I-Ukraine isisondele esinye isinyathelo sokuqhekeka noma ukuwela impi yombango ngokuvukela emadolobheni asempumalanga, okwenziwa amaqembu ahlomile asekela iRussia efuna inhlolovo mayelana namandla amakhulu endawo kanye nokusongela ukuhlukana.
Amasosha asekela iRussia athathe izintambo okungenani emadolobheni nasemadolobheni angu-10, athatha izakhiwo zikahulumeni futhi ebeka igunya lawo esikhundleni sanoma yiziphi izikhulu zendawo ezihlala zithembekile kuhulumeni wobumbano wase-Ukraine, ozinze enhloko-dolobha yaseKiev. I-Donetsk People's Republic esanda kumenyezelwa efuna kube nenhlolovo mayelana nokuzimela ngoMeyi 11-emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokuthi uhulumeni wase-Ukraine ahlele ukubamba ukhetho lukamongameli abenethemba lokuthi luzohlanganisa ukubusa kwawo.
Engqungqutheleni yamazwe ngamazwe eSwitzerland ngeledlule, abamele uhulumeni wase-Ukraine, Russian, U.S. kanye ne-European Union (EU) baxoxisane ngesivumelwano abathi sizoqeda udweshu, inqobo nje uma amasosha asempumalanga eqeda umsebenzi wawo futhi ayeke izikhali zawo. . Kepha bekungekho zimpawu zokuhoxa kwabashokobezi ngempelasonto, futhi izingxabano ziqhubekile yize bekukhulunywa ngesivumelwano sePhasika.
Ukuvukela kwe-Russian empumalanga ye-Ukraine kuyisiteji sakamuva sesiphithiphithi esiguqule izwe labheka phansi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule-futhi kwacijisa ingxabano yama-imperialist exabanisa i-US kanye nabalingani bayo base-Europe neRussia.
Kwaqala ngoNovemba umbhikisho omkhulu ngokumelene nalowo owayenguMongameli wase-Ukraine uViktor Yanukovych. Imibhikisho, ebigxile eMaidan (Independence Square) eKiev, ibangelwe ukwenqaba kukaYanukovych isivumelwano ne-EU sokuhlanganiswa okuseduze, ukuze kuvune ubudlelwano obusha neRussia-kodwa imibhikisho yamela ukuphikiswa okubanzi kombuso. inkohlakalo nokucindezelwa.
Inhlangano kaMaidan yasinda ochungechungeni lwezigameko ezibulalayo, futhi UYanukovych wagcina ewile, wabaleka eKiev ngoFebhuwari. Uhulumeni omusha owathatha izintambo esikhundleni sakhe, nokho, wawuphethwe yizinhlangano ezifanayo ezimaphakathi nesokudla kanye nezifuna ubuholi emibhikishweni emikhulu. Esekelwa yi-U.S. kanye ne-EU, lawa maqembu azibophezele ku-ajenda yobuzwe obukhulu futhi avuma kalula ukuthi azobeka izinyathelo ezintsha zokunciphisa amandla njengesimo sosizo lwezomnotho oluvela emazweni aseNtshonalanga.
I-Russia, eye yabusa i-Ukraine kusukela emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, wasabela ekuweni kukaYanukovych ngokuthatha amasosha eCrimea, inhlonhlo eseningizimu ye-Ukraine eyikhaya lesikhungo esikhulu samasosha aseRussia oLwandle Olumnyama. I-referendum ebizwa ngokuthi i-referendum eCrimea yasekela ukuhlukana, futhi abaholi bezombangazwe bendawo baya eMoscow ukuze bavume ukuthathwa yiRussia.
Manje, ukuvukela emadolobheni asempumalanga kubukeka njenge-replay ye-Crimea breakaway. Kodwa ukuguquguquka kwesimo kuyinkimbinkimbi.
