Wannan wani yanki ne da aka gyara daga wani littafi mai zuwa na Bianca Mugyenyi da Yves Engler, mai taken "Tsaya Alamun: Tafiya ta hanyar Amurka don gano al'adu, siyasa da tattalin arziki na mota"
A duk faɗin duniya, ci gaba mai dogaro da kai na bazuwar yana tura haƙar mai zuwa cikin yanayi masu mahimmanci. Nisa daga "danyen mai ɗanɗano" na Neja-Delta, babban man da ya makale a cikin yashin kwalta na Alberta yana cikin mafi ƙazanta tushen tushe a duniya; tare da kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na samfur na ƙarshe da aka nufa ga kasuwannin Amurka, an lakafta hako mai yashi mafi lalata tsarin da ɗan adam ya sani. Idan aka duba daga sama, yashin kwalta yana da kyan gani kamar ƙazantattun huhu kuma ana iya jin ƙamshin man fetur tsawon mil. Tsakanin tarin bututu, tafkunan sharar gida da hayaki, wani wasan fafatawa na rusa muhalli mai tsawon ft 50, manyan motocin dodo masu nauyin tan 300 suna yawo a cikin wani daji mai cike da buɗaɗɗen ramuka 200ft. An gano shi da ƙwanƙwasa masu girman dinosaur, man Athabascan ba a haƙa shi ba.
Da yake kwatanta yashin kwalta a matsayin “abin al’ajabi,” marubucin Globe and Mail, Jeffrey Simpson ya rubuta cewa: “Suna da mugun kallo, daga iska ko kuma daga ƙasa. Suna yayyaga ƙasa, suna haifar da gurɓatattun tafkuna da ake kira tafkunan wutsiya waɗanda za su iya. za a iya gani daga sararin samaniya, yana fitar da gurɓataccen iska kamar su sulfur-dioxide da nitrogen oxide, da fitar da iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide."
Simpson ya ci gaba da cewa "Su ne masu amfani da ruwa mai tsafta." Ciro bitumen (danyen mai) daga cikin kauri da mannewa na yumbu, yashi, da ruwa ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba kuma ga kowace ganga na man da aka hako, a wani wuri tsakanin sau biyu zuwa huɗu da rabi ana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa don fitar da ruwan. cakuda kuma raba bitumen daga yashi. Domin samun wannan ruwa mai yawa, an kwashe koguna da koguna da ke yankin tare da karkatar da su. Ba mu buƙatar Erin Brockovich ya gaya mana wani abu ba daidai ba tare da ruwa; an tsotse shi don aikin hakar sannan kuma ya sake tofawa, yawancinsa yana ƙarewa da gurɓataccen acid, mercury da sauran gubobi. Wannan ruwan datti ya bar arewacin Alberta cike da tafkuna masu guba, wanda aka fi sani da 'tafkunan wutsiya.' Ba wai kawai yashin kwalta ba ne ake zargi da ruwan sama na farko a Yammacin Kanada, ragowar da aka jefa a cikin kogin Athabasca sun kara yawan ciwon daji a cikin kasa, musamman a tsakanin al'ummomin kasashen farko da suka dogara da hanyar ruwa. Tarihin hakar man fetur ya kasance tarihin wahala da yashin kwalta ba a bar su ba.
Don samar da ganga guda na mai, aikin hakar yashi na kwalta yana buƙatar ton biyu na yashi. A shekara ta 2003, ma'aikatar muhalli ta Alberta ta ba da rahoton cewa fili mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 430 ya "damuwa" saboda yashin mai. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2006, adadin ya kai murabba'in kilomita 2,000, kusan karuwa sau biyar a cikin shekaru uku (ko da yake kashi 2 cikin XNUMX na yashin mai - yanzu ana yabawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan rijiyoyin mai a duniya - an haɓaka).
An riga an yanke dubban kadada na bishiyoyi don samar da hanya don hakar yashi kuma idan tsare-tsaren na yanzu, za a kawar da daji mai girman Maryland da Virginia. Rugujewar dazuzzukan ya haifar da raguwa sosai a duk yankin da ake fama da shi da kuma na moose, tare da hakar man fetur yana cutar da tsuntsayen daji da sauran dabbobi.
