Umthombo: Inqubomgomo Yezangaphandle Ekugxilweni kwayo
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Engxoxweni ngeSivumelwano sase-US Mexico Canada, isivumelwano esisha sokuhwebelana esithatha indawo ye-NAFTA esaqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-1 Julayi, izithembiso eziningi zenziwa ngokusebenza kokuvikelwa kwabasebenzi bayo. Kuthiwa bazovikela amalungelo abasebenzi baseMexico, okuzobakhulula ukuthi baphushele amaholo nezimo ezingcono.
Lezi zithembiso zisikhumbuza lezo ezenziwa ngenkathi i-NAFTA yasekuqaleni iphikiswana ngayo esikhathini esingangekota yekhulu leminyaka edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, abasekeli bayo bezinkampani baphikelela ngokuthi kuzoholela ekuchumeni kwezisebenzi nabalimi, ababengeke besabopheka ukuba bahambe ekhaya bayofuna umsebenzi e-United States.
Ukuthi isivumelwano esidala sadala izimo ezingconoโkubasebenzi base- i-maquiladora amafektri asemngceleni, abokufika baseMexico abasebenza kanzima emasimini ase-US, noma abalimi emiphakathini abavela kuyo abafuduki-ingaphezu kwenkinga yezomnotho. Esikhathini sobhubhane, irekhodi lesivumelwano esidala kufanele lihlolwe ukuze kutholwe kanye nesibopho saso sokuphila nokufa. Ingabe izinguquko ezaluvusa zenze abantu baseMexico basengozini enkulu yaleli gciwane? Futhi ngenxa yokuthi siqhubeka nombuso ofanayo wezomnotho, isivumelwano esisha asikwazi ukugwema ukuphakamisa imibuzo efanayo.
Umthelela eMexico
I-NAFTA yaba nomthelela omubi kubasebenzi baseMexico, abalimi, nabampofu, futhi izivumelwano zayo zabasebenzi nezemvelo azenzanga lutho ukubavikela. Inkinga isezinjongweni zesivumelwanoโukwenza kube lula ukungena kwenhloko-dolobha yase-US eMexico. Ngokususa izithiyo ekutshalweni kwezimali kanye nemisebenzi yezinkampani zase-US, yaqala izinguquko ezinkulu zezombusazwe nezomnotho. Isivumelwano samanje sohwebo sabelana ngenjongo ye-NAFTA futhi sizoba nomthelela ofanayo.
Umbiko ka-1990 we-US Congress' Ikhomishini Yezifundo Zokufuduka Kwamazwe Ngamazwe kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Komnotho Wokubambisana incoma ukuthi i-United States ixoxisane ne-Mexico ngesivumelwano sohwebo lwamahhala ukuze kunqandwe ukufuduka. Kodwa ngisho nalombiko waxwayisa, โKuthatha iminyaka eminingiโngisho nezizukulwaneโukukhula okuqhubekayo ukuze kufinyelele umphumela oyifunayo,โ futhi okwamanje kuzodala iminyaka โyezindleko zesikhashana ekuhluphekeni kwabantu.โ
โIminyaka yokwanda okuqhubekayoโ yaseMexico yaba mncane Amaphesenti angu-1.2-2, izinzuzo zalo zavunwa isigaba sosozigidigidi esaphindaphindeka kuyilapho imali yangempela yezisebenzi nabalimi yehla. Imiphumela yayicace kakhulu ekufudukeni okwabangelwa ukuhlupheka. Ibeke izigidi zabantu baseMexico ukuthi zihambe njengabafuduki, manje okubachaya leli gciwane.