Imibhikisho ye-pro-Russian empumalanga kusukela ekuweni kuka-Yanukovych, futhi manje ukuthumba okuhlomile, kubonisa ukwesaba kwangempela okudumile mayelana nombuso omusha e-Kiev. Okokuqala, ama-ultra-nationalists kuhulumeni omusha azame ukuchitha umthetho ovumela ukusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kwezilimi ngaphandle kwase-Ukraineโabantu abaningi empumalanga, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni, bakhuluma isiRashiya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlanganiswa okukhulu neYurophu, ezinemibandela yokwamukela izinyathelo ze-neoliberal ezibekwe yi-International Monetary Fund (IMF), ziwusongo olucacile nolukhona manje. I-Eastern Ukraine iyisizinda sezimboni zezwe, kodwa umnotho wayo uhloselwe ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kusuka eRussia. Izinga lokuphila liye lehla empumalanga, njengayo yonke i-Ukraine, isikhathi esiningi kusukela ekutholeni inkululeko ku-USSR yangaphambili ngo-1991, kodwa kuzoba kubi kakhulu okuzayo uma izwe lingena ngaphansi kwesithupha se-EU ne-IMF.
Njengoba u-Nick Evans ebhala ku-Revolutionary Socialism kuwebhusayithi ye-21st Century, โInxusa lase-U.S. ku-UN lathi akukho lutho โolubonakala luphansiโ mayelana nokuvukela empumalanga ye-Ukraine. Okufanayo ncamashi kwashiwo abaseRussia nabasekeli babo mayelana nokunyakaza kwe-Euromaidan. Zombili azilona iqiniso.โ
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabutho ahlomile athatha amadolobha asempumalanga awazange amukelwe ngazwi linye ngabantu - futhi kukhona izinsolo ezijulile ngokuhlangana neRussia, inhloso eshiwo yabashokobezi.
Zonke izingxenye zase-Ukraine zahlushwa ukubusa kombuso waseRussia-okokuqala, amakhulu eminyaka ngaphansi kweTsar; kwase-ke, ngemva kokuqashelwa kafushane ukuzibusa kwesizwe kulandela iNguquko YaseRussia yango-1917, ngaphansi kobushiqela be-Stalinist counter-revolution; futhi manje, ngaphansi kombuso omusha waseMoscow waphinde wamiswa ngemva kokuhlukana kwe-USSR yangaphambili. Lowo mlando awukakhohliwe-futhi imizabalazo yabasebenzi empumalanga ye-Ukraine ayinayo, ikakhulukazi abavukuzi bamalahle esifundeni sase-Donbass, iziteleka zabo eziningi zabhebhethekisa ukumelana nayo yonke i-USSR njengoba i-Stalinism yayiwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980.
Ngakho-ke, njengoba izingxabano ziqhubeka empumalanga ye-Ukraine, kunezimpawu zobutha kuwo womabili ama-imperialism-i-U.S. kanye nabalingani bayo be-EU entshonalanga, iRussia empumalanga-kanye nesifiso senye indlela evikela izintshisekelo zesigaba sabasebenzi. . Kepha yilokhu okuhlukile lapho amandla ombuso alwa ne-Ukraine womabili afisa ukuncibilika.
Ukuthathwa kweCrimea okwaqala ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari kulandela ukuxoshwa kukaYanukovych kwahlelwa ngokusobala amasosha aseRussia futhi kwenziwa ngokushesha ngoba iRussia yayivele inamashumi ezinkulungwane zamabutho ayo amiswe kule nhlonhlo.
Ukuvukela emadolobheni asempumalanga kwenzeke kancane kancane, futhi ubukhona baseRussia abubonakali kangako. Kodwa akungabazeki ukuthi amabutho amemezele "i-Donetsk People's Republic" asebenzisana neMoscow.
