Da yake bayyana a gaban kwamitin shari’a na majalisar dattawa a matsayin wanda aka zaba don zama shugaban alkalan kotun koli, John Roberts ya tabbatar wa ‘yan majalisar dattawan cewa ba zai kasance daya daga cikin alkalan masu fafutuka ba wadanda ke cusa kimarsu cikin hukuncin kotuna.
Zai zama kamar "Umpire yana kiran ƙwallaye da bugun." Da cikakken hankali, zai yanke hukunci a kan kowace shari'a kawai bisa ga cancantar ta, tare da tsarin mulki kawai ya jagorance shi, in ji shi.
Babu daya daga cikin Sanatocin da ya rubanya da dariya.
Makonni biyu bayan haka, yayin da George Bush ke gabatar da wani wanda aka nada na Kotun - na hannun damansa mai suna Jesus-freak crony Harriet Miers - ya yi tsokaci game da "falsafar shari'arsa" da kuma yadda yake son masana shari'a su zama "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi" waɗanda ke manne da Kundin Tsarin Mulki. , sabanin masu sassaucin ra'ayi masu sassaucin ra'ayi na gine-gine da suke amfani da Kotu wajen ciyar da manufarsu ta akida.
Lokaci ya yi da za a shigar da wasu gaskiyar cikin wannan batu. A haƙiƙa, a yawancin tarihinta Kotun Koli ta tsunduma cikin gwagwarmayar shari'a mafi muni don kare ƙungiyoyin masu gata.
Kasancewa don bautar ko rarrabuwa, aikin yara ko aikin sa'o'i goma sha shida, dokokin tayar da hankali na jiha ko hare-hare a kan Kwaskwarima na Farko - masu fafutukar shari'a masu adalci sun nuna rashin jin daɗi a cikin shimfidawa da lanƙwasa Kundin Tsarin Mulki don bauta wa kowane rashin adalci da zalunci.
Dama har zuwa jajibirin yakin basasa, alal misali, Kotun Koli ta tabbatar da fifikon haƙƙin mallaka a cikin bayi, ta ƙi duk wani koke-koken bayi na ’yanci. A cikin sanannen Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), Kotun ta kammala cewa, ko su bayi ne ko kuma 'yantacce, Baƙar fata sun kasance "ƙaƙƙarfan aji na ƙananan halittu" ba tare da haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba.
Don haka masu fafutuka na shari'a - wasu daga cikinsu masu bautar - sun bi ka'idodin wariyar launin fata a cikin iska don ba da haske ga tsarin mulki ga ƙaunataccen bautar su.
A lokacin da gwamnatin tarayya ke son kafa bankunan kasa, ko kuma ta ba da rabin kasar ga masu hasashe, ko ba da tallafi ga masana’antu, ko kafa kwamitocin da za su kayyade farashi da kudin ruwa ga manyan masana’antu da bankuna, ko kuma daure masu adawa da yaki da jari hujja, ko amfani da su. Sojojin Amurka don harbin ma'aikata da karya hare-hare, ko kuma su sanya Marines su kashe mutane a Amurka ta Tsakiya-Masu fafutukar kare hakkin Kotun Koli sun karkatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta kowace hanya don tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan. Sosai don "tsantsan gini."
Amma lokacin da gwamnatocin tarayya ko na jihohi suka nemi iyakance lokutan aiki, saita mafi ƙarancin albashi ko ka'idodin aminci na sana'a, tabbatar da amincin kayayyakin masarufi, ko tabbatar da haƙƙin ciniki na gama gari, sai Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa namu ƙayyadaddun tsarin gwamnati ne wanda zai iya. ba zai takura wa haƙƙin mallaka ba kuma ba zai iya hana mai shi da ma'aikaci "'yancin yin kwangila ba."
Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu, wanda aka ɗauka a cikin 1868 da alama don tabbatar da cikakken zama ɗan ƙasa ga Baƙin Amurkawa, ya ce babu wata ƙasa da za ta iya "hana wa kowane mutum rai, 'yanci, ko dukiya, ba tare da bin doka ba," kuma ba ta hana kowane mutum "kariya daidai da dokoki". .”
A wani aiki na tsantsar ƙirƙira na shari'a, wata kotu mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta yanke shawarar cewa "mutum" da gaske yana nufin "kamfani"; don haka Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu ya kare ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci daga ka'idojin jihohi.
