Ngasekupheleni kuka-May 12 iqembu elihlomile lagasela ejele lase-Andijan, idolobhana elinezakhamuzi ezingu-350,000 4000 empumalanga yezwe elaliyiriphabhuliki yase-Uzbekistan yaseSoviet Ephakathi. Leli qembu likhulule iziboshwa ezingaba ngu-23, okuhlanganisa neziboshwa ezingama-XNUMX abasolwa ngokuba ngamalungu e-Akramiya, okuchazwe uhulumeni wase-Uzbek kaMongameli u-Islam Karimov njengokuhlukana kweqembu lama-Islamist i-Hizb ut-Tahrir (IQembu Lenkululeko), nakuba ubukhona bayo kufakazelwe. Amavukela-mbuso ayehlala ebhilidini likahulumeni lesifunda. Ngosuku olulandelayo izinkulungwane zahlangana e-Andijan, zicela inkululeko kwezinye iziboshwa zezombusazwe.
Izintatheli ze-Institute for War and Peace Reporting zilinganisela ukuthi isixuku sikhule safinyelela ku-20,000 ngesikhathi amasosha kaKarimov ephikisana nombhikisho, esebenzisa izimoto ezihlomile ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu ukufutha ababhikishi ngezibhamu. Abanye ofakazi balinganisela isibalo sabashonile singaphezu kuka-700. Uhulumeni waseKarimov uthi ababhikishi abayisishiyagalolunye bashonile kwathi abangu-34 balimala, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bafinyelela ku-169.
Uhulumeni uzame ukuveza ababhikishi njengama-diehard Islamic รขโฌลamaphekulaรขโฌ , kodwa ngokombiko wangoMeyi 16 we-Eurasia Insight, รขโฌลIzinkulumo ze-Radical Islamic ... azizange zigqame ngesikhathi sombhikishoรขโฌ . Esikhundleni salokho ababhikishi รขโฌลbabize uKarimov ukuthi esule esikhundleni, bezwakalisa izikhalo ngezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni zezomnotho nezepolitikiรขโฌ .
Naphezu kwalesi sibhicongo, ababhikishi baphinde bangena emigwaqeni ngakusasa. รขโฌลUhulumeni onjani lona?รขโฌ , omunye wabuza intatheli ye-Associated Press. รขโฌลAbantu bebephakamisela phezulu izandla phezulu betshengisa ukuthi kabalazikhali kodwa amasotsha asabadubula.
Izinkulungwane zalabo abasinda esibhicongweni sase-Andijan babalekela ezweni elingumakhelwane i-Kyrgyzstan. Omunye umbaleki utshele izintatheli nenhlangano yezindaba i-IRIN ukuthi ubeye embhikishweni wangoMeyi 13 nomyeni wakhe nezingane zakhe ezine. Lapho amasosha namaphoyisa bevulela ngenhlamvu kubabhikishi, yena nomndeni wakhe babalekela emngceleni. Kulokhu kutatazela abanye ababhikishi banyathelwe yisixuku kanti abanye ababalekile balimele kanzima kwaze kwadingeka bashiywe ezigodini endleleni.
Lapho ababaleki befika emngceleni, amasosha ase-Uzbekistan avulela ngenhlamvu elimaza abanye, ngokusho komunye owayefuna indawo yokukhosela owasinda kulesi sigameko. I-Eurasia Insight ibike ukuthi, ngokwenhlangano yamalungelo abantu yase-Uzbek, รขโฌลukungqubuzana ePakhtabad ngoMeyi 15 phakathi kwamasosha kahulumeni nama-Uzbeks ezama ukuwelela eKyrgyzstan kwashiya abanye abangu-200 befileรขโฌ .
I-New York Times yangomhla ziyi-16 kuNhlaba ibike ukuthi bekunamahlebezi okuhilizisana phakathi kwamasosha kahulumeni namavukelambuso ahlomile e-Andijan nasezindaweni ezizungezile nokuthi รขโฌลmhlawumbe izinkulungwaneรขโฌ zababaleki zilibangise eKyrgyzstan.
I-Associated Press yabika ngoMeyi 18 ukuthi amabutho amaSulumane amelene nohulumeni asethathe idolobha iKorasuv futhi ayethembisa ukumelana nanoma yimiphi imizamo kahulumeni yokuliphinda. Ngosuku olulandelayo, i-AP yabika ukuthi amasosha kaKarimov ayesethathe idolobha.
I-White House yasabela kanjani ekucindezelweni okunonya kwababhikishi okwenziwa uhulumeni kaKarimov รขโฌโomunye wabasekeli bayo abakhulu e-Asia Ephakathi?