Abalimi abayizigidi ezintathu baxoshwa ngokulahlwa kommbila, ukuze kuvunyelwe izinkampani zase-US ezifana noCargill no-Archer Daniels Midland ukuthi bathathe imakethe yommbila yaseMexico. IMexico yalahlekelwa yizitolo zayo zeCONASUPO ezisiza abalimi nabampofu, futhi iWal-Mart yaba umqashi omkhulu wezwe. Amagagasi okwenziwa kwezinkampani ezizimele, okugunyazwe ukunikeza amathuba amabhange nabatshalizimali, alahlekisela imisebenzi yamakhulu ezinkulungwane njengoba iMexico ivula umnotho wayo. Njengoba utshalomali lukhula, imali engenayo yabantu baseMexico yehla.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kube nemiphumela yezempilo ngaphezu kokungasebenzi. Isethulo se-COVID safika ngo-2009, ngokusabalala kwegciwane le-H1N1, noma umkhuhlane wezingulube. EMexico abanye bawubiza ngokuthi umkhuhlane we-NAFTA, ngoba isivumelwano sanikeza imoto yakwaSmithfield Foods ukugcwalisa iPerote Valley ePuebla ngamapulazi ezingulube. Leli gciwane laqala edolobheni elisesigodini, iLa Gloria. Umthombo wayo kwakuwukugcwala okukhulu kwezingulube kanye nemfucuza yazo. Imfucuza evela ekusebenzeni kukaSmithfield e-US yayinkulu kakhulu kwaholela ekwenqatshelweni ngisho nanguhulumeni oqinile waseNorth Carolina.
Ngokuthuthela eningizimu Smithfield akazange nje abaleke ukuvikelwa kwemvelo. Yaqala ukubusa kangangokuthi ukudla okune kwengulube okudliwa eMexico manje kuvela emapulazini ale nkampani kanye nezinto ezithengwayo ezivela e-United States. Kodwa Abantu baseMexico abangu-125,000 balahlekelwa imisebenzi ekufuyweni kwezingulube ngesikhathi kuqhubeka inqubo, futhi abantu bagula futhi babulawa yigciwane kulo lonke elaseMexico. Isivumelwano se-NAFTA sezemvelo asenzanga lutho ukusiza abantu basePerote Valley bayeke ukuchithwa kwenkampani. I-USMCA entsha ayenzi shintsho e-Perote Valley futhi ngeke yenze lutho ukuvimbela isimo esifanayo esikhathini esizayo.
Ukwehluleka kwesivumelwano sohlangothi lwabasebenzi be-NAFTA kwakuphelele nakakhulu. Ayikho inyunyana eyodwa ezimele eyazuza amalungelo okuxoxisana, noma isisebenzi esisodwa esixoshiwe esibuyiselwe esikhundleni, ngenxa yesikhalazo se-NAFTA. Lelo rekhodi elibi lisaqhubeka nanamuhla. Inyunyana yabasebenzi basezimayini baseMexico ibilokhu isesitelekeni emayini yethusi enkulu yaseCananea kusukela ngo-2007. Isivumelwano asizange sibe nomthelela ekubuyiseni amalungelo abo. Esikhundleni salokho, ukukhulula kwe-NAFTA ekutshalweni kwezimali ukuze kudlule imingcele kwasiza umnikazi wemayini. Umndeni ocebile wakwaLarrea wathenga izimayini ze-ASARCO e-Arizona, futhi waphoqa abavukuzi abawela umngcele, i-United Steel Workers, ukuba bateleke nalapho. Injongo ye-NAFTA yokukhulula ukutshalwa kwezimali ayizange iqinisekise amalungelo abasebenzi; kwababeka engozini. Isivumelwano esisha sinomgomo ofanayo ncamashi.
Abafudukayo Nabo Bayahlupheka
Izikhalazo zokwephulwa kwabasebenzi akwenziwanga nge-Mexico kuphela. Abanye bafakwe enkantolo ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo ezisebenzi e-United States. Inani lafakwa egameni labokufika baseMexico, okuhlanganisa nokudutshulwa okukhulu kwabasebenzi bokufika ngesikhathi sokuhlela ukushayela kwabasebenzi base-Washington apple kanye nabasebenzi basepulazini lamaqanda aseMaine. Amacala aze afakwa kuhulumeni wase-US ngokwawo ngokwenqaba ukuvikelwa kwabokufika ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zabasebenzi base-US. Akukho okuholele kunoma yisiphi isenzo esibambekayo. Icala lokugcina lesivumelwano esiseceleni liphothulwe nje kuleli sonto, lapho abasebenzi bezilwane zasolwandle betshelwa ukuthi isimo sabo se-visa ye-H-2B asibavikeli ekubandlululweni ngenxa yokuthi bangabesifazane. Ngokusho kwe-Centro de los Derechos de Migrantes, ngo-2016 "sahambisa isikhalazo ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sohlangothi lwabasebenzi lwe-NAFTA, siphikisana nokucwaswa okuhleliwe okusekelwe ocansini ezinhlelweni zabasebenzi abavakashi." Ngemva kweminyaka emine, Ihhovisi Likazwelonke Lokuphatha laseMexico waqinisekisa abasebenzi ukuthi bangabika noma yikuphi ukucwaswa kwa-ICE noma bafunde ngamalungelo abo ezincwajaneni.
Ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe kwalaba basebenzi, namuhla abasengozini ye-COVID-19, bekungumkhiqizo we-NAFTA kanye nomthelela wayo wokuxosha emiphakathini yaseMexico. Inani labantu baseMexico ababephoqeleka ukuba bawele umngcele ukuze bathole umsebenzi lalisuka cishe Izigidi ezingama-4.5 kuya kwezi-12.5 ngesikhathi se-NAFTA. Abaphathi bakaTrump manje sebefuna ukuhambisa lokho kugeleza kwabantu. Inqamule ama-visa okuhlangana kabusha kwemindeni, impumelelo yenhlangano yamalungelo abantu lapho iwina ukuphela kwe i-bracero uhlelo kanye nokuphasiswa kwe-Immigration and Nationalities Act ka-1965. Njengomphumela wemiyalo yakamuva kaTrump, nokho, abantu abasuswa ezindaweni zabo manje sebengeza ngokusemthethweni njengezisebenzi eziyizimenywa ze-H-2A kwezolimo. Abalimi balethe ingxenye yesine yesigidi yalaba basebenzi emasimini ase-US ngonyaka odlule, futhi nangaphezulu balethwa kulo nyaka, maphakathi nenhlekelele ye-COVID.
I-Southern Poverty Law Centre ibize uhlelo lwe-H-2A โKusondele Ebugqiliniโ embikweni, futhi ukuhlukunyezwa kwawo kuye kwabhalwa kabanzi. I-NAFTA, ngenkathi ikhiqiza lokhu kufuduka okuphoqelelwe, ayizange ibe nomthelela ekuvikeleni amalungelo abafuduki. Isivumelwano sohwebo samanje asinaso isivikelo. Esikhathini sobhubhane, lokho kungabulala.
Ngo-March, ngaphezulu Izisebenzi eziyisivakashi ezingama-70 ze-H-2A zatheleleka emabhalekisi eStemilt Fruit Company maphakathi neWashington State ngoba ahlaliswa ezinkanjini eziminyene, alala emibhedeni ewubhantshi eyenza ukuthi kungenzeki ukuxhumana nomphakathi. I-Yakima County, enye yezindawo eziphambili zalaba basebenzi be-H-2A, inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokutheleleka kunoma yisiphi isifunda ogwini olusentshonalanga. Nokho iWashington State itshele abalimi ukuthi ukufaka labo bafuduki ezindlini ezinemibhede emikhulu kwamukelekile. Ngakho-ke abalimi akudingeki basebenzise imali ekwakheni izindlu ezintsha, nakuba abasebenzi bekhokha amanani. Isivumelwano esidala asizange sibanike isivikelo, futhi nesivumelwano esisha ngeke sibavikele.
Ukuntuleka kokuphumelela kwanoma yisiphi isivumelwano ekuthuthukiseni izithakazelo zabasebenzi kuboshelwe ekungalinganini kwamandla phakathi kwe-United States ne-Mexico. Kokubili i-NAFTA kanye ne-USMCA simende endaweni ubudlelwano lapho izinkampani zase-US zibusa izinqumo eMexico ezithinta abasebenzi baseMexico. Imizabalazo yakamuva yabasebenzi emngceleni wokulwa naleli gciwane kanye namaholo obumpofu akwenze kwacaca lokho.
Impendulo ye-AMLO
Esinye sezenzo zokuqala ezenziwa ngu-Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO) ngemuva kokugcotshwa njengomongameli ngoDisemba 2018 kwakuwukugunyaza ukuthi amaholo aphindwe kabili emafektri asemngceleni. E-Matamoros, amashumi ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi atelekile ngemuva kokuthi abaqashi babo base-US nabalingani baseMexico bamane benqaba ukulalela umthetho. Nokho, uhulumeni wabonakala esaba ukusebenzisa amandla awo amakhulu ukuphoqa i-maquiladora abaqashi ukuthobela.
