Daidai abin da ke bayan
jumlar "Axis of Evil" da alama ta ba masu kallo mamaki a duniya? Shin shi ne
faux pas ko yanayin yanayi don sabuwar manufar Gabas ta Tsakiya? Tare da zuwan
sababbin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sabon al'adun siyasa na gwagwarmaya a Pentagon shine
Ma'aikatar Tsaro tana ƙaddamar da Ma'aikatar Jiha a cikin zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashen waje
batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin, kamar shawarwarin manyan yarjejeniyoyin duniya da kuma
Manufar Amurka Gabas ta Tsakiya?
A cikin kewaye
kuma a yankin Gulf, mai yiyuwa ne a sami fahimtar rashin fahimta cewa,
a tarihi, gwamnatin Republican tare da kamfanonin mai na iya
akai-akai samar da yanayi mai dacewa da dacewa don warware Tsakiyar Tsakiya
Matsalolin Gabas. Duk da haka, batun ya fi rikitarwa. A gaskiya, tun da
"Reagan Revolution," gwamnatocin Republican suma sun cika da wani
haɗin kai, amma ba a san shi ba, al'amarin da ake kira neo-con
(neo-conservatism) - wani yunkuri na siyasa wanda ya dace da babban jami'in Washington,
duk da haka ganuwa ga jama'a. Wannan yunkuri na siyasa wani babban gidan yanar gizo ne na
Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar da ke samuwa a wurare da yawa kuma masu aiki a cikin zamantakewa daban-daban
domains.
Gaba ɗaya, da
'Yan ra'ayin tsattsauran ra'ayi suna ƙoƙari don dacewa da ta'addanci na Satumba 11 da
don ciyar da wasu manufofin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin gida da waje
siyasa. Yayin da farko da aka bayyana manufar gwamnatin Amurka (Ma'aikatar Jiha).
bayan ranar 11 ga watan Satumba aka fara bin wadanda suka kai harin ta'addanci
da kuma ganowa da lalata kungiyar ta'addanci ta Al-Qaida, akwai bangaren dama
masu ba da shawara na siyasa tare da wasu ajanda waɗanda suka yi niyya don faɗaɗa iyakokin Amurka
himma. Akwai ra'ayin cewa masu ba da shawara kan manufofin suka kawo ta
Ƙungiyar Bush/Cheney, sun kafa a kusa da Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DoD) da kuma
Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasa (NSC), yayi ƙoƙari don ƙara wani buri na dama na Isra'ila
jeri zuwa ajanda. Nazarin waɗannan mashawarcin manufofin yana kwatanta Neo-con
alaka da akida. Wannan clique ba sakamakon wani
kulob na bazata na "masana." A tarihi, da kuma babba, tun daga lokacin
farkon shekarun 1960 ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin ketare,
Pax-Zionica ta hanyar Pax-Americana (ƙari daga baya).
Neo-con
Mai fafutuka, Michael Ledeen yana rike da Shugaban 'Yanci a Kasuwancin Amurka
Cibiyar. A cikin gwamnatin Reagan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Oliver North
a kwamitin tsaron kasa. A cikin shafinsa na bara ("Lokaci don Kyakkyawan,
Tsaftar Tsohuwar Fashi” Nazari na Ƙasa akan layi, Maris 8, 2001), Ledeen ya tambaya
Kungiyar Bush don kawar da "muhalli whack-os," "mace masu tsattsauran ra'ayi,"
da "nau'in manufofin kasashen waje a kan Ma'aikatan Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa da kuma ko'ina
Jiha, CIA, da Tsaro, waɗanda har yanzu suke ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar gadon Bill Clinton a ciki
Gabas ta Tsakiya…”
Don da yawa
watanni bayan bala'in 11 ga Satumba, an samu sabani tsakanin jihar
Sashen da kadarorin manufofin neo-con a wasu hukumomi kamar DoD da NSC.
Jagorancin farar hula na kwanan nan na DoD ya haɗa da irin waɗannan shaho na dama kamar Bulus
Wolfowitz, Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro; Douglas Feith, Pentagon's
Babban jami'i na uku, Mataimakin Sakatare na Tsaro don Siyasa; da Richard Perle,
Shugaban Hukumar Tsaron Tsaro. Ajandar su ta yi daidai da ra'ayoyin siyasa neo-con
da shirin. A daya bangaren kuma, sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Colin Powell da mataimakansa.
