Ingqungquthela yokwehla kwamandla emali ebise-Political Economy Research Institute e-UMass Amherst (PERI) yethule ubufakazi obukhulayo bokuthi ukunyusa izinga lenzalo kuzonyusa izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi futhi kunciphise amandla okuxoxisana abasebenzi abahola kancane nabampofu asebehlaselwe kanzima yilolu bhubhane ezweni lonke. umhlaba. URobert Pollin ujoyina i-Sharmini Peries kuAnalysis.news.
Okulotshiweyo
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Siyakwamukela ku Ukuhlaziya. Ngingu-Sharmini Peries, futhi ngizobuya noSolwazi Bob Polin emizuzwaneni embalwa nje.
Ibhange elikhulu lamazwe ahlukahlukene athuthukile, njengamazwe e-G7 kanye ne-US Federal Reserve, liye lasabela ekukhuphukeni kokwehla kwamandla emali ngokukhuphula inzalo. Ukukunqanda, basebenzisa inqubomgomo yezomnotho encane ebizwa ngokuthi i-inflation targeting, okuyinqubomgomo lapho bezama khona ukukhomba ukwehla kwamandla emali ku-2% ukuze bathole ukuzinza kwentengo. Nangu usihlalo weFederal Reserve ngoDisemba 16, 2022.
Jerome Powell
Ngaphambi kokuthi ngingene emininingwaneni yomhlangano wanamuhla, ngithanda ukugcizelela kubantu baseMelika ukuthi siyabuqonda ubunzima obubangelwa ukwehla kwamandla emali okuphakeme nokuthi sizimisele ngokuqinile ukubuyisela ukwehla kwamandla emali kumgomo wethu ongu-2%. Ngaphandle kokuzinza kwentengo, umnotho awusebenzi kunoma ubani. Ikakhulukazi, ngaphandle kokuzinza kwentengo, ngeke sifinyelele isikhathi esiqinile sezimo zemakethe yezabasebenzi ezizuzisa wonke umuntu.
Namuhla, i-FOMC [Federal Open Market Committee] inyuse izinga lenqubomgomo yethu yenzalo ngamaphesenti anguhhafu. Siyaqhubeka nokulindela ukuthi ukwenyuka okuqhubekayo kuzofaneleka ukuze sifinyelele isimo senqubomgomo yezimali esikhawulela ngokwanele ukubuyisela ukwehla kwamandla emali ku-2% ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Kodwa ingabe lena ngempela indlela yezomnotho enengqondo yokunikeza impumuzo kwabaningi abahlushwa ukukhuphuka kwamanani nokwehla kwamandla emali? Yini engenziwa ukuze kunqandwe futhi kuzuze uzinzo kwezomnotho ngesikhathi esifanayo? Yini eqhuba ukwehla kwamandla emali? Ngabe imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni, amaholo aphezulu, ubhubhane, izindaba zokuhlinzekwa kwempahla ezihlobene nobhubhane, impi yase-Ukraine, noma konke okungenhla? Zibukeka kanjani ezinye izixazululo ezisebenzayo? Ukukhulisa amazinga enzalo kuyindlela ephusile, noma ezuzisa bani? Leyo ngeminye yemibuzo ephakanyiswe engqungqutheleni eyayifike ngesikhathi kakhulu eyayibanjwe ngoDisemba ka-2022 yi-Political Economy Research Institute eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts, e-Amherst.
Namuhla ngijoyinwe ngomunye wabagqugquzeli bale ngqungquthela, uSolwazi Robert Pollin, onguprofesa wezomnotho ovelele wasenyuvesi kanye nomqondisi we-Political Economy Research Institute, i-PERI, e-UMass, e-Amherst. Bob, ngiyabonga kakhulu ngokungijoyina namuhla.
Robert Pollin
Kuhle ukuhlala nawe, Sharmini. Ngiyabonga.
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Bob, ubize ingqungquthela nabanye osomnotho abahlonishwa kakhulu. Kuphephile ukucabanga ukuthi unethemba lokuba nomthelela kubenzi benqubomgomo yezomnotho esikhathini esibucayi kulesi simo sokwehla kwamandla emali. Kungani uzama ukungenela, futhi ubani ozama ukuthonya?
