Omongameli abahlanu bahamba ngeveni ezweni lonke, bezobona i-USA ukusuka olwandle kuya olwandle olucwebezelayo.
Uhambo lwabo ekugcineni luphelela eweni elibheke uLwandlekazi iPacific.
Ngemuva kwalokho kufanele banqume ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuvula umgwaqo onguthelawayeka 1, ogudla ugu oluseNtshonalanga.
"Kulula," kusho i-FDR, "Sidinga ukusayina kwesokunxele bese sijikela kwesokunxele."
"Ngiyavuma ukuthi kulula," kusho uRonald Reagan, "kodwa kufanele sisayine kwesokudla bese sijika kwesokudla."
"Cha, umbuzo onzima kakhulu," kusho uBill Clinton, "kufanele sisayine kwesokunxele, kodwa siphendukele kwesokudla."
"Ngiyavuma ukuthi kuyinkimbinkimbi," kusho uBarack Obama, "kodwa ngithemba ukuthi singabonisa kwesokudla, bese sijikela kwesokunxele."
"Nonke nephutha," kusho uGeorge W. Bush, "Kudingeka siqine futhi sibonise ukuzimisela. Qhubeka ushayela uqonde phambili."
Sekuphele isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga u-Barack Obama eqophe umlando, futhi amaDemocrats anqoba i-White House. Manje njengoba umgubho usuphelile, nezigqoko zephathi sezisusiwe, abathuthukayo bathola umthamo weqiniso. Uma kukhulunywa ngenqubomgomo yasekhaya, Ukuphathwa kuka-Obama ngokuqinisekile kuzoba ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo ngaphezu kokuphatha okwedlule. Kepha uma kukhulunywa ngenqubomgomo yezangaphandle nezempi, ukukhetha kuka-Obama uJoe Biden njengesekela likamongameli-kanye nomeluleki wakhe oholayo wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle-kwakuyi "signali" yangaphambi kwesikhathi yokuthi kuncane okungase kushintshe. Lo mbono uqiniswe yizinqumo zakamuva ezikhethwe nguMongameli okhethiwe kuKhabhinethi yakhe Yezempi.
Njengomholi weDemocrat eKomidini leSenate Foreign Relations (kanye noSihlalo walo), uBiden akakaze ahlangane nempi angayithandi. Unanela uGeorge W. Bush ngokuthi "Amandla azosetshenziswa ngaphandle kokucela imvume yomuntu uma izimo zivuma." Uma uMongameli Obama kanye nenhlangano yokuthula bengabambeleli ngokuqinile iPhini likaMongameli uBiden, angathola indima enamandla kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle njengePhini likaMongameli uCheney. Uzobe esebekwa esikhundleni sokuqhubeka nemisebenzi kaBush ngezindlela ezahlukene, futhi ahole nezimpi ezintsha. Uma inhlangano yokuthula iyeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, inani lokungenelela kwezempi lingase likhule kunokuba linciphe.
UBiden uhole ukusekelwa kweDemocratic Alliance ekuhlaseleni kukaBush e-Iraq, usekuthethelele ngenkani umsebenzi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, futhi wahlongoza ukuqoshwa kwe-Iraq ibe yizifunda ezintathu zesitayela saseBalkan. Njengabaphathi beDemokhrasi bangaphambilini, nokho, upenda isicwebezelisi "sosizo" ngokungenelela kwamasosha ase-US, ukufihla inhloso yabo yangempela yokwelula izisekelo zamasosha ase-US kanye nokulawulwa kwebhizinisi kwezinsiza.
Kwakuhlale kuyiphutha futhi ukuhlaziya okungajulile ukwenza idemoni uBush kanye noCheney njengempande yabo bonke ububi, okusho ukuthi ukubasusa esikhundleni kwakuzokhipha impi ehlangene nohlangothi olulodwa kunqubomgomo yangaphandle. Ukwenza inkinga ibe ngokwakho bekudukisa ikakhulukazi kubantu baseMelika ababengakafiki eminyakeni yezepolitiki ngesikhathi sokuphatha kwangaphambilini kweDemokhrasi. KwakunguJimmy Carter owamemezela "Impi Yamandla," wasungula i-Central Command eMpumalanga Ephakathi, washeshisa umjaho wezikhali zenuzi, futhi wavuselela ukubhaliswa okusalungiswa. KwakunguBill Clinton owaqhumisa amabhomu e-Iraq ephindelela, waphoqelela unswinyo olunzima kubantu base-Iraqi, futhi waqhumisa ngamabhomu iSerbia namanye amazwe ambalwa. Inkinga ngosopolitiki beDemokhrasi akukhona nje ukuthi abavamile ukumelana nezimpi zeRiphabhulikhi, ukuthi baqale izimpi zabo.