Richard Armitage (Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati) da Richard Haas (shugaban manufofin
Tsare-tsare), kuma Ofishin Kusa da Gabas na Ma'aikatar Jiha da alama yana da a
dabarar hangen nesa na duniya da yanki kan batutuwan. Sun kasance
sun yi hannun riga da Iran a yakin da Taliban a cikin mahallin kungiyar 6+2 a
Bonn, wanda ya kai ga yiwuwar narke a cikin dangantakar Amurka da Iran da kuma a
kusanci.
Da dama
masana irin su Gary Sick, Daraktan riko na Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda
yayi aiki a NSC karkashin Ford, Reagan, da Carter, duba da gangan furucin na
jimlar Axis of Evil a cikin shugaban kasa State of the Union jawabin kamar yadda
nasara da DOD a kan Ma'aikatar Jiha. Ba abin mamaki bane, David Frum, da
marubucin adireshin, an haɗa shi da motsi na neo-con da
jarida da Matsayin mako-mako. Abin da buri na baya-bayan nan ya ƙunsa shi ne
ajanda wanda ya wuce Al-Qaida da wadanda ke da alhakin ranar 11 ga Satumba
kai hari. An yi niyya don canza yanayin da ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu
batutuwan da suka shafi kasa da kasa, wadanda galibi suka shafi Isra'ila, kamar yaduwar cutar
Makaman Halakar Jama'a (WMD) a cikin uku masu suna "jahohin damfara," kuma a cikin lamarin
na Iran, goyon bayan Hamas da Hizbullah ta Lebanon.
Wannan dangantaka ta
WTC bala'i, da batun WMD a Iran da sauran "al'umman damfara," a matsayin sabon
fadada manufar yaki da ta'addanci, ba ze kamar santsi da
m canji zuwa ga wasu masu tsara manufofi da masu lura da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin
Dangane da Iran, an lura cewa gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa koyaushe
An buɗe don dubawa daga ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ƙasa da ƙasa. Haka kuma,
Gary Sick ya banbanta da Zalmay Khalilzad, darekta na kusa
Gabas/Kudu maso yammacin Asiya a cikin NSC, cewa Iran ta kasance tana tada zaune tsaye
gwamnatin Afghanistan.
Kalmar Axis
na Evil ya daure wa masu lura da hankali wadanda a fili suke iya ganin tasirin sa a cikin
yanayin siyasar cikin gidan Iran, mai sarkakiya kamar yadda yake; wato raunana
hannun shugaba Khatami mai neman sauyi da kuma masu fafutukar kawo sauyi gaba daya. Amma
Rayuwar yunkurin dimokuradiyyar Khatami na iya zama ba fifiko ga wasu ba. Patrick
Clawson, Daraktan Bincike a Cibiyar Washington don Manufofin Gabas Gabas,
da'awar Bush baya ƙoƙarin yin tasiri a siyasar cikin gida na Iran har ma
sanya duniya ta lura cewa dole ne shugabannin Iran su canza hanya. A cikin
bincike na ƙarshe, kayan aikin WMD ba ze da mahimmanci kamar na
matsayin siyasa na tsarin mulki.
Neo-con
abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da cibiyoyin tunani na dama sun ga “mafi mahimmanci
yiwuwa” a cikin Axis of Evil phraseology kuma sun yi saurin yin bikin
Jawabin Jihar Ƙungiyar a cikin rubuce-rubucen su da kuma azabtar da Sakatare Powell.