Rikicin muhalli ya zuwa yanzu da aka kwatanta shi ne ƙarancin ƙanƙara. Yashin kwalta yana wakiltar babban haɓakar hayaƙin carbon na Kanada, tare da kowace ganga na mai da aka samar yana fitar da fam 188 na carbon dioxide daidai da yanayi. Kwatanta hayakin da aka saba fitar da ganga na danyen mai zuwa ganga na mai yashi, wani labarin New York Times ya lura cewa, "galan na iskar gas daga yashin mai, saboda hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai karfin gaske yana sakin ninki uku na carbon gaba daya. kamar yadda aka saba samar da fetur." Yashin mai yana cikin da kewayen Fort McMurray (aka Fort McMoney), yanki, mai yawan jama'a 61,000. A shekarar 2015, ana sa ran Fort McMurray zai fitar da iskar gas fiye da na Denmark.
Wani manazarci a Wall Street Journal ya kwatanta "guduwar cikin yashi mai" ya rubuta: "Shekaru da yawa, masana muhalli suna jayayya cewa hauhawar farashin man fetur zai yi kyau ga ƙasa domin ƙarin biyan kuɗi a fanfo zai inganta kiyayewa. Maimakon haka, farashin makamashi ya tashi. wani babban aikin mai da zai kara fitar da iskar carbon dioxide." Maimakon dakatar da bincike, duk da haka, hauhawar farashin ya haifar da ƙara rashin al'ada da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙoƙin haƙori na Alberta Tar.
Babban makamashin da ake buƙata don kawo yashi zuwa saman ƙasa don rabuwa yana samuwa ta hanyar iskar gas. (Yashin mai yana cinye kusan ƙafa miliyan 500 na iskar gas a rana, adadin zai iya ƙaruwa zuwa ƙafa biliyan 1.25 a kowace rana nan da shekara ta 2016. Wannan tsari ba shi da inganci ta yadda iskar gas ɗin da ake buƙata don samar da ganga ɗaya na yashin kwalta na iya yin zafi. gidan iyali na tsawon kwanaki 2 zuwa 4. Wannan tsari yana amfani da man fetur mai tsabta don taimakawa wajen samar da mafi ƙazanta, wanda ya sa manazarcin mai Matt Simmons ya bayyana tsarin a matsayin "yin zinari zuwa gubar."
Tare da sama da dala biliyan ɗari da aka yi hasashe a cikin saka hannun jarin yashi mai tsakanin 2006 da 2016, masana'antar tana neman tushen makamashi na dogon lokaci, mai tsada. Haɓaka farashin iskar gas suna da kamfanonin kwalta suna tunani babba kuma suna kallon arewa. Ba kowa ba ne ke farin ciki game da wannan yanayin da ke ƙara tsayawa. "Kada ku lalata mana kasarmu don samar da tankin iskar gas na Amurka," in ji Grand Chief na Deh Cho a martani ga shirin bututun iskar gas na Mackenzie Valley, wanda idan aka gina shi zai rika jigilar iskar gas kusan don amfani da shi a arewacin Alberta.
Da alama dai bututun iskar gas ya yi kusan rashin kyau idan aka kwatanta da wasu ra'ayoyin da wasu kamfanonin mai ke ta yawo da su wadanda aka bayyana a cikin National Post a matsayin "mai dumin ra'ayin makamashin nukiliya a matsayin tushen samar da makamashi mai yawa." Wannan dai ba shi ne karon farko da ake shirin samar da makamashin Nukiliya ba don kwato danyen mai daga kwararowar kwalta. A shekara ta 1959 Kamfanin Richfield na California ya zana wani tsari da Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Amurka ta amince da shi don raba bitumen da yashi ta hanyar tayar da bam mai nauyin kiloton 9. An yi zargin cewa zafi da makamashin da fashewar kasa ke haifarwa zai fitar da man daga yashi, amma bayan nasarar gwajin farko da aka yi a Nevada, an kawar da ra'ayin saboda damuwa da jami'an Canada suka yi kan amfani da bam din.
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