Uma inhlangano yokuthula iphumuza umzuzu owodwa ngenxa yokunqoba kweDemocratic Alliance, ingadiliza izigidi zabantu - ikakhulukazi abantu abasha - abajoyine le nhlangano selokhu kwaqala ukuhlasela e-Iraq. Qaphela ukuthi abaphathi abasha bahlongoza ukuhoxisa amasosha "e-combat" e-Iraq, kodwa kugcinwe amanye amasosha "asele" kanye namasosha ezisekelweni ezintsha zempi (namazwe aseduze) angaqhubeka nokungenelela e-Iraq - mhlawumbe ukunqanda "impi" kodwa hhayi. umsebenzi. Inhlangano yezokuphepha kuzwelonke ifuna u-Obama andise uhlelo lwakhe lwesikhathi lokuhoxa lwezinyanga eziyi-16, futhi athumele amabutho amasha (njengama-Stryker brigades) ngo-2009 ukuze enze umsebenzi.
Abaphathi abasha bahlela ukuqondisa uGeneral Petraeus ukuthi aqale "ukuhlinzwa" okusha e-Afghanistan, ukudlulisa amasosha amaningi kulolo daka futhi abhebhethekise enye impi eyinhlekelele. Ihlela ukuqhubeka noma ukwandisa ukuhlasela okuyingozi okwaqalwa uBush ngokumelene "neziphephelo zabashokobezi" ePakistan naseSomalia. Futhi inganikeza isibonelo salokho okubizwa ngokuthi "okusiza abantu" ukuze kuthethelelwe ukugxambukela eSudan, Georgia kanye naseSyria nase-Iran. Ngezansi, ngichaza okunye kwalokhu kungenelela "kokusiza abantu" okwedlule, okwamanje kanye nokuzayo - okuhlukile.
Incwadi kaJean Bricmont Imperialalism: Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo Abantu Ukuthengisa Impi kufanele kudingeke ukuthi kufundelwe izishoshovu ezimelene nempi ezinyangeni ezizayo, ukuze sakhe ukuqonda kwethu izimiso zeDemokhrasi ukuze singenelele, njengokulwa "namasiko anobuqaba" weTaliban ngabesifazane. Umbono kaBricmont "uvuma kalula ubuqaba bamasiko anjalo, kodwa ubheka ukuthi ukungenelela kwethu kwenza umonakalo omkhulu kunokuhle, okuhlanganisa maqondana nokwenza ubuqaba buhlehle. Futhi iveza ukuthi kunenani elikhulu 'lobuqaba' kithi amazwe 'aphucukile', ikakhulukazi njengoba exhumana nabanye." Unezela ngokuthi "ukucela ibutho ukuba lilwe impi yokulwela amalungelo abantu kusho inkolelo engenangqondo yalokho amabutho ayini nakwenzayo, kanye nenkolelo yemilingo enganekwaneni yezimpi ezimfushane, ezihlanzekile, 'zokuhlinzwa'."
Njengendodana yomuntu owasinda ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe, nanjengomMelika owayethuswe ukubulawa kwabantu eRwanda, ngiyavuma ukuthi ukungenelela kwangaphandle kungase kudingeke ngezinye izikhathi ukuze kumiswe ukubulawa kwabantu. Kodwa isimangalo sokucindezelwa kobuhlanga eminyakeni yamuva nje sesiphenduke ilayisensi yaseNtshonalanga yokuqalisa izimpi ezibangela ukufa nokucekelwa phansi okwengeziwe, kanye nezizathu zokufihla ukufinyelela kwe-neocolonial ezinsizeni nasezisekelweni zempi. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, lokhu kungenelela ngokuvamile kugcina sekuthatha uhlangothi emijikelezweni ye-tit-for-tat yodlame oluhlangene oluthathe amashumi eminyaka. Lezi zenzo zivame ukwenza kube semthethweni noma empeleni zelule imijikelezo yokuhlanzwa kohlanga nodlame, kunokukumisa.