A cikin editoci da yawa, William Kristol na hannun dama Matsayin mako-mako
a fili ya soki matsayin Powell kafin da kuma bayan Jihar Tarayyar
adireshin da matsayinsa kan yaki (“Bush v. Powell,” 9/24/2001; “Bush Doctrine
Ya bayyana, 3/04/2002). Bugu da kari, Michael Ledeen a cikin wani sabon shafi na kwanan nan ("Iran da
Axis of Evil,” Nazari na Ƙasa akan layi, Maris 4, 2002) tsawatarwa
Powell saboda matsayinsa a kan Iran bai dace da yaki ba. Reuel Marc
Gerecht, kuma na Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amirka, a cikin wani Matsayin mako-mako
labarin, yayi watsi da tsarin "pragmatist" na Sakatare Powell kuma ya ce, "… wannan
Ra'ayin detentist game da kasuwanci da siyasa har yanzu yana da kuɗi a kafa
da'ira." Gerecht ya ci gaba kuma ya ci gaba Le Monde Diplomasiyya da
Kusa da Ofishin Gabas na Ma'aikatar Jiha kamar yadda yake da irin wannan martani ga
Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Iran Ayatollah Karroubi ya yi jawabi a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
A matsayin karin ma'ana na wannan ra'ayi, Gerecht ya ci gaba da cewa sai dai idan Iran ta kasance
tsarin mulki ya fadi, abin da ya ke so na makamin da ba a saba gani ba "ba zai gushe ba." Wannan
Myyopic bincike yana yin zato tare da tabbacin cewa dimokiradiyya ce ta duniya
gwamnati a Iran - sabanin tsarin dimokuradiyya na Musulunci - ba za ta samu ba
sha'awar neman tsarin daidaito tare da jihohin abokin ciniki a yankin.
The Economist
yayi rahoton akan mutum na biyu na Pentagon, Paul Wolfowitz, da "sha'awar sa
canza gwamnati." Wannan yanki yana gano "hannun yatsa" na Wolfowitz
Jawabin Jiha na Ƙungiyar ("Paul Wolfowitz velociraptor," da Masanin tattalin arziki,
Fabrairu 9, 2002). Tun da Jawabin Jiha da kuma barazanar da ake gani
na "ƙasassun al'ummai," Axis of Evil parlance yana haifar da zazzagewa da tunani
yanayin tashin hankali wanda zai daidaita kuma yana tallafawa haɓaka mai ban mamaki
kashe kashen tsaro. Saboda haka, kasafin kudin Pentagon na wannan shekara ya kasance sosai
fadada. Haka kuma, Shirin Kare Makami mai linzami, wanda ke kumfarwa a cikin
baya, da alama ya dawo kan tebur.
Ƙarƙashin Neo-cons
A cewar Hadar the
manyan jigogin motsin tun farko mutane ne kamar Irving Kristol, daga baya
mai ba da gudummawa ga Wall Street Journal; Norman Podhoretz, yanzu
editan Sharhi-Bastion na Neoconservatism—Jam'iyyar Demokraɗiyya
mai fafutuka, Ben Wattenberg; Midge Dector, matar Podhoretz, wanda, tare da Tsaro
Sakatare Donald Rumsfeld, ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'an kwamitin don Duniya 'Yanci.
Wannan cibiya ta Neo-con daga baya wasu Warriors na Cold Warriors da masu goyon bayan Isra'ila suka shiga
masu ba da shawara, irin su Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Walt da Eugene
Rostow, Richard Perle, Elliot Abrams (Surukin Podhoretz), Kenneth Adelman,
Max Kampelman (mataimaki ga Sanata Hubert Humphrey), kuma, ba shakka, Michael Ledeen.
(Yawancin adadinsu a cikin ƙungiyar Bush/Cheney sune reincarnates na Reagan
gudanarwa.)
Isra'ila ta zama a
Babban dalilin waɗannan neo-cons; kuma, kamar yadda Hadar ya lura, axiom mai mahimmanci shine
"Makarfin soji kuma mai shiga tsakani na Amurka kawai za ta iya
tabbatar da tsaron Isra'ila." Hakkokin jama'a da adalci na zamantakewa
na ƙungiyoyin 1960 sun yi tasiri a falsafar Jam'iyyar Democratic,
don haka sanya zance da dandamali mai yuwuwa a iya gane su
yunƙurin yunƙurin kai ga dukan al'ummomi waɗanda ƙila sun haɗa da 'yancin Falasɗinawa.
Bayan haka, a wannan mataki, ana sukar yakin Vietnam bisa dalilai na ɗabi'a.