รขโฌลSibe nokukhathazeka ngamalungelo abantu e-Uzbekistan, kodwa sikhathazekile ngokuqubuka kodlame, ikakhulukazi olwenziwa ngamanye amalungu enhlangano yamaphekula adedelwe ejeleรขโฌ , okhulumela i-White House uScott McClellan etshela abezindaba. Unxuse uhulumeni kanye nababhikishi ukuthi โbazibambeโ. Wengeze ngokuthi รขโฌลabantu base-Uzbekistan bafuna ukubona uhulumeni omelele futhi wentando yeningi, kodwa lokho kufanele kuze ngezindlela ezinokuthula, hhayi ngodlameรขโฌ .
Ukushiya eceleni ukuthi amasosha kaKarimov avulele ngenhlamvu embhikishweni onokuthula, nokuthi bambalwa abantu abashonile ngesikhathi kugasela ijele namahhovisi ohulumeni bezifunda, umbiko woMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika ngo-2004 wamalungelo abantu nge-Uzbekistan waphawula: รขโฌ ลIzakhamizi azikwazanga ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuguqula uhulumeni wazo ngokuthula.รข
Ukuphikisana okudabukisayo kwalowo owayeyinxusa laseBrithani e-Uzbekistan u-Craig Murray ku-May 16 Guardian waseBrithani waphendula uMcClellan ngokuphawula ukuthi ngoDisemba 7, 2004, รขโฌลikhethelo elinokuthula emasangweni enxusa laseBrithani [enhloko-dolobha yase-Uzbekistan, iTashkent] yahlakazwa udlame olukhulu, izisulu zalo okuhlanganisa abesifazane nezingane. Ngakho-ke ama-Uzbeks angayilandela kanjani intando yeningi รขโฌหizindlela zokuthula'?
รขโฌลThatha osomabhizinisi abangu-23 ukuqulwa kwabo icala "kwe-Islamic extremism" kudale izehlakalo zakamuva. Ukube isixuku asizange sibakhiphe ejele, ngabe sasilindelwe yini? Izinga lokugwetshwa emacaleni obugebengu nezombusazwe e-Uzbekistan lingaphezu kuka-99% รขโฌโ emagunjini okuhlushwa kaMongameli Karimov, wonke umuntu uyavuma.
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kweziboshwa kugcwele e-Uzbekistan. Umbiko weHuman Rights Watch owakhishwa ngo-2004 waveza izigameko zokushaywa ngezibhakela noma ngezinduku noma izinsimbi, ukudlwengulwa nobunye udlame locansi, izinsongo zokudlwengula amalungu omndeni, ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi ovuthayo namaphephandaba ukushisa iziboshwa, ukuphefumulelwa ngezikhwama zepulasitiki noma izifihla-buso. , ukudatshulwa kwezinzipho, nokucwiliswa oketshezini olubilayo.
UMurray waxoshwa eHhovisi Lezangaphandle ngemuva kokudalula ukuthi uphiko lwezobunhloli lwaseBrithani i-MI6 lwasebenzisa imininingwane ekhishwe ngokuhlushwa e-Uzbekistan. Wachaza esihlokweni sakhe ukuthi nakuba ubuhlakani รขโฌลcishe buyimbumbulu ngokupheleleรขโฌ , bubalulekile รขโฌลngoba bungena ohlelweni lwe-USรขโฌ lwalokho okubizwa ngempi yobushokobezi.
Kungani i-US kuze kube manje inikeze ukugxeka okungatheni ngonya lukaKarimov? Efakaza phambi kwekomidi elincane leSigele saseMelika ngoJuni 2004, uLynn Pascoe, iphini likanobhala osizayo woMnyango WezoMbuso ezindabeni zaseYurophu nase-Eurasia, wachaza ukuthi รขโฌลI-Asia Emaphakathi inokubaluleka okukhulu kwamasu e-United States, futhi i-Uzbekistan ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ngokungenakugwenywa kwethu. inqubomgomo mayelana nesifundaรขโฌ .
Utshele izigele ukuthi i-US ne-Uzbekistan, izwe elinabantu abaningi e-Asia Ephakathi, รขโฌลbajabulela ukubambisana okuqinile kwezokuphepha. I-Uzbekistan ibe ngumsekeli wakuqala futhi ongafihli wempi yobushokobezi. Ngempela, ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ku-Operation Enduring Freedom e-Afghanistan, futhi yanikeza isizinda samasosha eKarshi-Khanabad, manje okuyikhaya lamadoda nabesifazane abangaba ngu-1500 base-US, ngaphandle kwerenti noma njengengxenye yesivumelwano esibanzi sokuzivikela.
I-Uzbekistan ingelinye lamazwe okuqala ukusayina isivumelwano neWashington esakhulula abantu base-US ekushushisweni yiNkantolo Yamazwe Ngamacala Obugebengu.