Har wa yau, kamfanoni suna da matsayi na doka a matsayin "mutane" godiya ga gwagwarmayar shari'a mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.
A shekara ta 1920, kotunan tarayya masu goyon bayan kasuwanci sun rushe kusan dokokin aiki dari uku da majalisun jihohi suka zartar don sauƙaƙa yanayin aiki mara kyau.
Tsakanin 1880 zuwa 1931 kotuna sun ba da umarni fiye da 1,800 don murkushe yajin aikin. Babu alamar kamun kai a cikin waɗannan shekaru masu yawa.
Lokacin da Majalisa ta haramta aikin yara ko kuma ta zartar da wasu gyare-gyare na zamantakewa, masana shari'a masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun bayyana irin waɗannan dokoki a matsayin cin zarafi na Kwaskwarima na Goma. Kwaskwari na goma ya ce ikon da ba a bai wa gwamnatin tarayya ba ya keɓanta ga jihohi ko jama’a. Don haka Majalisa ta kasa yin aiki.
Amma, lokacin da jihohi suka zartar da dokar jin dadin jama'a, masu fafutukar kare hakkin kotun sun ce irin wadannan dokokin sun saba wa "tsari mai inganci" (wanda aka kirkira kwata-kwata) a karkashin Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha hudu. Don haka ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar sun kasa daukar mataki.
Don haka sama da shekaru hamsin, alkalan sun yi amfani da gyara na goma don dakatar da sauye-sauyen da aka fara a karkashin gyara na goma sha hudu, da na sha hudu don kawo cikas ga sake fasalin jihar da aka fara a karkashin na goma. Yana da wahala a sami ƙarin fafutuka fiye da haka.
Kotun Koli mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta haifar da Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), wani karatun ƙirƙira na daidaitaccen juzu'in kariyar gyare-gyare na goma sha huɗu. Plessy ya yarda da koyaswar “raba ɗaya amma daidai”, yana mai iƙirarin cewa tilasta wa baƙar fata da fari ba ya nuna ƙasƙanci muddin kayan aiki daidai suke (wanda ba kasafai suke kasancewa ba). Tsawon shekaru saba'in, wannan ƙirƙira ta shari'a ta haifar da wariyar launin fata.
Da yake sun gamsu da cewa su ma mutane ne, sai mata suka fara jayayya cewa “tsari mai kyau” na gyare-gyare na goma sha huɗu (wanda ya shafi gwamnatocin jihohi) da na biyar (wanda ke neman gwamnatin tarayya) ya haramta haramcin jefa ƙuri'a da jihohi da tarayya suka sanya mata. hukumomi.
Amma a cikin Minor v. Happersett (1875), Kotun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta yi wani fassarar ruguzawar shaidan: gaskiya, mata ƴan ƙasa ne amma kasancewar ɗan ƙasa ba lallai ba ne ya ba ɗan ƙasa 'yancin yin takara. A wasu kalmomi, "tsari mai kyau," da "kariya daidai" sun shafi irin waɗannan "mutane" kamar kamfanonin kasuwanci amma ba ga mata ko mutanen Afirka ba.
A wasu lokatai, shugabanni suna ɗaukan kansu da abokan aikinsu sama da abin da ake ba da lissafi ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa rarrabuwar madafun iko yana ba su wani hakki na “gata mai zartarwa.” Fadar White House ta yi amfani da damar zartarwa don hana bayanai kan yaƙe-yaƙe da ba a bayyana ba, kuɗaɗen yaƙin neman zaɓe ba bisa ka'ida ba, zaɓen Kotun Koli, ɓarna (Watergate), ciniki na ciki (da Bush da Cheney), da haɗin gwiwar Fadar White House tare da masu fafutuka na kamfanoni.
Amma ra'ayin ikon zartarwa (watau sirrin zartarwa wanda ba shi da tushe) babu ko'ina a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki ko kowace doka. Amma duk da haka masu fafutuka na hannun dama a kan Kotun Koli sun ba da izinin zartarwa gata, suna yanke shawara ba tare da bata lokaci ba cewa "gata mai zato" don hana bayanai na shugaban kasa ne.