Ta hanyar George McGovern wanda ke wakiltar sojojin sa kai na antiwar a cikin
Jam'iyyar Democrat a 1972, neo-cons sun tattara goyon baya ga Henry (Scoop)
Jackson wanda ya mallaki yakin cacar baka, masu goyon bayan Isra'ila a cikin jam'iyyar. Kamar yadda a
counterforce ga nasarar McGovern a 1972, neo-cons sun kafa haɗin gwiwa
na Dimokuradiyya Mafi rinjaye (CDM) a 1973. Daga baya, Richard Perle da Elliot
Abrams zai zama manyan mataimaki ga Sanata Jackson. Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya yi
bai haɗa da yawancin membobin CDM a cikin Gwamnatin sa ba. Wasu abubuwa na
ajandansa na harkokin waje - inganta dangantakar Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma magancewa
al'amarin Falasdinawa - ya ba wa sabon ra'ayi dakata sosai. A wannan lokacin, tare da a
jin koke-koke, neo-cons sunyi la'akari da haye bene da motsawa zuwa
Jam'iyyar Republican, wacce ba shakka za ta yi maraba da masu ilimin neo-con
gwaninta da haɗin gwiwar kafofin watsa labaru, kuma, a gaskiya, sun yi.
Don haka CDM
Membobin neo-con sun taimaka wajen tsara tsarin Ronald Reagan kuma, a sakamakon haka, saboda
abubuwan da suka fi damunsu da bukatunsu sun ta'allaka ne kan al'amuran waje da
sarauta, an ba su lada da manyan mukamai na manufofin ketare a cikinsa
Gudanarwa. Babban tagulla ya haɗa da Jeane Kirkpartick (mai ba da gudummawa ga
Sharhi), Kenneth Aleman, Daraktan Kula da Makamai; Richard Perle ya zama
mataimakin sakataren tsaro; An sanya Richard Pipes (na Harvard) zuwa
NSC; da Elliot Abrams, tauraron mai tasowa, an sanya shi a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren
Jiha.
>Daga saman su
mukamai, sun karfafa gwamnatin Reagan don duba batutuwan 'yan asalin,
kamar mulkin Falasdinawa/kishin kasa, juyin juya halin Nicaragua, da
Rikicin Afirka ta Kudu da Gabas ta Tsakiya daga yakin cacar baka
mahallin-watau kwaminisanci na kasa da kasa da fadada Soviet-sun kasance a baya
Duniya ta uku gwagwarmaya. Da farko, saboda dalilai na akida, yawancin tsofaffin-gadi
masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Barry Goldwater- Richard Nixon iri sun gaji da waɗannan
sababbi, amma daga baya suka hau, suka karbe su kuma suka ci gaba da aiki da su
su. Na ɗan lokaci yanzu, marubutan neo-con sun bayyana a cikin William F. Buckley's
National Review. Bangaren haƙƙin gargajiya, duk da haka,
sadaukar da dabi'un zamantakewa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun kalli neo-cons a matsayin kabad
masu sassaucin ra'ayi kuma sun ɗauki kasancewar su a cikin ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a matsayin abokan gaba
kwace. Tsohuwar Dama dai ta zargi neo-cons da yawan damuwa da su
manufofin kasashen waje masu shiga tsakani da rashin kula da girman gwamnati da
"Jihar Welfare." Sun ki amincewa da rabon rigar
motsi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta neo-cons. A cikin jigon magana zuwa bugu na biyu na
Littafin Justin Raimondo na 1993, Kwato Haƙƙin Amurka: Gadon Batattu
na Conservative Movement, Patrick J. Buchanan ya rubuta: “Tare da Reagan’s
nasara, neocons sun shigo cikin nasu, cikin gwamnatinsa da yunkurinsa."
Raimondo ya ɗauki neo-cons a matsayin "Jam'iyyar Yaƙi" ko kuma tsuntsayen shanu na
ra'ayin mazan jiya.
An yi
daban-daban halayen ga sabon abu na Neo-con daga ƴan sassaucin ra'ayi da Sabon kusurwar Hagu
haka nan. A cikin wani makala mai tarihi mai taken, "Masoya Masarautar Daular Sun Kashe Baya," (The
Nation, Maris 22, 1986) Gore Vidal ya yi niyya ga dattawan neo-con.
igiyar ruwa; sai suka yi masa lakabi da nuna kyamar Yahudawa. Vidal ya kira shugabannin
na motsin "'yan jarida na Isra'ila" ko "masu rubuce-rubuce na biyar"; ya bayyana cewa
Masu fafutuka masu goyon bayan Isra'ila "suna yin dalili na gama gari tare da bakin hauka" domin su
tsoratar da Amurkawa wajen kashe makudan kudade don kare kai daga harin
Tarayyar Soviet da kuma goyon bayan Isra'ila. Ta wata hanya, kafa neo-con shine
axis na siyasa-lobby/ilimi-al'adu/kafofin watsa labarai/tsarin tsaro-internet in
bin tsari da aka ayyana a sarari.