Amandla amakholoni ahlala enikeza izizathu "zobuntu" ukuphikisa ukuthi "bakhulula" abantu abangaphansi kwamasiko "emuva" kanye nabaholi "abangenangqondo". Abaholi baseMelika abanjengoBush noBiden bayaqhubeka nalokhu kuhlukaniswa kwabantu baba ngamakamu amabili - ahlangene "abantu abalungile" kanye nesitha "ababi" - ngaphandle kokuvuma ukuthi bavame ukubhekana "nababi" ababili. Bangase babe neqiniso ekulebeni "umuntu omubi" ngokuthi mubi, kodwa sebenzisa izenzo zalesi sitha njengesizathu sokusekela "umuntu omubi" ozakwabo. Umphumela uba ukuthi i-US igxile kuphela ekuhlukunyezweni kwezitha zayo kunabangane bayo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela iba umhlanganyeli oqondile ezenzweni zonya olukhulu lwamalungelo abantu ezenziwa abangane bayo. Emlandweni wakhe wempilo, ngokwesibonelo, uBiden wayephikisana โnokuhlanzwa kobuhlangaโ baseSerbia endaweni eyayiyiYugoslavia, kodwa akakaze asho nakanye ukususwa ngenkani okwenziwa amabutho kanye nezidlamlilo zobuzwe ayezisekela.
UBiden usebenzisa lokhu kuqhuma kwamabhomu okubizwa ngokuthi โokusiza abantuโ eBosnia naseKosovo, kanye nokungenelela โkokusiza abantuโ phambilini eSomalia naseHaiti, ukuze aqinisekise ukwesekwa kwakhe kwemisebenzi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, nokubandakanyeka ezingxabanweni zobuhlanga eSudan naseGeorgia. (Kunjalo, njengoba efuna "indawo okungeyona impukane" phezu kweDarfur, uBiden uvotele ukuthengiswa kwezikhali ezibulala izakhamuzi zaseColombia, futhi akakaze acele ukuthi kungenelele ukunqanda ukubulawa kwabantu empumalanga yeCongo ngenxa yezinsimbi zezinkampani zezimayini.) UBush uphinde wasebenzisa ukugunyaza kweDemocrats ukuhlasela kwakhe amavukelambuso ePakistan naseSomalia, ukuze aqale ukubhekisa iSyria ne-Iran.
Ngemuva kokuthi abavoti bekhethe iDemocratic Congress okhethweni lwango-2006 ngethemba lokuthi ekugcineni iMpi yase-Iraq izophela, esikhundleni salokho bathola uBiden njengoSihlalo weKomidi leSenethi Lezobudlelwano Nezangaphandle owafulathela izifiso zabo. Ngabe umphumela ofanayo uzohlupha ukhetho luka-2008? Ngo-Okthoba 19, uBiden watshela umhlangano womkhankaso ukuthi abaphathi abasha maduze "bazohlolwa" phesheya, ngakho-ke "Kuzofanele senze izinqumo ezinzima ngendlela emangalisayo eminyakeni emibili yokuqala. Ngiyakucela manje, ulungele hlala nathi. Khumbula ukholo owawunalo ngalesi sikhathi ngoba kuzodingeka usiqiniseโฆ. Ngenxa yokuthi ngeke kubonakale ekuqaleni, ngeke kubonakale ukuthi siqinisile." Ngabe uBiden ukhuluma ngabaphathi abasha beDemokhrasi abaqala ukungenelela okusha ngokumelene nezifiso zabavoti bakhe beDemokhrasi?
Singathemba ukuthi uMongameli u-Obama uzogcina ukuthambekela kwezempi kwe-VP yakhe, kodwa inhlangano yokuthula ingasiza ngokugcina ingcindezi, futhi ingaphumuli ngaleso sikhathi esinethemba lapho eminye yemigomo yethu yesikhathi eside ingase ifinyeleleke. UBill Clinton wayeyingcweti "yokusayina kwesokunxele, kodwa ajike kwesokudla." Asethembe ukuthi u-Obama ekuqaleni usayina kwesokudla kuphela ukuze kamuva ajike kwesokunxele.