Robert Pollin
Sihlele ingqungquthela, mina kanye nomqondisi we-PERI, uGerald Epstein, ukuze sigxile ngempela ekutheni yiziphi ngempela izimbangela zokwehla kwamandla emali emhlabeni jikelele kanye nezindlela zokunqanda ukwehla kwamandla emali ngaphandle kokuhlasela inhlalakahle kanye namazinga okuphila abantu abasebenzayo abantu abampofu. Ngakho-ke lokho kuwumgomo wonke wephrojekthi.
Ngicabanga ukuthi kulungile ukusho ukuthi sifunde okuningi. Ngicabanga ukuthi esikuthole engqungqutheleni bekuhluke kakhulu kunalokhu okuyinkombamgomo yezomnotho manje. Kafushane nje, inqubomgomo yezomnotho ilawulwa umbono, njengoba ushilo ekuqaleni, ukuze ukwehla kwamandla emali kwehle kuye ku-2%. Indlela eyinhloko yokufika lapho iwukukhuphula izinga lenzalo elizobambezela umnotho futhi likhuphule izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, okusho ukulimaza isigaba sabasebenzi nokwenza buthaka amandla abo okuxoxisana. Umqondo obangela ukuthi kube buthaka amandla okuxoxisana abasebenzi wukuthi abasebenzi baxoxisana ngamaholo abo. Banamandla amaningi okuxoxisana ngamaholo, ngakho-ke kufanele sihlasele amandla ezingxoxo zabasebenzi ukuze sibabuyisele ngaphansi kwesithende futhi.
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Bob, iphepha olethulile linesihloko Ukucatshangelwa Ekukhuphukeni Kwemali, Ukukhula Komnotho kanye Nethagethi Yokukhuphuka Kwamanani Amaphesenti Angu-2, iphepha olibhale ngokuhlanganyela no-Hanae Bouazza lapho umemezela khona ukuthi uhlaka lwenqubomgomo olwaziwa ngokuthi yi-inflation targeting belusetshenziswa iminotho eminingi enemali engenayo ephezulu, njengamazwe e-G7 kusukela ngawo-1990s. Manje, sebebeke umgomo wokwehla kwamandla emali ka-2%, kodwa uthi ayikho indikimba yocwaningo engathi sรญna esekela ukucabanga kwabo kokusebenza. Sichazele lokhu.
Robert Pollin
Yebo, njengoba ushilo, ngawo-1990, lo mbono wokuthi ohulumeni kufanele bahlele inqubomgomo yezomnotho mayelana nalo mbono wokugcina ukwehla kwamandla emali kungabi ngaphezu kwama-2%. Isisekelo esikhona siwukuthi, uma senza lokho, khona-ke konke okunye kuzozinakekela. Umnotho uzokhula kangcono, namathuba emisebenzi azokwanda. Into esemqoka okudingeka siyenze ukuqala ukuzinza kwentengo njengoba kuchazwe izinga lokukhuphuka kwamandla emali eliphansi kakhulu elinedijithi eyodwa elingu-2%.
Manje, iphepha lami noHanae Bouazza linesizotha kakhulu ngomqondo lizama nje ukubheka iphuzu elincane elincane. Iphuzu liwukuthi, ingabe siyaqaphela ngempela ukuthi umnotho ukhula ngokushesha uma usezingeni eliphansi lokwehla kwamandla emali, ku-inflation engu-2%, ngenani elihlosiwe? Futhi impendulo ithi cha. Impendulo ithi abukho ubufakazi. Eqinisweni, iphepha lethu liyisandiso somsebenzi owenziwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990 ngumuntu ogama lakhe linguMichael Bruno, ngaleso sikhathi owayengusomnotho omkhulu eBhange Lomhlaba. UBruno ngokwakhe wabonisa ngeminyaka yawo-1990s ukuthi abukho ubuhlobo ukuthi umnotho empeleni ukhula ngokushesha ngamazinga aphezulu okwehla kwamandla emali. Sinwebe imiphumela kaBruno okwamanje kanye nakuwo wonke umnotho womhlaba. Sigxila emazweni anemali engenayo ephezulu bese sigxila kakhulu e-United States ngesekhondi ngalinye.