Neo-con Orientalism
A cikin bayan Satumba
bala'i, akwai sha'awar sani, jawabin jama'a ba zato ba tsammani a cikin ƙoƙari
don rusa abubuwan siyasa, tauhidi, al'adu na Musulunci da Musulunci
ƙungiyoyi. Sabanin haka, a halin da ake ciki, adabi ya fara tasowa wanda ya ta'allaka akan a
(dis)- Orientalism wanda aka danganta shi da ficewar Musulunci
al'ummomi da tarihin Musulunci. Akwai 'yan gabas na al'adu waɗanda suka mallaki bayyananne
manufofin / zaɓin siyasa; su kuma sukan yi watsi da karatun su
tura manufofin siyasa a bayyane. Tashin hankalin neo-con ya fi na siyasa
nadawa da lobbies; al'amari ne na al'adu da halaye. Daya daga cikin
Mafi yawan abin da ake magana a kai a cikin neman akidar neo-con da adabi shine Bernard
Lewis, masanin Princeton mai ritaya. Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, a lokacin
Kalmar Reagan kuma bisa ga Cold War Zeitgeist na lokacin, neo-con
Masu yada farfaganda sun karfafa rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu a gani a cikin hakan
haske. Bayan karshen yakin cacar baka, rikicin Huntingtonian na wayewa
ka'idar ta yi gwagwarmaya don mamaye jawabin akan alakar Gabas/Yamma da
fahimta; irin ɗabi’ar da ke ɓata sunan “ɗayan” kuma ta ba da shaida.
Hakanan, ya ɗauki wannan ra'ayi na Manichean dualistic. A cikin wannan
Gemeinschaft, Musulmi da kasashen Larabawa za su maye gurbin barazanar Soviet. A cikin wannan
Ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da duniya, an gabatar da Isra'ila a matsayin tushe na yamma. Kunna
lokacin nazarin littafin Judith Miller don Nation ("A
Theory of Islam,” Agusta 12, 1996), Edward Said ya rubuta, "Don yin aljani
da kuma wulakanta al'ada gaba ɗaya a ƙasa cewa ita ce (a cikin sneering Lewis
jimla) fushi da zamani shine mayar da musulmi abubuwa na a
warkewa, kulawar azabtarwa."
Reuel Marc
Gerecht, mai sha'awar Lewis, wani Princeton ne "Masanin Gabas" kuma neo-con
malami a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka ta dama. A wata hira da
da Mujallar Ha'aretz, ya bayyana, “Na kasance mai tsananin imani a cikin
Cold War…. Wani farfesa na yana da alaƙa da hukumar kuma ya sa ni
tare da su. ”… (Ronen Bergman, "Mutumnsu a Iran," Agusta 20, 1999). A matsayin CIA
Jami'in gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru bakwai daga 1987 zuwa 1994, Gerecht ya haɗu da
cibiyar sadarwa na wakilai a ciki da wajen Iran. Ko da yake a cikin littafinsa Ka San Maƙiyinka
ya tarar da Hukumar ba ta da kyau, mai yiyuwa ne nauyin ajandar nasa ya yi nauyi sosai
Hukumar. A farkon watan Disamba, Gerecht ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da
Atlantic ("Unbound," Disamba 28, 2001), "Hanya daya tilo da za a kashe gobarar
Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulunci ta hanyar ban mamaki ne, mai karfin gaske, karfin soji…." Ann
Coulter, ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran na hannun dama ya rubuta, “Ya kamata mu mamaye nasu
kasashe, suna kashe shugabanninsu, su mai da su Kiristanci.” ("Wannan Yaki Ne,"
Nazari na Ƙasa akan layi, Satumba 13, 2001).