Bush kwanan nan yayi magana game da "yaya yake da mahimmanci a gare mu mu kiyaye damar zartarwa domin a sami tsayayyen yanke shawara a Fadar White House." Kintsattse? Ta yaya Bush zai iya wakiltar kansa a matsayin "mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" yayin da yake yin iƙirari ga almara na ƙa'idar tsarin mulki da aka sani da "gata mai zartarwa"?
Tare da bacin rai, masu rajin kare hakkin shari'a na Kotun sun yanke shawarar cewa jihohi ba za su iya hana kamfanoni kashe kudade marasa iyaka a kan kuri'ar raba gardama ko wasu zabuka ba saboda irin wadannan kudaden yakin neman zabe wani nau'i ne na "magana" kuma kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin yin magana ga irin wadannan "mutane" kamar kamfanoni.
A cikin wani ra'ayi na rashin amincewa, mai sassaucin ra'ayi mai shari'a Stevens ya lura, "Kudi dukiya ne; ba magana ba ce.” Amma abokan aikinsa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun gwammace mafi kyawun fassarar fafutuka.
Sun kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki’ na baiwa ‘yan takara masu hannu da shuni damar kashe kudaden da suka ga dama a yakin neman zabe, sannan kuma masu hannu da shuni su rika kashe makudan kudade marasa iyaka a duk wata fafatawar zabe. Don haka matalauta da masu arziki duka za su iya yin takara cikin yardar kaina, ɗaya a cikin raɗaɗi, ɗayan a cikin ruri.
Ƙaunar shari'a ta hannun dama ta kai wani matsayi a cikin George W. Bush v. Al Gore. A cikin shawarar 5 zuwa 4, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi fatali da umarnin kotun kolin Florida na sake kidaya kuri'u a zaben shugaban kasa na 2000. Alkalan sun yi gardama tare da ban sha'awa cewa tun da kananan hukumomin Florida daban-daban na iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na tabutting kuri'u, sake kirga hannun zai keta daidaitattun ka'idojin kariya na Kwaskwarima na Goma sha Hudu.
Ta hana sake kirga kuri'un, Kotun Koli ta ba da shugabancin Bush.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan irin wadannan alkalai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi imanin cewa ba za a iya amfani da batun kare daidaiton doka ta goma sha hudu ba don dakatar da cin zarafin mata, ko samar da tsarin harajin kadarorin da ya dace da adalci, ko raba kudaden da za a raba tsakanin kananan hukumomi masu arziki da matalauta.
Amma, a cikin Bush v. Gore sun yanke hukuncin cewa za a iya amfani da batun kariya daidai gwargwado don dakatar da sake kirga kuri'un na doka. Sannan sun bayyana karara cewa Bush ba za a iya la'akari da shi a matsayin abin koyi ga sauran batutuwan kariya daidai ba. Ma'ana, Kwaskwarimar na Goma Sha Hudu ta yi aiki ne kawai a lokacin da masu fafutukar shari'a masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka so, kamar lokacin satar zabe!
Mun ji masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na cewa bai kamata alkalai su yi kokarin "yanke doka daga kan benci ba," kamar yadda ya kamata masana shari'a masu sassaucin ra'ayi suke yi. Amma wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da Paul Gewirtz da Chad Golder na Jami’ar Yale suka yi ya nuna cewa alkalan masu ra’ayin mazan jiya kamar Thomas da Scalia suna da yawan ɓata ko sake fassara dokokin Majalisar fiye da na masu sassaucin ra’ayi kamar Byers da Ginsberg.
Ta wannan ma'auni kuma, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fi yin fafutuka.
A taƙaice, masu ɗorawa na dama a cikin baƙaƙen riguna ba ƙwaƙƙwaran gine-gine ba ne kuma ba madaidaitan alkalai ba. ’Yan ta’adda ne marasa kamun kai wadanda ke yin kamfen a matsayin masu kare hakki da manufar tsarin mulki.
Idan wannan dimokuradiyya ce, wa ke bukatar oligarchy?
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Littattafan kwanan nan na Michael Parenti sun haɗa da Superpatriotism (City Lights), Kisan Julius Kaisar (New Press), da gwagwarmayar Al'adu (Labarun Labarai Bakwai), duk ana samun su a cikin takarda; kuma ziyarci: www.michaelparenti.org.