Ngenkathi kuqala inhlekelele ye-COVID-19, uhulumeni waseMexico wayala amafekthri aphethwe yi-US ukuthi ayeke ukukhiqiza, iningi lawo okungama-auto asemblers kanye nezitshalo ezitolo zePentagon. Nakulokhu, izinkampani zivele zenqaba ukuthobela umthetho kwaze kwaba izisebenzi zazo zitelekile zabaphoqa ukuthi bavale iminyango. Okungenani abantu abayishumi nambili bashonile embonini yezingxenye zezimoto yakwaLear iyodwa. Khona-ke inxusa laseMelika, uMnyango Wezwe, kanye nabaphathi bezinkampani ezinkulu zezokuvikela nezimoto zase-US bancika kuhulumeni eDolobheni laseMexico. I-AMLO isongwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi yabavumela ukuthi baqale kabusha ukukhiqiza, yize abasebenzi bezogula futhi bafe ngenxa yalokho.
Inzuzo izivumelwano ezinikeze i-United States iyaphazamisa kakhulu. Ukukhula kokukhiqizwa kwe-US eMexico kwenze uhulumeni waseMexico wancika ekugcineni lowo mkhakha usebenza. Lokhu akuthinti nje ohulumeni bangaphambilini ababedume kabi ngokusekela izinkampani. Abantu baseMexico bakhethe i-AMLO ngoba ithembise ukuqeda lokhu kuncika kwe-neoliberal futhi yenze impilo yaseMexico ikhange kakhulu kubantu baseMexico. Kepha uhulumeni waseMelika nezinkampani zikwazile ukusebenzisa amandla azo ukumcindezela ukuthi aguqule lezo zithembiso. UTrump usabise ngokuvala umngcele futhi waphoqa iMexico ukuthi ivume ukugcina ngokungemthetho abafaka izicelo zokukhoseliswa, okubandakanya abesifazane nezingane, emakamu. I-NAFTA ayihlinzekanga ngezindlela zokumisa uTrump ekwenzeni lokhu, futhi nesivumelwano esisha ngeke sikwenze lokho.
Manje lo mongameli okhethwe kakhulu uya eWashington ukuyobingelela uTrump ngaphambi kokhetho, ephethe isigqoko, efisa ukubona lesi sivumelwano esisha sokuhwebelana senziwa. Kepha ukusayina isivumelwano esisha kanye nokuvakasha kwe-White House akubakhi ubungane neMexico. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuvakasha komgubho kuphazamisa kakhulu abantu baseMexico e-United States abazizwe behlaba izinkulumo zikaTrump.
"UTrump ubeke ukusekelwa kwakhe kwe-USMCA eMexico ethule futhi ethatha izinkulungwane zabantu baseMexico abadingisiwe, efaka amadodana namadodakazi abo emakhejini," kusho isitatimende. isitatimende esibuhlungu seNhlangano Yezizwe Ezimbili Yezinhlangano Zomdabu. "Kwenzeka kanjani," kubuza u-Lopez Obrador, "ukuthi wena, owawina ukhetho eMexico endaweni yezinguquko eziqhubekayo zezwe lethu, ube ngumhlanganyeli noDonald Trump, okwathi kusukela ngesikhathi engenele ukhetho akakaze acashe. ukucwasa kanye nenzondo yakhe kithina?โ
UJuvencio Rocha Peralta, umqondisi omkhulu we-Association of Mexicos in North Carolina, usole u-Lopez Obrador "ngokuhlonipha" uTrump ngenkathi eshaya indiva isiphithiphithi emiphakathini yabafuduki ebangelwa yileli gciwane. "Esikudingayo kini yimisebenzi emadolobheni angasekhaya, ukuze umnotho wethu wezwe ungasancikile emalini evela emsebenzini wethu lapha."
Ishiya indlela yentuthuko ngentshisekelo yayo yezwe, iMexico isayine isivumelwano sohwebo esibeka ngaphansi kwezinqubomgomo zayo zezempilo ngesikhathi sodlame oluhambisana nezidingo zezinkampani zaseMelika. Izinqubomgomo zokufuduka zaseMexico zihlangabezana nezidingo zabasebenzi zabalimi base-US kanye nezimfuno zezepolitiki zophiko lwesokudla lwase-US. Lokhu kuncika kufuna inani elibi, elilinganiswa ekufeni kuka- i-maquiladora abasebenzi emafekthri asemngceleni kanye nabafuduki emikhakheni yase-US.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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