Axis na Mugu
Kalmomi na iya ɗaukar mutane da yawa mamaki, amma bita na al'ada
labarai daga Satumba 2001 zuwa Janairu 2002 a cikin mujallu daban-daban kamar su
New Yorker, da Atlantic Monthly kuma, ba shakka, da New Republic
zai misalta cewa "Karo na Wayewa" da ɓatar da "ɗayan
al'ada" yana cikin yin. Alexander Cockburn ya taɓa yin magana a cikin misalan cewa
ofisoshi na New Republic a Washington suna haɗe zuwa baya na
ofishin jakadancin Isra'ila. Kodayake marubutan neo-con kamar Richard Pipes, Daniel
Pipes, da Michael Ledeen sune masu ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga irin waɗannan kafofin watsa labarai na “na al'ada” kamar
da Wall Street Journal, katangar aikin jarida su ne wallafe-wallafe
kamar New Republic, Sharhi, da Matsayin mako-mako
(wanda William Kristol, ɗan Irving Kristol ya shirya) da kuma Washington Times.
William Safire a cikin wasu harsuna New York Times da Charles Krauthammer a cikin
Washington Post ɗaukar fitilar neo-con, abubuwan tattaunawa. Yayin
shaho masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna da fa'ida ta dama ga manyan kafofin watsa labarai da 'yan iska suka kirkira
Rupert Murdoch da Conrad Black (Hollinger International, Inc.), batutuwa a kusa
Gabas ta Tsakiya da yaɗuwar WMD ba safai ake samun jiyya ta zahiri ba.
A cikin fall na
2001, akwai yunƙuri a ɓangaren wasu rundunonin dama waɗanda suka haifar
damuwa ga ilimi. Majalisar Amintattu ta Amurka da tsofaffin ɗalibai (ACTA) in
wanda Lynne Cheney, matar mataimakin shugaban kasa Cheney ke da hannu, ta samar da wani
daftarin aiki mai suna "Kare Wayewa" wanda a ciki ya buga sunayen,
kwalejoji, da maganganun malamai kusan 100 waɗanda da alama sun kasance masu mahimmanci.
Hakazalika, Martin Kramer na cibiyar goyon bayan Isra'ila ta Cibiyar Washington
Manufofin Gabas ta Tsakiya sun buga littafin monograph "Hasumiyar Hasumiya akan Sand" inda ya zargi
Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin ilimin kimiyya na Amurka don "binciken da ba daidai ba" a cikin rashin kasancewa
iya "annabta ko bayyana" siyasar Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma tambayoyi sun ci gaba
Tallafin tarayya.
Ko da yake da
Neo-cons' cibiyoyi a cikin jiki ya kasance a cikin jam'iyyar Democrat mai sassaucin ra'ayi, su
reincarnation duk da haka ya kasance a cikin cibiyoyin tunani na WASP na dama irin wannan
a matsayin Kwamitin Haɗari na Yanzu, Kwamitin Duniya na Kyauta, da
Aiki don Sabon Karni na Amurka, Gidauniyar Heritage, da Ba'amurke
Cibiyar Kasuwanci. Wani bincike na yau da kullun na kwamitocin shawarwari da jami'ai ya bayyana
jerin abubuwan neo-con na yau da kullun-William Kristol, editan da Mako-mako
Standard; Carl Gershman, mashawarci na musamman ga Jeane Kirkpatrick yayin da yake wurin
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma shugaban kungiyar baiwa dimokiradiyya ta kasa wanda ke goyan bayan
dalilai masu zaɓe a Duniya ta Uku; Donald Rumsfeld; Mataimakin shugaban kasar Cheney
Shugaban ma’aikata, I. Lewis Libby; Newt Gingrich; William F. Buckley Jr.; Bulus
Wolfowitz da Richard Perle.
Akwai a ciki
Washington kungiyoyi da yawa da ke aiki a madadin Yahudawan Amurka
al'umma da Isra'ila; amma babu wanda ke da kusan tasirin da neo-cons ke da shi
sharuddan lobbying tasiri a madadin masu fafutuka na dama na Isra'ila. A shekarar 1998.
Fortune magazine ya amince da Harkokin Jama'a na Isra'ila na Amurka
Kwamitin (AIPAC) a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi tasiri lobbies a kasar. A cikin a
yanki na baya-bayan nan a cikin Los Angeles Times, Michael Massing ya bayyana a
dalla-dalla wannan gidan wutar lantarki da ke kusa da Capital Hill, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa
Mutanen jagoranci “… sun ɓullo da shirye-shiryen isa ga ƙasar Amurka
Sashen, Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa" ("Conservative
Ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa suna da Clout,” Maris 10, 2002). Yayin da yake zama Sanata.