Izakhamizi zasemadolobheni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyakweseka noma ziyaphikisana nokuthathwa kwezindawo, zithi abavukeli ababona abasuka kule ndawo. Guardian intatheli uLuka Harding, ebika evela Slavyansk, kubuza omunye wamadoda ahlomile ukuthi uphumaphi; impenduloโโSimferopol,โ inhloko-dolobha yaseCrimeaโyafika ngesiRashiya. Ngisho noma bengewona amasosha aseRussia, abashokobezi "babebukeka njengezingcweti," ngokusho kukaHarding. โBabephethe ama-Kalashnikov, amajakhethi ayisicaba, nezinhlamvu. Omunye waze waphatha isiqhumane sebhomu esiluhlaza esimise okweshubhu.
I-Russia inokwesekwa eMpumalanga ye-Ukraine ngaphandle kokuthembela emasosheni ayo-avela eqenjini elibusayo leZifunda eliholwa u-Yanukovych, kanye nombutho wezepolitiki osekela kakhulu iRussia e-Ukraine, IQembu LamaKhomanisi. AmaKhomanisi afakazele ukuthi azinikele kangakanani entandweni yeningi ngoMasingana odlule lapho abameleli babo ephalamende lase-Ukraine banikeze umkhawulo wokunqoba ngemithetho ehlongozwe u-Yanukovych eyenza wonke umbhikisho ube yicala.
Abaholi bamadolobha asempumalanga bakubeka ngokusobala ukuthi bathanda inyunyana neRussia. Lapho bezwakalisa ukuphikisana kwabo nokuhlanganiswa kwe-Ukraine ne-EU, balingisa isimo sengqondo sokusabela sika-Vladimir Putin waseRussia, okuhlanganisa nempi yakhe kubantu be-LGBT. Ngakho, the GuardianโUHarding uchaze iphosta ayibone ohambweni lwebhilidi likahulumeni elishaqwe esebenza njengekomkhulu leDonetsk Peopleโs Republicโ iflaya โiqhathaniseka nochungechunge lwamasosha aseRussia nomhlangano wokuziqhenya ngobungqingili baseYurophu. Ibuza ngokungagwegwesi: โYimuphi umbukiso ongathanda ukuba indodana yakho ihlanganyele kuwo?โโ
Njengomlando kaPutin ngokwakhe wobushiqela eRussia, lobu bandlululo nokukhulekelwa kobushiqela kwenza inhlekisa nganoma yisiphi isimangalo samandla anjalo-okunanelwa amazwi athile angakwesokunxele e-U.S. naseYurophu alwela ukungenelela kweRussia e-Ukraine-ukuthi bavikela amalungelo entando yeningi ngokumelene nezwe elikude kwesokudla eKiev.
Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi kunezinsolo mayelana namavukela-mbuso phakathi kwabantu basempumalanga. Kepha bahambisana nokukhathazeka ngohulumeni omusha wase-Ukraine. "Angiyena umuntu oshisekayo noma ohlukanisayo," kusho uVladimir Ivanovich, isakhamuzi saseSlavyansk. Guardian. โEmpeleni ngingakwesokunxele. Angizange ngimthande kakhulu uViktor Yanukovych. Ngiwukuhlalisana ngokuthula. Inkinga iwukuthi lapho abashisekeli bobuzwe bethatha amandla eKiev, abazange bacabange ngemiphumela.โ
Lokhu kwesaba lokho okushiwo uhulumeni omusha yingakho imibhikisho esekela iRussia kanye nokuthathwa kwezwe kungeke kususwe njengesenzo esizimele sezikhulu zaseMoscow-ngaphezu nje kokuthi inhlangano kaMaidan eKiev kufanele ichithwe ngoba ilungelo elikude ladlala indima ebalulekile. kuyo. Abasekeli bokuhlukaniswa bathole ukulalelwa ngoba abasebenzi banezikhalazo ezisemthethweni ngokumelene nama-ultra-nationalists kanye nombuso omusha eKiev.
Okokuqala, uhulumeni omusha uzame ukumisa kabusha igunya empumalanga ngokunxenxa ama-oligarchs angcolile aphethe i-Ukraine selokhu yathola inkululeko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu lezombusazwe elaliphethe.
Lokho kuhlanganisa uRinat Akhmetov, indoda ecebe kakhulu e-Ukraine futhi inombolo 100 ku Forbes uhlu lukamagazini lwabantu abacebe kakhulu emhlabeni. U-Akhmetov wazalelwa e-Donetsk futhi waqala ukwakha ingcebo yakhe ngokuthenga izimayini zamalahle nezinye izimpahla zemboni yamandla ngesikhathi sokukhula komnotho kulandela inkululeko ku-USSR yangaphambili. Owake waba yilungu lephalamende elimele iQembu Lezifunda, u-Akhmetov wangena ezingxabanweni ezikhulayo nombuso wangaphambili futhi washiya uYanukovych ngaphambi kokuba awe.
NgoMashi, u-Akhmetov wathi wayenakho uyalele abasebenzi abangu-300,000 benhlangano yakhe ye-SCM Group ukuthi bangasekeli amabutho asekela iRussia. efuna ukwehlukana-yize wayeka ukwamukela isicelo esivela kuhulumeni sokuba umbusi waseDonetsk. Omunye usozimboni ongusozigidi, uSerhiy Taruta, unikezwe lesi sikhundla esikhundleni-isibonakaliso esicacile sokuthi uhulumeni waseKiev unentshisekelo kabani enhliziyweni.
I-ajenda kahulumeni emelene nabasebenzi nayo isobala ngokujaha kwakhe ukubhalisa ne-IMF/EU/U.S. Uhlelo lwe-neoliberal. Lokhu kuzolimaza abantu abasebenzayo kulo lonke elase-Ukraine, kodwa ikakhulukazi empumalanga, lapho umnotho ulawulwa yizimayini nezimboni ezinzima, ezakhiwe ngokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu okuvela eRussia.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ikhefu neRussia ngeke linqamule lezi zinkampani ezimakethe zazo ezinkulu ezithumela ngaphandle, kodwa โukuhweba mahhalaโ ne-EU kuzophoqa amafekthri asempumalanga aphelelwe yisikhathi emqhudelwaneni ongenakunqotshwa nezimboni zaseJalimane nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. "Uma sijoyina i-European Union, izimayini zethu nezimboni zizovala," U-Igor Yefremov, ongowokuzalwa eDonetsk, utshele Guardian. I-Ukraine kufanele ijoyine i-Eurasian Economic Union eholwa yiRussia, kusho yena. "Yithuba lethu kuphela."
Ukungqubuzana kwasempumalanga ye-Ukraine kuboniswe ngokucacile phakathi kwabavukuzi bamalahle bakwaDonbass, okubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezombangazwe wezwe.
Njengoba u-Nick Evans esho nge-RS21, ikusasaโne-EU noma neRussiaโlingabukeka libakhanga kakhulu abavukuzi: โIRussia yanciphisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwayo emalahle ngamaphesenti angu-40 ngonyaka odlule, ngakho ukufakwa eRussia akusizi ngalutho; ngakolunye uhlangothi, isivumelwano se-EU-Ukraine sizophinde sisho โukwehlaโ okumangazayo kwemboni yamalahle, ukuze kuvune ukuhlolwa kwegesi ogwini okwenziwa amazwe ngamazwe.โ
Abavukuzi, u-Evans uthi, okwamanje bahlukene phakathi kwezinyunyana ezimbili: I-Union of Coal Workers, ehambisana ne-Yanukovych's Party of Regions, kanye ne-Independent Miners Union, enobudlelwane ne-Fatherland Party, okwamanje eyiqembu elihola phambili ephalamende laseKiev ngaphansi kwe uhulumeni omusha. Abanye abavukuzi babambe iqhaza emibhikishweni emelene nohulumeni emadolobheni asempumalanga, kodwa i-Independent Miners Union yachitha izingcingo zabahlukanisile zokubamba iqhaza esitelekeni esijwayelekile.