UMongameli Okhethiwe u-Obama ngokwakhe akasiceli ukuthi 'silinde futhi sibone' ukuthi wenzani, kodwa ukuthi siqhubeke nokuhlela, futhi singayekethisi ezindabeni. Engxoxweni yokuqala yaseSouth Carolina (eyayibanjwe ngoMartin Luther King Day), u-Obama wathi, "Angicabangi ukuthi uDkt. King angancoma noma ubani wethu. Ngicabanga ukuthi angabiza abantu baseMelika ukuba bakwenze ukuthi siphendule. โฆNgikholwa ukuthi uguquko alwenzeki ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi. Kwenzeka kusuka phansi kuya phezulu. UDkt. King wayekuqonda lokho."
Futhi njengoba u-Obama asho ngobusuku bokhetho eChicago, "Lokhu kunqoba kukodwa akulona ushintsho esilufunayo; kuyithuba lethu kuphela lokwenza lolo shintsho." Osopolitiki bashintsha imigomo kusuka phezulu kuphela ngenxa yengcindezi evela ngaphansi. U-Obama angase abe ngomunye wabaholi bokuqala base-US ababonayo futhi (mhlawumbe ngezinye izikhathi) bamukele ingcindezi evela emazingeni aphansi ukuze aqinise isicelo sakhe soshintsho. Kodwa-ke angiqinisekanga kangako ngabasekeli beMpi yase-IraqโabanjengoBiden, uClinton, uGates, no-Emanuelโukuthi manje usebuthanela kuye. Ukuphela kwendlela azomelana ngayo nabo uma silokhu sisukuma thina.
โKUNGABANTUโ KANJANI LOKHU UKUNGENELELA?
Ukungenelela kwangaphambilini njengezandulela.
ESOMALIA. Ngo-1992, ngemva kokuketulwa kukamashiqela owayephethe imikhumbi yempi yase-US kuleli zwe lamasu, amasosha ase-US athatha iSomalia okwakuthiwa angamasosha e-UN "okugcina ukuthula" ukuze ahlukanise amasosha ezizwe ezilwayo. UBiden weseke ukungenelela njengendlela yokudambisa indlala yaseSomalia, yize indlala yayincipha ngesikhathi kufika amabutho. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngemva kokuba iPentagon iqale ukuthatha uhlangothi empini yombango ngokumelene nenduna yempi eyodwa enhloko-dolobha yaseMogadishu, yakhokha imiphumela empini eyayidume kabi ethi "Black Hawk Down". Impi yombango yashuba kwaze kwaba yilapho uhulumeni we-Islamic Courts Union eletha ukuthula eMogadishu ngo-2006, wabe esexoshwa ekuhlaselweni kwe-Ethiopia eyayisekelwa yi-US. Ukuthunyelwa kwakamuva kwe-NATO yezempi yasolwandle ngokumelene "nezigebengu" ogwini lwaseSomalia kuhlanganisa ukungenelela okuholwa yi-US ngokumelene nalaba bavukeli bamaSulumane. Abanye "baphangi" bangamavukela-mbuso aqoqa izimali zokubuyela eMogadishu (ngokubamba uwoyela noma imikhumbi ethwala izikhali ukuze bathole inhlawulo), kanti abanye bayizigebengu noma amasosha "kahulumeni" angamaqili asebenzisa leli thuba. I-Pentagon iphinde yenze ukuhlasela kwezikhali ezicitshwayo kanye nezindiza emoyeni kubavukeli, futhi manje isithumela ama-mercenaries e-Blackwater ukuba agade imizila yemikhumbi. Amaqembu abashokobezi manje athatha ingxenye enkulu yeningizimu yeSomalia, okuvusa intukuthelo yokuhlasela okusha kwe-US.