Mataimakinsa Max Kampelman ne ya tsara Dokar Kula da Kwaminisanci ta Hubert Humphrey.
daya daga cikin dattawan neo-con. Hakazalika, akwai maganar da AIPAC ta tsara
Dokar Takunkumin Iran da Libya ta Sanata DAmato. Graham E. Fuller, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa
na National Intelligence Council for dogon zangon tsinkaya a CIA,
ya rubuta cewa, "Kuma kokarin nuna Iran da wasu ma'auni na nazari ya karu
mafi wahala, cunkoso da zafafan kalamai masu zafi da tsananin goyon bayan Isra'ila
Zanga-zangar adawa da Tehran a Majalisa…. Ingantacciyar dangantakar Amurka da Iran yakamata ya kawo
game da madaidaicin lissafin abin da Iran take da wanda ba haka ba"Middle East
Policy, Oktoba 1998).
The
Abubuwan Ganuwa Suna ɗaukar Matsayin Tsakiya
Ba asiri bane cewa Dick
Cheney ya zabi tsohon mai ba shi shawara Rumsfeld a matsayin Sakataren Tsaro.
Rumsfeld kuma ya kawo Wolfowitz (wanda ya kasance na hannun dama na Cheney lokacin
ya gudanar da Pentagon) a matsayin mataimakinsa. A matsayin jiga-jigan soja na yakin cacar baka, wasu daga cikinsu
Abokan Neo-con sun fahimci sun ƙware a cikin al'amuran
dabarun makaman nukiliya da tsaron kasa; sun kasance masu suka
yarjejeniyoyin makamai masu yawa (détente) kuma sun shiga cikin cibiyoyin manufofin
a matsayin ababen hawa da masu goyon bayan wannan siyasar. A matsayin masu goyon bayan Star Wars,
Shirin Tsaro na Dabarun (SDI) a lokacin gwamnatin Reagan, shi ne
sun yi imanin cewa sun kasance da hannu wajen mutuwar SALT II a karkashin Carter
gwamnatin.
Wannan yana haifar da
abin da aka sani a cikin Beltway a matsayin "Wolfowitz cabal." Mataimakin Tsaro
Sakatare Paul Wolfowitz da Richard Perle, sabon shugaban mambobi 18
Kwamitin ba da shawara na Kwamitin Tsaro na Tsaro, dukkanin makaman nukiliya na arch-hawk ne ya jagoranci su
strategist Albert Wohlseteller na RAND Corp. a cikin 1960s. Yayin da Tsaro
Kwamitin manufofin kwamitin shawara ne, sabon shugabansa, Richard Perle, yana da ofishi
a cikin E-Ring na Pentagon. An san shi da “sarkin duhu,” a da
ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin sakataren tsaro kan manufofin tsaron kasa da kasa a
gwamnatin Reagan. A cikin littafin Seymour Hersh akan Henry Kissinger, The
Farashin Iko, mun koyi cewa na'urar waya ta FBI ta ji Richard Perle - sannan
Mataimakin manufofin harkokin waje ga Sanata Jackson - yana ba da bayanan NSC zuwa ga
Ofishin Jakadancin Isra'ila; wannan ya fusata Kissinger. Sauran ƙari tsakanin Wolfowitz
da'irar Douglas J. Feith; I. Lewis Libby, shugaban ma'aikatan Cheney; kuma,
bisa ga Economist labarin, na karshen shine "Wolfowitz's
Wolfowitz."
Douglas J. Feith,
a baya hade da Cibiyar Tsaro Policy (CSP), ya kasance
wanda aka nada a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare na Tsaro don Siyasa. A cikin Reagan
gwamnatin, Feith ya taba zama mataimakin mataimakin sakataren tsaro da kuma a
Kwararre a Gabas ta Tsakiya kan ma'aikatan Majalisar Tsaron Kasa. Domin ya rike
Ƙarfafa ra'ayi mai goyon bayan Isra'ila kuma ana ganin yana da matsayi na bangaranci, Feith's
nada wa wannan mukami na siyasa ya kasance abin damuwa sosai
Kakakin Larabawa-Amurka. A cikin 1996, Feith da Richard Perle sun rubuta takarda
don Cibiyar Nazarin Dabaru da Ci Gaban Siyasa. A cikin wannan yanki
mai taken “Tsaftataccen Hutu: Sabuwar Dabarar Tabbatar da Daular,” sun ba da shawara
Shugaban Isra'ila Netanyahu zai dakatar da kasar don shirin zaman lafiya.