U-Evans ugcizelele ukuthi kungani abavukuzi, nakuba bengase besabe kangakanani uhulumeni omusha eKiev, benesizathu esihle sokuphikisa amabutho ezombusazwe asekela iRussia aphethe imibhikisho yasempumalanga:
Emayini kahulumeni iBelorechenskaia, abasebenzi abakaholi ngokugcwele kusukela ngo-Okthoba wangonyaka odlule. Imayini yenziwa yaba ngaphansi kombuso ngo-2012 [ngaphansi kokubusa kuka-Yanukovych] ngenxa yemibhikisho yabavukuzi ngamaholo angakhokhelwa. Isenzo sokuqala sabaphathi abasha kwakungekhona ukukhokhela abavukuzi, kodwa ukuqasha inqwaba yamasosha ukuze abhekane nezinxushunxushu zabasebenzi. Inyunyana yabasebenzi bamalahle, ngenxa yokuxhumana kwayo nabaphathi, ayenze lutho ukuphonsela inselelo lokhu, ngokungafani nenyunyana ezimele yabavukuzi.
Le nkimbinkimbi ishoda ngokuphelele ekubonisweni okulula kwe-Ukraine kwabezindaba zaseNtshonalanga-ukuthi izikhulumi zase-Ukraine zifuna ubudlelwano ne-EU kanye nezikhulumi zesi-Russian zifuna ukuzihlukanisa; ukuthi abantu abahlala entshonalanga yezwe batshekela ngase-Europe futhi bamukele amaqembu aphiko kwesokudla, kuyilapho noma ubani ovela empumalanga evala umugqa neRussia kaPutin.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ezinsukwini zokuqala zenhlangano kaMaidan ngonyaka odlule, imibhikisho emikhulu emelene nombuso yasakazekela ngasentshonalanga isuka eKiev yangena enhliziyweni yabashisekeli bobuzwe-kodwa futhi ngasempumalanga ngasesikhungweni sezombusazwe saseYanukovych. Abavukuzi baseDonbass basabela lapho uhulumeni ehlasela ababhikishi ngo-December ngesitatimende sokuthi bazoteleka besekela iMaidan: โBantu base-Ukraine, ngo-1989, nasekela isiteleka sethu esikhulu sokulwela amalungelo ethu. Abavukuzi banamuhla bame nawe.โ
Ukuhlukana kwezombusazwe kanye nezinsongo zempi zibusa ukwazi namuhla, kodwa ithemba lokuthula nobulungiswa bezomnotho e-Ukraine lilele ekwakheni kulo moya wobumbano lwesigaba ngokumelene nawo wonke ama-oligarchs namaqembu ezombusazwe abakhonzayo.
IRussia izohamba ibanga elingakanani ekusekeleni imibhikisho empumalanga ye-Ukraine?
UPutin kanye nesigaba esibusayo saseRussia basengozini enkulu. Njengoba uJames Meek wabhala encwadini Ukubukezwa Kwezincwadi zaseLondon, i-Ukraine yaba ingxenye ebalulekile yombuso waseRussia owakhiwa kabusha eminyakeni yangemva kokuwa kwe-USSR futhi i-Ukraine namanye amazwe ayekade eyiRiphabhulikhi yaseSoviet yamemezela inkululeko: โIqiniso liwukuthi iRussia ne-Ukraine sekunesikhathi eside ehlangene, endaweni ekhohlakele egcwele inkohlakalo. by eMoscow. UPutin akazange aqale ukuhlasela i-Ukraine ukuze ayibuyisele esibayeni kodwa wayimisa ukubaleka. โ
I-Russia inezintshisekelo ezibucayi zezomnotho nezempi e-Ukraine-kuhlanganise nenethiwekhi yamapayipi axhumanisa abakhiqizi begesi yemvelo baseRussia emakethe yabo eyinhloko yokuthekelisa yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Umbuso kaPutin wabeka phambili kakhulu ukuheha uYanukovychโngesanqante futhi induku-kude nesivumelwano sezomnotho ne-EU. Ngemva kokuketulwa kwakhe, yathuthela eCrimea ukuze ivikele izakhiwo zayo zezempi kule nhlonhlo futhi yafaka ingcindezi kuhulumeni omusha eKiev.
Ukuvukela kwe-pro-Russia empumalanga ye-Ukraine kusobala ukuthi kukhuphula leyo ngcindezi, futhi UPutin usethuthele amasosha angu-40,000 esifundeni esisemngceleni eduze ne-Ukraine ngenxa "yokukhathazeka" "nokungazinzi." Kepha ukuthatha umbuso kwamasosha kanye nokuhlukaniswa-ngemodeli yaseCrimea-kungaba nzima kakhulu.
Abashokobezi ababehlala ezakhiweni zikahulumeni kungenzeka ukuthi abazange babhekane nokuphikiswa okusobala, kodwa inhlolovo eyenziwe yiKyiv International Institute of Sociology, olwenziwa lapho kuqala ukuthathwa kwezindawo zedolobha elisempumalanga, kutholwe ukuthi izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezakhamuzi zaseDonetsk ziphikisana nalokhu kushaqwa. Esifundeni esisempumalanga jikelele, ngamaphesenti angu-15.4 kuphela abantu abasekela ukwehlukana kwe-Ukraine nokuthathwa kweRussia, kanti iphesenti likhuphukele kumaphesenti angama-27.5 eDonetsk namaphesenti angama-30.3 eLuhanskโidlanzana elibalulekile, kodwa namanje liyidlanzana.
Ukudlondlobala kwezingxabano emadolobheni asempumalanga kusengadonsela amabutho aseRussia ekungeneleleni okuvuleleke kakhudlwana, kodwa iMoscow ingase ikhethe ukugcina ingcindezi kuhulumeni waseKiev ngokusekela abashokobezi ngemuva kwezigcawu-ngenkathi inethemba lokwakhiwa kwamandla ombuso e-Ukraine, okuyinto uhulumeni omusha usuvele unikeze, lokho kuzovumela iRussia ukuthi ibe nethonya lezombangazwe ezifundeni zase-Ukraine emingceleni yayo.
Ngokuqondene ne-US kanye nabalingani bayo eYurophu, ukusabela kwabo ekuvukeleni kwasempumalanga ye-Ukraine kube yizinkulumo eziningi zokuzenzisa mayelana nokuhlonipha ubukhosi kanye nokubusa komthetho-kodwa isenzo esincane sokusekela lokho. U-Barack Obama, isibonelo, uthe i-U.S. ne-EU "kufanele ulungele-okungenzeka-ukuphendula," kodwa yakhipha ngokusobala inketho yezempi.
Nalokho kungashintsha uma kuqubuka udlame ngezinga elikhulu. Kepha ohulumeni baseMelika nabaseYurophu bajabule ukuthi okungenani bathole ithonya kuhulumeni omusha eKiev-futhi bahlanganise ubudlelwano babo namanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu njengePoland lapho bebhekene nezinsongo zempi.
Kunjalo, akukho kulokhu okucatshangelwayo okunamasu okuhlobene nokukhathazeka ngentando yeningi e-Ukraine noma inhlalakahle yabantu base-Ukraine. iyiphi ingxenye yezwe. Inqobo nje uma i-Ukraine isalokhu iyinkundla yempi yezimbangi zama-impiriyali-futhi amabutho ama-proxy amele amandla noma amanye-abantu abasebenza e-Ukraine bazothwala ubunzima bobubha, udlame nokuhlupheka.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela