare-tsare da kuma abubuwan da ba za a iya amfani da su ba kamar ƙarin girma a ƙasashensu na asali. Kuma ba kamar sauran nau'o'in taimakon Amurkawa waɗanda ke ba da damar gwamnatoci su rufe albarkatun ƙasa don hana gwamnati daga juyin mulki ta hanyar yin wani abu daga ba da cin hanci ga abokan hamayyarta don haɓaka jami'an tsaro daidai gwargwado (kamar masu gadin shugaban ƙasa), FMT ba ta da irin wannan hanyar. "Idan kun ba da kadarori ga ƙungiyar da ke da bindigogi da kuma ƙaƙƙarfan asalin kamfani a cikin ƙasar da ba ta da cibiyoyi da ƙa'idodi masu kyau, za ku haifar da yuwuwar rashin daidaiton siyasa," in ji Caverley. TomDispatch. "Misalin babban misali na wannan rashin daidaituwa shine yunƙuri na karɓar ɗaukacin gwamnati."
Ƙarfi da Lambobi
{Asar Amirka na da matsala a baya game da aiki tare da sojojin kasashen waje. Daga Latin America to kudu maso gabashin Asia, Washington na da dogon tarihi na kariya, goyan baya, da kuma karfafa dakarun da ke da hannu wajen ta'addanci. A cikin watanni da dama da suka gabata kadai, rahotanni sun bayyana game da sojojin da Amurka ta horar da su ko kuma ta taimaka daga wajen United Arab Emirates, Syria, Kamaru, Da kuma Iraki azabtarwa ko kashe fursunoni.
Wasu jiga-jigan da Amurka ta horas da su kamar Isaac Zida na Burkina Faso da Amadou Sanogo na Mali sun samu nasarori na kankanin lokaci wajen hambarar da gwamnatocin kasarsu. Wasu kamar Yahya Jammeh na Gambia (wanda ya tafi gudun hijira a watan Janairu bayan shekaru 22 yana mulki) da kuma shugaban Masar - da kuma tsohon Kwalejin Yakin Sojojin Amurka dalibi - Abdel Fattah el-Sisi sun sami dauwamammen wa'adi a matsayin ƙwaƙƙwara a ƙasashensu.
Duk wani horon soja na kasashen waje da Amurka ta bayar, rubuta Caverley da Savage, "ya yi daidai da yuwuwar yuwuwar yunkurin juyin mulkin da sojoji ke marawa baya a kasar da aka samu." Kuma yawan kudaden da Amurka ke kashewa ko kuma yawan sojojin da take horas da su ta hanyar IMET, hakan na kara fuskantar hadarin juyin mulki.
A cikin 2014, Amurka ta sake dawo da tallafin IMET ga Mali - an dakatar da shi na tsawon shekara guda bayan tashin hankalin - har ma ta kara wannan tallafin da ƙaramin dala 30,000. Wannan kasa ta yammacin Afirka, ba ta taba farfadowa daga rikicin juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2012 ba, kuma, bayan rabin shekaru, ta ci gaba da fama da tada kayar baya wanda Sanogo, magajinsa, da Faransa da Amurka ke marawa baya. yakin neman zabe sun kasa cin nasara. Kamar yadda rajin ƙungiyoyi a Mali sun girma kuma metastasized, Amurka ta ci gaba da ba da kuɗi don horar da jami'an soja na cikin gida. A 2012, shekarar da Amadou Sanogo ya kwace mulki, Amurka ciyar Dala 69,000 na asusun IMET kan horar da jami'an Mali a Amurka. A bara, adadin ya kai dala 738,000.
A cikin mafi kyawun shekaru ashirin daga Afghanistan zuwa Iraki, Yemen zuwa Pakistan, Somaliya zuwa Syria, hare-haren jiragen sama na Amurka, hare-haren kwamandoji, manyan ayyuka da sauran ayyukan soji sun haifar da ƙananan nasara na dabara da kuma dogon lokaci (ba tare da rikici ba). don ambaton mutuwa da halaka). Kokarin horarwa da taimakon soji ga wadancan da sauran kasashe - daga Mali zuwa Sudan ta Kudu, Libya zuwa Philippines - sun fuskanci koma baya, fiascos, da gazawa.
Shugaba Trump ya yi alkawarin "kayan aikin" sojoji da suka wajaba don "hana" da kuma "nasara" yaƙe-yaƙe. Ta hakan yana nufin "albarkatu, horar da ma'aikata da kayan aiki… mafi kyawun kayan aiki a duniya." Binciken Caverley da Savage ya nuna cewa Pentagon zai iya amfana sosai daga kayan aikin nazari don ba da haske kan shirye-shiryen da suka kashe ɗaruruwan biliyoyin daloli da kuma ba da sakamako mara amfani - shirye-shirye, wato, inda kawai "nasara" ke samu ta hanyar irin Yahya. Jammeh na Gambia da Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi na Masar.
“Mayaƙan yaƙi sun fi mayar da hankali kan horar da sauran mayaka. Cikakken tsayawa. Duk wani tasiri na oda na biyu, kamar juyin mulki, ba shine farkon abin da ake ba da horo ba, ” Caverley yayi bayani. "Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aikin haɗin gwiwar tsaro na sojojin Amurka, kamar ayyukan ta na tashin hankali, yana buƙatar sanya shi cikin dabarun da ba su da yawa a wannan gwamnati mai ci, amma ba ta da yawa a cikin sauran gwamnatocin."
Nick Turse shine editan manajan TomDispatch, wani ɗan'uwanmu a Cibiyar Ƙasa, da kuma marubuci mai ba da gudummawa ga Tsarin kalma. A baya-bayan nan ya bayar da labarin kisan kabilanci da dakarun gwamnati suka yi a Sudan ta Kudu Harper Magazine da azabtarwa da kashe-kashen da sojojin gwamnati ke yi a Kamaru da Tsarin kalma. Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan shine Lokaci na gaba Zasu zo su kirga wadanda suka mutu: Yaki da Rayuwa a Kudancin Sudan. Gidan yanar gizon sa shine NickTurse.com.
Wannan labarin ya fara bayyana akan TomDispatch.com, gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar ta Nation, wanda ke ba da ci gaba ta hanyar hanyoyin daban-daban, labarai, da ra'ayi daga Tom Engelhardt, editan dogon lokaci a cikin wallafe-wallafe, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Daular Amurka, marubucin Ƙarshen Nasara Al'adu, kamar na novel, Kwanakin Karshen Bugawa. Sabon littafinsa shine Shadow Gwamnati: Kulawa, Wakilin Wuri, da Tsaro na Duniya a Ƙasar Kasuwanci (Littattafan Haymarket).
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