Idan Elliot Abrams
zai iya zama babban darakta na NSC mai kula da dimokiradiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam, to
Ba abin mamaki ba ne don samun John Bolton a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Kula da Makamai,
da rashin yaduwa. Da alama Bolton, mataimakin shugaban kasa a Amurka
Cibiyar Kasuwanci, an tilasta wa Ma'aikatar Jiha. Tun da farko, Cibiyar
ya fito fili ya yi adawa da yarjejeniyar INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) wadda ta kasance
Amurka ta sanya hannu a cikin 1988. A cikin Nuwamba 1999, Bolton ya rubuta ɗan gajeren rubutu don
Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka mai suna "Kofi Annan's UN Power Grab -"United
Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan ya fara tabbatar da cewa Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Majalisar ita ce ‘madogarar halaccin yin amfani da karfi.’ Idan United
Jihohi suna ba da damar wannan da'awar ta tafi ba tare da kalubalanci ba, ikonta na amfani da karfi don
Gabatar da muradunta na kasa mai yiyuwa a dakile a nan gaba."
Neo-cons ba
novice na siyasa kuma da alama ba su da juriya ga masu adawa. NSC da
bai tsira daga wannan al'adar siyasa ba. A cikin a New Yorker Labari
Seymour Hersh ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙwararrun yanki da yawa sun bar NSC “bayan jerin abubuwa
na takaddamar siyasa tare da jami'an farar hula a cikin Pentagon" ("The Debate
A cikin, Maris 11, 2002). Zalmay Khalilzad ya maye gurbin Bruce Reidel
Fayil na Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Axis na Mugu
ƙamus na iya bayyana labari, amma a fili cewa nahawu ya saba kuma yana iya karantawa. Yana
yana fassara zuwa karuwar dala biliyan 48 a cikin kasafin kudin Pentagon na wannan shekara, har zuwa $379
biliyan a kowace shekara - mafi girman kashe kuɗin tsaro yana ƙaruwa fiye da shekaru ashirin.
Dangane da manufofin dabaru, da yuwuwar muna iya ganin gaba ɗaya
watsi da yarjejeniyar ABM ta 1972, watsi da burin da aka tsara
aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Rage Arms na Dabarun START II, da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi zuwa
Bibiyar yunƙurin tsaron ƙasa mai cike da cece-kuce. Matsayin Nukiliya na baya-bayan nan
Bita yana da ban tsoro ga mutane da yawa a ma'anar cewa yana canza hana zuwa
yuwuwar aikace-aikacen nukiliya, kallon makaman da ba na al'ada ba kusan a ciki
sharuddan al'ada, da haɓaka makaman nukiliya don yiwuwar amfani da su
jihohin da ba na nukiliya ba. Ganin cewa yarjejeniyar hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya (NPT) ba ta yi ba
haramta wa Amurka hari da kasashen da ba na nukiliya ba, a tarihi ya yi alkawari
kada a yi haka, yana faɗaɗa abin da aka sani da "tabbacin tsaro mara kyau." Karkashin
Sabon tsarin mulki, Amurka tana la'akari sosai ba ta bayar da wani mummunan aiki ba
tabbatar da tsaro ga kasashen da ba na nukiliya ba.
A lokacin Reagan
gwamnati, halin ultra-hawkish na neo-con clique samar da manufofin
wanda ya samo furci da goyan baya don "ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa" tare da
apartheid, goyon bayan Contras a Nicaragua, Duvalier (FRAP) na Haiti, da
Hare-haren da Isra'ila ta kai a birnin Beirut a shekarar 1982, da kuma yawaitar 'yan bindiga a El
Salvador, Honduras, da kuma Guatemala.
Tasiri mara kyau
na masu akidar shahohi sun firgita masana da al'ummar siyasa baki daya.
Akwai wadanda suka yi imanin cewa wannan al'adar siyasa ta haifar da wani
yanayi da ke hana duk wata muhawara mai tsanani kan Gabas ta Tsakiya. Don bulldoze kuma
gwiwar hannu siyasa mai gefe ɗaya na dogon lokaci na iya haifar da siyasa / ɗabi'a
tipping batu. Z