Asisho ukuthi sisebenzela i-hyperinflation. Asisho ukuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali kulungile, futhi akudingekile ukuba sikhathazeke ngakho ku-40%, 50%, nanoma yini. Sithola ukuthi esikhundleni se-inflation ehlosiwe ka-2%, umnotho wenza kangcono uma ukwehla kwamandla emali kusendaweni ethile mhlawumbe ku-4% noma ku-5%, mhlawumbe ngisho no-6-7% ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lawo maphesenti empeleni enza umehluko omkhulu. Esikubonayo manje yilokhu kuhlasela ukuze kwehle izinga le-inflation lifike ku-2%, kanti okwenzekile ngalesi sihlava esikhona manje sokunyuka kwamandla emali kwaba ukuthi sibe nalezi zinkinga eziphuma kubhubhane lwe-COVID. Ngamanye amazwi, kube nokushoda kokudla, ukushoda kukawoyela, ukushoda kwama-computer chips, kwase kufanele umnotho ubambe iqhaza njengoba bephuma ku-COVID lockdown. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wawunempi e-Ukraine, eyaholela ekuswelekeni okwengeziwe kokudla namandla. Ngakho yileso isizathu. Pho kungani singayilungisi indaba yesupply shocks? Futhi-ke, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani ezinkulu zasebenzisa leli thuba lokushoda kwempahla futhi zakhuphula amanani azo, ngakho inzuzo yenyuka ngokushesha kakhulu kunemiholo.
Ngakho-ke yingakho, ngokwesibonelo, bekusanda kubikwa ngesonto eledlule ukuthi izinkampani zikawoyela, izinkampani zikawoyela ezimbili ezinkulu zase-US, i-Exxon ne-Chevron, zithole inzuzo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngonyaka odlule, inzuzo engu-$100 billion. Kungani bengabizwa ukuthi baziphendulele ngokwamanani entengo yabo esikhundleni sokuhlasela abasebenzi njengembangela yokwehla kwamandla emali?
Ama-Sharmini Peries
U-Bob, enye yezinhloso ze-inflation target ephansi ka-2% ukuzinza kwentengo, okungekubi kakhulu ngokwako, okuzwakala kunengqondo. Ingabe liyakwenza lokho ngempela?
Robert Pollin
Hhayi-ke, ngiqonde ukuthi, uma ufuna ukufika ku-2% wezinga le-inflation futhi uhlale lapho, ungakwazi, kodwa kufanele ube nenkontileka yezomnotho. Kufanele wehlise ijubane umsebenzi. Kufanele ubone izinga lokungasebenzi likhuphuka. Ungaba ne-deflation. Inkinga nje ukuthi nawe une-depression. Uzoba nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngobuningi. Singathanda ukuba nomhlaba lapho wonke umuntu enza kahle, futhi akukho kwehla kwamandla emali, kodwa leyo akuyona indlela ngempela umhlaba osebenza ngayo. Ngakho kukhona ukuhwebelana. Kufanele siqonde, kulungile, uma sifuna ukufika ku-2% we-inflation, ingabe sizimisele ukudela imisebenzi namaholo? Uma singaba namaholo aphezulu kanye namathuba emisebenzi angcono, ake sithi, u-4% wokwehla kwamandla emali, mhlawumbe lokho kufanele kube umgomo wethu uma kuqhathaniswa no-2% wokwehla kwamandla emali. Kungani kufanele sonke isigaba sabasebenzi bomhlaba sihlupheke futhi sithwale umthwalo ukuze sifinyelele kulokhu okuhlosiwe kokwehla kwamandla emali okungama-2%?