NgoMashi 2002, owayenguNobhala Wombuso wase-US u-Colin Powell kanye nongqongqoshe wezangaphandle wase-Uzbekistan u-Adulaziz Kamilov basayina isivumelwano sokusebenzisana esifinyelela kude esihlanganisa ukubambisana kwezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye nezempi phakathi kwalawa mazwe womabili, okuhlanganisa ukubambisana รขโฌลukulwa nezinsongo zamazwe ngamazwe emphakathini [okungukuthi. , 'impi yobushokobezi']รขโฌ kanye nokuqhubeka รขโฌลukubambisana kwabo okunamandla kwezempi nobuchwepheshe bezempiรขโฌ .
Phakathi kuka-1992 no-2002 i-US yanikeza i-US $ 508 million ukusiza i-Tashkent. Ngonyaka wezimali ka-2002 usizo lwezezimali oluya eTashkent lwaluku-oda lamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-219.8 kuzo zonke izinhlaka zikahulumeni wase-US; Izigidi ezingama-$79 zayo รขโฌโ ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke รขโฌโ yabelwa รขโฌลezokuphepha kanye nokugcinwa komthethoรขโฌ . Ngo-2003 usizo lwalungamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-86.1, ingxenye enkulu yalo futhi eya รขโฌลekuvikelekeniรขโฌ .
Imali eningi esetshenzisiwe yabelwa ngaphansi koMthetho Wokusebenza Kwamazwe Angaphandle, owenza usizo lwancika kuMnyango Wezwe uhlola ukuthi i-Tashkent yenza inqubekelaphambili โenkulu futhi eqhubekayoโ ezinguqukweni zezombangazwe nezomnotho. Umbiko wangoMashi 2004 we-International Crisis Group (ICG) ezinze eBrussels waphawula ukuthi รขโฌลisitifiketi sanikezwa ngo-2002 nango-2003, naphezu kokuphikiswa kokuthi kwakunesisekelo esincane salokhoรขโฌ .
NgoJulayi 2004 uMnyango Wezwe wagcina ugodle usizo lwezigidi ezingu-18 zamaRandi ngenxa yokuthi รขโฌลukuntula kwenqubekelaphambili mayelana nezinguquko zentando yeningiรขโฌ . Kodwa-ke, umkhulumeli womnyango ukugcizelele ukuthi i-Uzbekistan isalokhu รขโฌลinguzakwethu obalulekile we-United States empini yobushokobezi futhi sinezinjongo zamasu eziningi esabelana ngazo... Lesi sinqumo asisho ukuthi izintshisekelo zethu esifundeni noma isifiso sethu sokuqhubeka nokusebenzisana I-Uzbekistan isishintshile. Sifuna ukuqhubeka nokusebenza ne-Uzbekistan ukuze siphishekele izinjongo zethu ezifanayo nokusebenzisa izindinganiso nemibono ohlakeni lobambiswano lwamasu.รขโฌ
Ukugxeka okuthambile kukaWashington ngombuso kaKarimov ocindezelayo kuye kwaqhutshwa ukwesaba ukuthi, ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi indawo yokuphikisa, ukuqhuma kwezenhlalo okufana nokwase-Andijan kungaphazamisa kwezombusazwe i-Uzbekistan futhi kube nemiphumela emibi kakhulu ezithakazelweni zase-US e-Asia Ephakathi. Umbiko we-ICG uhlole ukuthi รขโฌลumbuso wase-Uzbekistan udinga ukuvula isimo sezombangazwe ukuze wethule ochwepheshe abengeziwe kanye nosopolitiki abazimele eqenjini elibusayo. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, idinga ukunikeza imigudu yomthetho yokubonisa ukunganeliseki ukuze ukuphikiswa okuphambene nomthethosisekelo kungakhuli.รขโฌ
Kusukela uKarimov ethathe izintambo ngo-1990 usephethe ngesandla sensimbi. Ikakhulukazi uye washushisa amaSulumane ahlubuka ezikhungweni zenkolo ezigunyazwe ngokusemthethweni. I-Hizb ut-Tahrir, iqembu elikhuthaza ukuletha umbuso wamaSulumane ngezindlela ezingenalo udlame, libhekane nengcindezelo embi kakhulu.
Kusukela ngomhlaka-9/11, uKarimov ukuthethelele ukushushiswa โkwamaSulumane azimeleโ ngokufaka 'impi yobushokobezi' yaseWashington. Okuxakayo ukuthi ukuntuleka kwezindlela zentando yeningi zokuveza ukuphikisa kusize ukukhula kwezinhlangano zama-Islamic รขโฌลamaphekulaรขโฌTM, njenge-Islamic Movement yase-Uzbekistan. I-IMU ibalwa njengenhlangano yamaphekula nguhulumeni wase-US futhi kukholakala ukuthi yenza uchungechunge lwamabhomu okuzibulala ngo-1999.
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