HAITI. Okuseduzane kakhulu lapho Ukuphathwa kukaClinton okwafika ekungeneleleni "kosizo" ngempela kwaba yilapho bethumela amasosha eHaiti ngo-1994, ukuze afake kabusha uMongameli oqhubekayo okhethiwe owaxoshwa ekuketulweni kwezempi. Amasosha abuyisele owayengumphristi uJean-Bertrand Aristide esikhundleni, kodwa hhayi emandleni. I-CIA yaqhubeka nokweseka amaqembu okufa aphiko lwesokudla abulala abalandeli bakhe, futhi u-Aristide waba ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yase-US yokuqhubeka nokwenza umnotho osuvele umpofu ube yimfihlo. Ngenkathi amavukelambuso ezempi angakwesokudla ephinde ekhipha u-Aristide ngo-2004, uBush wathumela amasosha ase-US ukuthi "amphelezele" ekudingisweni futhi afake amavukelambuso. Ngokungafani namanye amalungu eKomidi Lezobudlelwano Nezangaphandle (njengoChris Dodd kanye noMaxine Waters), uBiden akazange akhulume ngenkani ngenkathi uBush esiza ukuqeda intando yeningi eHaiti.
I-BOSNIA. Impi YaseBosnia yaqala lapho iYugoslavia ihlukana ngo-1992, futhi amaSerbia amaningi angama-Orthodox namaCroat angamaKatolika eBosnia ayefuna ukujoyina ezawo amazwe asafufusa iSerbia neCroatia, kunokuba abe yingxenye yeBosnia ezimele lapho kugcwele khona amaSulumane. Njengoba uBiden esho kahle, iNtshonalanga imile futhi yabuka njengoba izakhamizi zamaSulumane aseBosnia zibulawa ngamasosha esizwe samaSerb. Angakunaki ukukuveza ukuthi amaSulumane nawo abulawa amabutho ezizwe zaseCroat, ayeqeqeshwa amaJalimane nosonkontileka baseMelika. UBiden wayekhulume kakhulu kumasenenja acele uClinton ukuthi aqhumise amabhomu amaSerb eBosnia. Kodwa i-US yangenelela kuphela ngo-1995 njengoba Amasosha aseCroatia aqala ukuhlasela amaSerb e-Croatia nasentshonalanga yeBosnia, enza umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu "wokuhlanzwa kobuhlanga" kuyo yonke impi. I-US ayigcinanga ngokugwema ukumisa iCroatia, kodwa yethula ukuhlasela kwezindiza okubili ezinkundleni zezindiza zamasosha aseSerbia esifundeni saseKrajina ukuze isekele "I-Operation Storm" yaseCroatia. I-US ayizange iphikise "ukuhlanzwa kohlanga," kodwa yasekela nje abahlanzi bohlanga baseCroatia ngokumelene nabahlanzi bobuhlanga baseSerbia. Esivumelwaneni se-Dayton, uClinton wagunyaza ukwahlukaniswa kwe-de facto kwe-Bosnia ibe yi-republic yase-Serbia kanye nomfelandawonye wamaSulumane-Croat, eboleka isikhundla esisemthethweni emingceleni emisha eqoshwe abashisekeli bezwe abanodlame, kunokuzama ukuhlanganisa kabusha izinhlanga ezazihlala ndawonye. amashumi eminyaka. AbaseBrithani bathola ukuthi ukwahlukanisa akusebenzanga kahle kakhulu ePalestine naseNdiya, njengoba kwaholela ezimpini ezingapheli kulezo zifunda. I-Bosnia ingase ibe nokuthula uma kuqhathaniswa namuhla, kodwa "iwukuthula" kwe-US rubberstamping ukuhlanzwa okuphumelelayo kobuhlanga.