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Uma kubhekwa izindleko ezikhuphukayo zayo yonke into kusukela kokusanhlamvu kuye kuphethiloli, ungachaza ukuthi kungani lokhu kucabangela kokusebenza kubuthakathaka futhi kunephutha?
Robert Pollin
Ngakho-ke umbono uthi noma nini lapho unokwehla kwamandla emali, okusheshisa ukukhuphuka kwamandla emali, kungenxa yokuthi abasebenzi babe namandla amaningi okuxoxisana, bexoxisana ngamaholo abo. Njengoba ngishilo, eqinisweni, okubangele ukukhuphuka kwamandla emali okukhulu, eyokuqala eminyakeni engama-40, yilokho okwenzeka kuphuma ku-COVID. Siphinde sawuvula umnotho saphinde savula umnotho emuva kokuthi kube khona konke lokhu kuphazamiseka kwempahla. Kwavalwa ngani, unyaka nesigamu, iminyaka emibili? Phezu kwalokho saba nempi. Ngakho-ke into yangempela okufanele yenziwe ukubhekana nalezo zinkinga zokuhlinzeka. Sinakho ukushoda kwama-computer chips, uwoyela, ukudla, nazo zonke lezo zinto. Futhi yebo, sibe nokushoda kwezinsiza zabasebenzi ngoba abantu bafa ngesikhathi se-COVID. Abantu abakwazanga ukubuyela emsebenziniโ labo ababesaphila. Silahlekelwe e-US cishe abantu abayizigidi ezintathu nengxenye emsebenzini. Ngakho lokho kwadala ukushoda kwezisebenzi. Isixazululo sangempela esikhona wukukhuphula amaholo kugqugquzelwe abantu ukuthi babuyele emsebenzini benze izimo zibe ngcono.
Manje, iqiniso liwukuthi ukushoda kwempahla sekuvele kuyabuyiselwa. Amaketango okuhlinzeka ayaqina. Ezinyangeni ezinhlanu ezedlule e-United States, ukwehla kwamandla emali sekuvele kwehle kwafika ku-2.4%. Unyaka wonke, ukwehla kwamandla emali kungama-7%. Kepha ezinyangeni ezinhlanu ezedlule e-US, kungu-2.4%. Iphethini efanayo eYurophu. Ngokwesibonelo, eSpain ukwehla kwamandla emali ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule. Ngakho-ke izinkinga zokuhlinzeka zizixazulula ngokwazo. Futhi, kungani ungafuna ukuhlasela abasebenzi futhi ubavimbele ekutholeni inzuzo ethile njengoba siphuma ku-COVID lockdown?
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Bob, iphepha lakho likhomba ezinye izinketho zomnotho ezitholakalayo kubakhi benqubomgomo ukuze bazinzise futhi bakhulise umnotho ngaphandle kokukhomba ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi ukuze kuncishiswe ukwehla kwamandla emali. Xoxa ngezinye zalezi zinketho ezitholakalayo.
Robert Pollin
Ngakho-ke azikho ncamashi lapho ngoba eziningi zazo ziphakanyiswe ngabaphathi beBiden. Enye yazo intela yenzuzo eyi-windfall onโ ngakho, njengoba ngishilo, izinkampani zikawoyela zenze inzuzo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, zaqopha inzuzo ngonyaka odlule, konke ngoba zazikwazi ukumaka amanani azo ngenxa yokushoda; basizakala ngalokho. Kungani kufanele bazuze ngenxa yokuvalwa kwe-COVID? Ngibhale futhi izinto mayelana nokwenza imboni kawoyela ibe ngaphansi kukahulumeni, futhi ngingathanda ukukhuluma ngayo, kodwa ake sithi ngeke sikwenze lokho njengamanje. Okungenani, imingcele yenzuzo yabo kufanele ivinjwe ngoba awenzi lutho olusha. Bazuza nje ekushodeni kokuhlinzekwa okuphuma ku-COVID lockdown. Ngakho lokho kungaba munye.