KOSOVO. Izimpi zase-Yugoslavia zasakazekela esifundazweni sase-Albania-sase-Kosovo esinabantu abaningi base-Albania, empini yombango ehlanganisa amabutho ase-Serbia namasosha e-Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). Ngo-1999, iMcCain-Biden Resolution yagunyaza uMongameli uClinton ukuthi aqale ukuqhumisa amabhomu eSerbia. UMongameli waseYugoslavia uSlobodan Milosevic waqala ukuxosha ngesihluku okukhulu kwabase-Kosovar Albanians ngemuva kokuthi i-NATO iqale ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, okwabulala amakhulukhulu ezakhamizi zaseSerbia (ngisho emadolobheni ayevotele uMilosevic). Ngemuva kokuthi i-NATO ixoshe amabutho aseSerbia, yabona i-KLA yobuzwe base-Albania njengebutho lamaphoyisa, elaqhubeka nokuxosha ngendluzula izinhlanga ezincane-amaSerbs, Roma (Gypsies), amaTurkey namaJuda-ngaphansi kwamasosha aseNtshonalanga. Futhi, i-US ayizange iphikise ukususwa ngenkani, kodwa yamane yeseka abahlanzi bohlanga base-Albania ngokumelene nabahlanzi bohlanga baseSerbia. UBiden ungumgqugquzeli oholayo wokubona ukuzimela kwalesi sifundazwe esisha saseKosovo, manje esesihlanzekile ngokohlanga kunaseqophelweni eliphezulu lokususwa kukaMilosevic. Lokhu kuqashelwa kwe-US muva nje kuqedele ukuhlukana kwe-Yugoslavia ezigodini zezizwe ezilawuleka kalula, kanti i-Kosovo isingatha i-Camp Bondsteel, isizinda sezempi esikhulu kunazo zonke sase-US empumalanga ye-Europe.
Ukuqhubeka nokungenelela kwamanje.
I-AFGHANISTAN. Ukuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan kwasekelwa abantu abaningi e-US naseNtshonalanga, kuza njengoba kwenzeka emasontweni ka-9/11. Umphakathi nawo ushaqekile ngokucindezelwa kwabesifazane kanye nezinkolo ezincane ngamaTaliban, futhi wacabanga ukuthi ngamaTaliban abethule ubuSulumane obuyisisekelo ezweni. Kepha lokhu kuhlasela kwavele kwabuyisela izinduna zempi zangaphambili ezazingenamandla anqoba uhulumeni we-pro-Soviet ngo-1992, futhi zalwa zodwa iminyaka emine zaze zaxoshwa yi-Pashtun Taliban. Izinduna zempi ezisekela i-US manje esezibuyile emandleni bekungabaholi bokuqala bamaSulumane ukucindezela abesifazane, futhi amaTaliban avele aqhubeka nendlela yawo. Izinduna zempi eziningi ezifanayo manje sezibusa ezazo izigodi zesifunda e-Afghanistan, kanti uMongameli osekelwa yi-US uHamid Karzai obusa inhloko-dolobha yaseKabul kuphela. Ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula, umsebenzi usugcwele amandla, futhi abaphathi abasha bahlongoza ukuthi kususwe amasosha e-Iraq ayolwa e-Afghanistan. Enye indlela kungaba ukushiya ukuhlonyiswa kwezikhali nokunika amandla izinduna zempi, ukubamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni zokuthula ezixhaswe yiSaudi neTaliban, futhi uvumele abantu base-Afghan ekugcineni bazibuse ngaphandle kokuqondiswa ngabangaphandle - kungaba iBrithani, iRussia, i-Al Qaeda, noma i-US.
I-IRAQ. Abavoti beDemocratic Alliance bakhethe u-Obama esikhundleni sikaClinton ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuphikisa kwakhe ukuhlasela, kodwa wakushaya indiva lokhu kusekelwa ngokukhetha i-VP obe ngumsekeli onolaka wempi kuno-Hillary Clinton. UBiden uthe ngo-2002: "USaddam kumele akhishwe ezikhalini zakhe noma akhishwe emandleni," futhi wethula Isinqumo seBiden-Lugar sokugunyaza impi. Ngonyaka odlule, wavuma ukuthi uSaddam wayengenawo ama-WMDs, "kodwa wonke umuntu emhlabeni wayecabanga ukuthi unawoโฆ Lokhu kwakungeyona iphupho elithile, uCheney, owaziyo. Lokhu, empeleni, kwakufakwe kukhathalogi." UBiden uphinde waxhasa isinqumo sokuthi i-US kumele ibeke "isixazululo senhlangano" ehlukanisa i-Iraq ibe yizigodi zamahlelo amaSunni, amaShi'a kanye namaKurd, njengoba nje iBosnia yayihlukaniswe ngaphakathi ngemingcele yobuzwe. Ama-Iraqi azo zonke izinhlangothi zalugxeka lolu hlelo ngokuthi luholela "ekuhlukaniseni" kwe-Iraq, okungafezwa kuphela ngokuhlukaniswa okunodlame kwemizana exubile, izindawo ezingomakhelwane, kanye nemindeni. (UStephen Zunes usevele ebhale indatshana eqondile ethi "Biden, Iraq and Obama's Betrayal." Inhloso enkulu ye-athikili yami ukukhombisa ukwesekwa kukaBiden kokunye ukungenelela.)
IPAKISTAN. Kusukela ngo-2005, uBush ubelokhu eqondisa ukuhlaselwa kwemingcele evela e-Afghanistan, esebenzisa imicibisholo ye-Predator Drone kanye nezindiza ngokumelene nezinsolo zeTaliban phakathi kwePakistan. Ukwanda kwakamuva kwalokhu kuhlasela kwe-US, okuhlanganisa nokuhlasela kweSpecial Forces, sekuholele ekufeni kwezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwe-100, nokuphikiswa kuhulumeni omusha wentando yeningi wasePakistan. Bobabili u-Obama noBiden nokho bakugunyaze ngokuqinile lokhu kuhlasela kwemingcele, futhi bathi bazobaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni okusha. Abazange babelane ngohlelo lwabo uma amasosha ase-US ephinda ehlangabezana nezikhali zamasosha kahulumeni wasePakistan. Kufanele babone ukuthi uhulumeni wentando yeningi uzibeka engcupheni yokulahlekelwa ukwesekwa ngumphakathi uma engabuvikeli ubukhosi bezwe emabuthweni angaphandle, ohlelweni lokubukela phansi noma yikuphi ukuzuza ngokumelene namaTaliban.
I-SYRIA. Ngo-Okthoba, esebenzisa isibonelo sokugasela ePakistan, i-US Special Forces yahlasela ikamu lamavukelambuso e-Iraqi Sunni eSyria. Ukuhlasela kwendiza enophephela emhlane kubulale izakhamizi eziyisishiyagalombili lapho kwakhiwa khona, futhi kwavusa ukwesaba eMpumalanga Ephakathi, okuhlanganisa nokulahlwa nguhulumeni wase-Iraq osekelwa yi-US. Ukuhlasela kwe-US eSyria (njengokuhlasela kwezindiza zakwa-Israel kwangaphambilini endaweni okusolakala ukuthi yenuzi) nakho kwakuhloswe ngokusobala ukuthi kudluliselwe isexwayiso e-Iran, iPentagon eyisole ngokuqeqesha amavukelambuso e-Iraqi Shi'a endaweni yayo. Ukugasela okunjalo okuwela imingcele, kungaba ngoBush noma u-Obama, kungandisa kalula iMpi yase-Iraq emazweni angomakhelwane. Kwaba yilapho abantu baseMelika abaningi becabanga ukuthi iMpi YaseVietnam yayisiphela lapho uMongameli uNixon wayinweba eCambodia naseLaos, futhi ngesizathu sokuvala imizila yabavukeli.
Ukuvusa ukungenelela kwesikhathi esizayo.
E-SUDAN. Akubuzwa ukuthi kwenziwa uhlobo oluthile lokuqothulwa kohlanga eDarfur, kodwa umbuzo uthi ngabe isenzo samasosha ase-US singasiza noma siwalimaze yini amathuba okuthula eSudan. U-Biden wathembisa emkhankasweni wokuqala ka-2008, "Ngizokwenza okungaphezu kokukhuluma ngeDarfur. Ngizothumela amasosha aseMelika ukuthi abeke indawo okungeyiyo ukundiza eDarfur." Kodwa kungaba yinhlekelele ukuthi i-US ithumele amasosha (noma ama-Blackwater mercenaries) eDarfur, ngoba azothambekela ekubhebhethekiseni ingxabano, njengoba umlando wabo womkhondo ukhonjiswe eBalkan, Middle East naseSomalia. Esikhundleni sokumisa ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi, bavele baphendule ngokumelene nenani "lezitha". Njengoba i-Bricmont iveza, "isipiliyoni e-Iraq nakwezinye izindawo sibonisa ukuthi ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe kuvame ukuvusa ukungenelela, ngisho nempi yombango, njengoba amandla aphethe efuna ukuzuza ukwesekwa ngokukhetha iqembu elilodwa noma iqembu ngokumelene nabanye." Kungaba yisixazululo esingcono ukweseka ngokwanele ukuba khona kweNhlangano Yamazwe ase-Afrika, eqonda kangcono kakhulu kunabantu banamuhla abacindezelwe abangaba abacindezeli bakusasa kalula.
EGEORGIA. Njengoba nje uMilosevic enza eKosovo, uMongameli waseGeorgia olwela ubuzwe uMikheil Saakashvili wathumela amabutho endaweni ehlala abantu eSouth Ossetia ngo-Agasti odlule. Njengoba nje i-NATO yenza eKosovo, iRussia yaziphindiselela ngamasosha ukuze ibuyisele "inkululeko" yeSouth Ossetia, futhi yaqhumisa amabhomu kwenye indawo eGeorgia. Esikhundleni sokugxeka izenzo ezicasulayo kanye nokuhlanzwa kobuhlanga okwenziwe yizinhlangothi zombili kule mpi emfushane, uBiden wagxeka kuphela "ubudlova" baseRussia ngokumelene neGeorgia, waze wavakashela eSaakashvili ngaphambi nje kokuba aqokwe njenge-VP. Nokho ukuqashelwa kwe-US ukuzimela kwe-Kosovo kwanikeza iRussia isibonelo ngokusobala, futhi kwasiza ekuvuseni impendulo yayo. Ngokokuqala ngqa selokhu kwahlukaniswa iSoviet Union, imikhumbi yamasosha ase-US yaletha izimpahla ezweni elilwa neRussia, iGeorgia yathola ukwesekwa okuqinile kubo bobabili uMcCain noBiden.
I-IRAN. U-Obama no-Biden bavame ukungabaza umkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngokumelene nezindawo zenuzi zase-Iran, njengoba beshiye inketho ivuliwe, njengoba uRobert Dreyfuss ebhala esihlokweni sakhe sakamuva esithi "Ingabe Inqubomgomo Yase-Iran Isazothathwa?." Kodwa ukungenelela ngokumelene ne-Iran kungase kwenzeke ngezinye izindlela, njengokuhlasela okuwela umngcele ngokumelene nezinkambu zokuqeqesha zokuvukela umbuso zase-Iraq noma zaseLebanese zaseShi'a (uMongameli okhethiwe wathi ngoNovemba 7 ukuthi "ukusekelwa kwe-Iran kwezinhlangano zamaphekula ... kufanele kuphele" ), noma ukungenelela "kokusiza abantu" ukuze kuvikelwe ukuhlubuka kwe-secessionist ngokumelene namabutho ase-Iranian. Ngokusho kwentatheli uSeymour Hersh, iPentagon ibithumela Amabutho Akhethekile e-Iran ukuze aqeqeshe futhi aqondise amavukelambuso ezinhlanga ezincane afana nama-Azeris, amaBaluchi, amaKurds, nama-Arab. Esihlokweni sami, "UKhuzestan: I-First Front in the War on Iran?," Ngizwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokuthi i-US ne-UK zingase zizame ukushintsha isifundazwe esincane sama-Arab esicebe ngowoyela iKhuzestan (eduze kwase-Iraq) sibe isivikelo sesitayela sase-Kosovo ukuze sibambe ukulawula umnotho kawoyela wase-Iran. Izimpikiswano zika-Biden "zobuntu" zizoba isebenza njengesizathu esifanelekile sokususa lolu hlobo lwempi "encane" ne-Iran, engakhula kalula ibe ukungqubuzana okukhulu. Futhi umbono womphakathi waseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngeke ukholwe ukuthi i-White House ivikela amalungelo abantu abambalwa e-Iran uma iqhubeka ihlome ukuhlasela kwe-Israel endaweni yasePalestine.
UDkt. Zoltan Grossman uyisazi sejografi efundisa e-Evergreen State College e-Olympia, e-Washington, kanye nomhleli weminyaka eminingi wokuthula. Umlando wakhe wokungenelela kwezempi yase-US kusukela ngo-1890 lapha.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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