Ngokufanayo, ukutshalwa kwezimali ekwakheni amandla aluhlaza kusho ukuthi sikhulisa ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokuncika kuwoyela namanye ama-fossil. Manje, lezo zinto ziyasebenza, kodwa ngokwanele, cishe azinamandla njengokudala ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngokunciphisa ingcindezi yamanani. Ngakho-ke iphuzu liwukuthi, ingabe ngempela sidinga ukuphusha amanani ehle aze afike ku-2% okuhlosiwe? Futhi uma kungadingeki ukuba sibe nolaka ngaleyo ndlela mayelana nokunciphisa izintengo, singase sisebenzise lezi ezinye izinqubomgomo ukulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali.
Nasi esinye isibonelo. Enye yezinto enyuse amanani okudla nowoyela ukuqagela emakethe yekusasa. Ngakho kungani ungalawuli ukuqagela emakethe yekusasa? Uma uhlanganisa lezi zindlela ezihlukile, uzoba nesethi yezinqubomgomo ezikwazi ukunqanda ukwehla kwamandla emali ngaphandle kokuhlasela inhlalakahle yabantu abasebenzayo.
Ama-Sharmini Peries
U-Bob, ephepheni lakho, ubonisa ukuthi izinqubomgomo zokukhula kokuluhlaza ezikhonjwe Umthetho Wokuncishiswa Kokwehla kwamandla emali wase-US owaphasiswa ngonyaka odlule ziyindlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa ukwehla kwamandla emali. Chaza ukuthi singabhekana kanjani nenkinga yezemvelo kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Robert Pollin
Yebo, yebo, ngeke kulawule ukwehla kwamandla emali ezinyangeni ezimbili ezizayo. Empeleni ubizwa nge-Inflation Reduction Act. Ngisho, empeleni, kumayelana nokutshala imali ekwakheni umnotho oluhlaza. Sekukonke kwakuyisilinganiso esihle. Kungaba okuningi, okuningi, okungcono kakhulu. Sike sakhuluma ngalokhu ngaphambili, kodwa uma sibheka ukuthi siyini, noma kunjalo, lapho siguqukela ngokushesha emandleni aluhlaza, ngokusobala, ibhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokunciphisa i-CO2. Futhi, amandla avuselelekayo ashibhile kunamandla kaphethiloli; iyingxenye yentengo ngokuphehla ugesi. Ilanga nomoya uhhafu wentengo nge-kilowatt ngehora ngaphandle kosizo; iyingxenye yentengo yamalahle. Yilapho esikhona manje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ngithi inguquko eluhlaza, siphinde sikhulume ngokukhuphula izindinganiso zokonga amandla, ngakho awudingi amandla amaningi ukuze ugcine indlu yakho ifudumele, ukukhanyisa izibani, noma ukushayela usuka endaweni A uye endaweni engu-B. Ngakho lokho futhi kwehlisa zonke lezo zinto okusho ukuthi sehlisa isidingo samafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, futhi lokho kuzosiza ukwehlisa amandla emali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Ngakho-ke kungakanani ukwehla kwamandla emali esinakho okuhlobene ne-COVID? Futhi kungakanani kwalokhu kwehla kwamandla emali okubangelwa impi yase-Ukraine, izinkinga ze-supply chain, noma amaphakheji okuvuselela?
Robert Pollin
Nokho, ngicabanga ukuthi, okokuqala, ukwehla kwamandla emali kungokoqobo, ngakho-ke kufanele sikulawule. Futhi abantu abafana nabantu abathuthukayo, kufanele sikhathazeke nge-inflation. Akukho mbuzo ngakho. Kuyindlela owenza ngayo. Futhi-ke, ngokwezixazululo, inombolo yokuqala, ngicabanga ukuthi sidinga ukucaca kakhulu ukuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali sekuvele kwehla. Kwakulezi zinkinga ezinkulu zokuhlinzeka ezivela ku-COVID kanye nempi eyakhuphula ngempela ukwehla kwamandla emali. Ngakho-ke, masizivumele lezo zinto zizisebenzele ngokwazo, bese sigxila kulokhuโ ngiqonde ukuthi, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kungase kube phansi, kodwa kuphansi njengoba bekunjalo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ukuba ngaphansi kuka-4% wokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nokukwehlisela phansi ngisho nangaphezulu, lokho kuwumgomo obaluleke ngendlela emangalisayo.
Phakathi kokunye, inika abasebenzi amandla engeziwe okuxoxisana. Abasebenzi kufanele babe namandla amaningi okuxoxisana. Isisebenzi esivamile e-United States asikaze sibone ukukhushulwa eminyakeni engu-50 ngamadola angempela, kuyilapho i-CEO evamile ibone iholo labo langempela likhuphuka ngokuphindwe kashumi. Ngakho yilokho esibe nakho ngaphansi kwe-neoliberalism. Futhi umbono wokuthi abasebenzi akufanele bakwazi ukuthola noma yiluphi uhlobo lokukhushulelwa ngokuyisisekelo uthi sizoqhubeka nokuqhuba i-neoliberalism unomphela. Izinqubomgomo zebhange elikhulu, i-Fed, kanye nezinqubomgomo ezifanayo kwamanye amazwe zisho kahle ukuthi ngeke siphathe ubunxiwankulu ngokuvumela abasebenzi bathole izinzuzo noma ukukhushulelwa.
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Bob, enye yezinto okufanele siyikhumbule ukuthi e-United States, sibhekene nomjikelezo wokhetho njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Izinqubomgomo zivame ukuhloswe ukujabulisa labo abafaka isandla kakhulu ohlelweni lokhetho. Manje, sinikeze umqondo wezinqubomgomo zamanje nokuthi zingabazuzisa kanjani labo ababa negalelo elikhulu emjikelezweni wokhetho. Yebo, inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo iqondiswe kubo hhayi kumuntu ojwayelekile emgwaqweni.
Robert Pollin
Indaba ezayo emjikelezweni olandelayo wokhetho kufanele kube ukuthi, yebo, besinazo lezi zinqubomgomo ezinkulu zokukhuthaza ngesikhathi se-COVID futhi ezivimbe Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho ngoba, phakathi kukaMashi 2020 no-Ephreli 2020, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kukhuphuke kusuka cishe ku-3.5% kuya ku-14% ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Ukuvalwa thaqa kwezwe ngenxa ye-covid. Ngabe izohlala lapho. Besizoba Sekuwohlokeni Okukhulu Kwezomnotho njengamanje ukube besingenayo imigomo yokukhuthaza. Izinqubomgomo zokugqugquzela zibe nomthelela ekubekeni phansi umnotho ngakho-ke zibe negalelo ngendlela yazo ekwehleni kwamandla emali. Ukwehla kwamandla emali ku-3-4% kungcono kunokwehla kwamandla emali; kungcono kunokucindezeleka. Ngakho-ke ngicabanga ukuthi leyo ndaba idinga ukuxoxwa singene emjikelezweni wokhetho olandelayo.
Manje njengoba sekushiwo, unawo lo mbono ku-Wall Street wokuthi into yokuqala nesiyifunayo ukuthi asifuni abasebenzi bathole amandla engeziwe okuxoxisana. Sifuna ukuqhubeka nokuqoqa inzuzo ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, njengoba izinkampani zikawoyela zisanda kwenza. Izinkampani zikawoyela nezinye izinkampani ezinkulu zizoxhasa ngezimali osopolitiki abazofuna ukuvimba izimfuno zabasebenzi.
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Ngiyabonga, Bob.
Robert Pollin
Ngibona kakhulu.
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Ake ngikhumbuze wonke umuntu ukuthi ama-Bobs namanye amaphepha enkomfa ayatholakala ukuze uwafunde I-Political Economy Research Institute e-UMass Amherst.
Robert Pollin
Sinemfishane engaphakathi I-American Prospect, isifinyezo esitholakalayo futhi. Ungayithola kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi.
Ama-Sharmini Peries
Sizowaqaqa wonke ngokuxoxisana nababhali abahamba phambili. Ngakho-ke sicela uhlanganyele nathi kulolu chungechunge, futhi siyabonga ngokuhlanganyela nathi lapha Ukuhlaziya.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela