SIYE sitshelwe ukuthi i-US iyisizwe “esikhululekile” emhlabeni. Kodwa ukwahlulela ngohlelo lwamajele ase-US, okuphambene ncamashi kunjalo. I-US ibopha abantu bayo abaningi ukwedlula noma yiliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni - hhayi nje ngokulinganayo, kodwa ngokwemibandela ephelele.
Umbiko woMnyango Wezobulungiswa okhishwe ngoDisemba uveze ukuthi irekhodi labantu abayizigidi eziyisi-7 - oyedwa kubantu abadala abangama-32 e-US - wayevalelwe ejele, evivinywa noma ekhishwe ngoshwele ekupheleni kuka-2005.
Nakuba i-US inamaphesenti angu-5 kuphela abantu bomhlaba, inamaphesenti angu-25 amajele emhlabeni wonke-abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.2. Kusukela ngo-1970, izinga lokuboshwa lase-US liye lenyuka ngamaphesenti angu-700, futhi lelo nani lisakhula.
“Ngemva kokwanda kweziboshwa zase-United States ngamaphesenti angu-700 phakathi kuka-1970 no-2005, ungase ucabange ukuthi ekugcineni izwe lingase liphelelwe abantu abephula umthetho ababengabavalela ejele,” kusho umbiko ka-February we-Pew Charitable Trusts. Ngokusobala akunjalo.
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UBANI OPHELELA Ejele? Impendulo ngama-Afrika aseMelika namaLatinos, ngaphezu kwakho konke. Bangamaphesenti angama-60 ngokugcwele amajele ase-US namuhla.
Uma izitayela zamanje ziqhubeka, indoda eyodwa kwamathathu aMnyama kanye neyodwa kwayisithupha amadoda aseLatino azalelwe e-US namuhla azobhadla ejele ngesikhathi esithile ekuphileni kwawo. Sekukonke, ngo-2005, ama-Afrika aseMelika ayengamaphesenti angama-40 azo zonke iziboshwa—amakhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kunengxenye yawo kubantu base-US.
Njengoba isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu u-Loïc Wacquant sabhala esihlokweni sango-2001, “Izinga lokuboshwa kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika liye lenyuka lafinyelela emazingeni ezinkanyezi angaziwa kunoma yimuphi omunye umphakathi, ngisho naseSoviet Union eqophelweni eliphezulu leGulag noma eNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi somzabalazo wodlame. phezu kobandlululo.”
Abokufika kanye nabesifazane baya ngokuya begcina bevalelwe e-US Ngokwezibalo ezikhishwe uMnyango Wezobulungiswa ngonyaka odlule, phakathi kuka-1995 no-2003, ukugwetshwa kwamacala okuthuthela kwelinye izwe kwenyuka ngamaphesenti angama-394. Phakathi kuka-1980 no-2005, isibalo sabesifazane emajele kahulumeni kanye nesifundazwe sehle ngamaphesenti angu-873-sisuka ku-12,300 saya ku-107,500.
Ubumpofu bekulokhu kuyisici esichazayo sokuthi ubani oboshiwe ezweni elicebe kakhulu emhlabeni. Namuhla kunjalo. Kusukela ngo-2005, cishe amaphesenti angama-37 abesifazane kanye namaphesenti angama-28 amadoda asejele babenemali engaphansi kwama-$ 600 ngenyanga ngaphambi kokuboshwa kwabo.
Ukwenyuka okumangazayo kwenani lamajele ase-US emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule kungabangelwa izici ezimbalwa-ikakhulukazi, "impi yezidakamizwa" kanye nemithetho yokukhipha izigwebo okuyimpoqo.
Nakuba osopolitiki bethi izigwebo ezinde zigcinelwe “okubi kakhulu,” iqiniso liwukuthi inqwaba yabantu ababoshiwe namuhla bayizigebengu ezingenabo ubudlova zezidakamizwa. Ngo-1980, kwakunezigebengu zezidakamizwa ezingu-40,000 XNUMX ejele noma ejele. Namuhla, lelo nani limi engxenyeni yesigidi.
UMark Mauer we-Sentencing Project uthi: “Iningi lezigilamkhuba ezisemajele azizona ‘izinduna’ zokuhweba ngezidakamizwa. “Impela, abathengisi abasezingeni eliphansi ababoshiwe bashintshwa ngokushesha emigwaqweni abafuna inzuzo yezomnotho.”
Ukwengeza, imithetho yezigwebo engaguquguquki–njengomthetho wase-California “wokushaywa kathathu”, ogunyaza ukudilikelwa yijele ngamacala amathathu anamacala, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “iqiniso lokugwetshwa” eklanyelwe ukugcina abantu bevalelwe isikhathi eside. izigwebo zabo-zibangele izijeziso ezimbi kakhulu.
Ngokohlelo Lokugwetshwa, oyedwa kwabangu-11 osejele manje udonsa udilikajele—ingxenye yesine yabo ngaphandle kwe-parole. Eziningi zalezi zigwebo ezezidakamizwa ezingenalo udlame, ukugebenga okuncane noma ukweba, noma ukusiza izigebengu ezingathi sína singahlosile.
Ngokwesibonelo, uSantos Reyes usechithe iminyaka engaphezu kweyisithupha ejele laseCalifornia Folsom State ngemuva kokuthola isigwebo seminyaka engu-26 udilikajele ngecala lesithathu lesiteleka—“icala” lokuhlola ilayisensi yokushayela ngaphansi kokuqamba amanga ngecala lakhe. umzala, owayengakwazi ukukhuluma isiNgisi.
UGladys Wilson waba yisisulu semithetho yokugwetshwa kweqiniso. Ngo-1978, wavuma icala lokusiza nokubamba inkunzi ehlomile eMichigan, icala lakhe lokuqala. Wayeneminyaka engu-31 ubudala, futhi unina wendodakazi eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala.
Ngokusho kweProjekthi Yezigwebo, "uGladys wayengenalo irekhodi lobugebengu ngaphambili ... [Wagwetshwa udilikajele ngokucatshangwa yiwo wonke umuntu ohililekile ecaleni lokuthi uzodonsa iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi." Kunalokho, “isinyathelo sebhodi likashwele sabambezeleka kwaze kwaba ngu-10, okwathi ngaleso sikhathi isimiso esisha somthetho ‘sokuphila kusho ukuphila’ saphumela ekunqatshelweni ukukhululwa.” U-Gladys akazange akhishwe kwaze kwaba ngu-1992–lapho eneminyaka engu-2005 ubudala.
Izingane nazo ziyathinteka. Ngokusho kwe-Human Rights Watch, kusukela ngo-2005, okungenani abantu abangu-2,225 ababengaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ngesikhathi besolwa ngobugebengu babedonsa udilikajele ngaphandle kwezigwebo ze-parole emajele aseMelika.
“UTroy L.,” wayeneminyaka engu-15 lapho ebulala uyise owayemhlukumeza. Ugwetshwe udilikajele ngaphandle kwe-parole. Encwadini ayibhalela i-Human Rights Watch, uveze ukujula kokuphelelwa ithemba kwakhe: “Ngingaya ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu e-Afghanistan noma kwa-Israel, noma ngigxumele ohambweni lokuqala oluya eMars… ithuba elithile lokuqeda ukuphila kwami ngenza okuhle, kunokuba kube yisishayo esimosha kancane emhlabeni, kungaba isihe esikhulu kimi.”
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IMBONI YAMAJELE ingase ibe yimbi kubantu, kodwa ilungele ibhizinisi.
Izinkampani zamajele ezizimele zisebenza cishe ezingxenyeni ezintathu kwezine zezifundazwe zase-US. Ngokombiko wakamuva we-CorpWatch ka-Deepa Fernandes, i-Nashville-based Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), umqhubi wejele elikhulu kunawo wonke laseMelika, umemezele ukuthi imali engenayo inyuke yafinyelela cishe ku-$300 wezigidi ngekota yesibili ka-2005.
Ngokombono, amajele kufanele abe yizindawo lapho iziboshwa zihlunyeleliswa khona–kodwa maningi amathuba okuthi asebenze njengendawo yokugcina abantu.
Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2001, uCanyon Thixton, ngaleso sikhathi owayeneminyaka engu-17 ubudala, wakhuthazelela izinsuku ezingu-58 ejele laseWisconsin “Supermax” elinokuphepha okuphezulu ngaphandle kwendlu yangasese esebenzayo. UThixton wayenikezwa umuthi wokuxubha kabili kuphela ngesonto. Wayengenayo ingubo ngaphandle kwegawuni, engenasepha, umcamelo, umatilasi noma ingubo yokulala. Wayeboshelwa esitokisini amahora amaningi futhi eshaywa onogada.
Ngokudabukisayo, izimo ezinjalo azivamile. Umbiko wango-2003 weHuman Rights Watch ulinganisela ukuthi phakathi kwezi-200,000 nezi-300,000 iziboshwa e-US zihlushwa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, okuhlanganisa i-schizophrenia, i-bipolar disorder kanye nokucindezeleka okukhulu. Balinganiselwa ku-70,000 abaphazamisekile engqondweni nganoma yiluphi usuku, kusho umbiko.
“Nokho ezweni lonke, izinsiza eziningi zezempilo yengqondo zasejele zintula ngendlela edabukisayo, zikhutshazwa ukuntuleka kwabasebenzi, izikhungo ezinganele, nezinhlelo ezinomkhawulo,” uyengeza. “Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu,” kusho umbiko, “izimo zimbi ngempela: iziboshwa ezigula ngengqondo zivalelwe ngokwehlukana zingaphathwa nhlobo; uvalelwe ezitokisini ezingcolile nezishisayo; abashiywe izinsuku begcwele indle abayigcobe emizimbeni yabo; ukuklolodelwa, ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukunganakwa ngabasebenzi basejele; banikezwa amanzi amancane kakhulu phakathi namagagasi okushisa ehlobo kangangokuthi baphuza ezitsheni zabo zangasese.”
Ambalwa amajele anempatho eyanele yokubhekana nemilutha yezidakamizwa noma yotshwala yeziboshwa. Futhi ngokwendatshana kaPhil Gasper ethi “Prisoners of Ideology” kuyi-International Socialist Review, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeziboshwa zaseCalifornia zifunde ngaphansi kwezinga lesishiyagalolunye futhi ezingaphezu kwengxenye azikwazi ukufunda nokubhala, amaphesenti angu-6 kuphela eziboshwa zombuso angakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. emakilasini ezemfundo, futhi bangamaphesenti amahlanu kuphela abaqeqeshelwe umsebenzi.
Ababeyiziboshwa bayajeziswa ngisho sebekhululiwe. ULoïc Wacquant uyabhala: “Imithetho yenqaba ukukhokhelwa kwezenhlalakahle, izinzuzo zomakadebona nezitembu zokudla kunoma ubani ovalelwe izinsuku ezingaphezu kuka-60. “UMthetho Wamathuba Omsebenzi kanye Nesibopho Somuntu Ka-1996 uphinde uxoshe abaningi ababekade benamacala e-Medicaid, ezezindlu zomphakathi, amavawusha eSigaba 8 kanye nezinye izinhlobo zosizo ezihlobene.
UBill Clinton, ikakhulukazi, “ngokuziqhenya wethula 'ukubambisana okungakaze kubonwe kukahulumeni, kwesifunda, kanye nasendaweni kanye nezinhlelo ezintsha zokukhuthaza'…ukuqeda noma yisiphi isiboshwa esase sithole izinzuzo,” kubhala u-Wacquant.
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OHLOBOLWENI oluhlukile lomphakathi—umphakathi wezenhlalakahle osekelwe ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zabantu, esikhundleni sokwenza inzuzo—zonke izigaba “zobugebengu” zizobe zingasekho.
Ukwephulwa kwemithetho yokuthuthela kwelinye izwe, ngokwesibonelo, kwakungeke kusafaka abantu ejele emphakathini owaqaphela ukuthi akekho umuntu ongekho emthethweni. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ngeke kusabhekwa njengobugebengu. Imali kanye nezinsiza ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje ukubopha labo abahlukunyezwa wumlutha kungase kusetshenziswe ukunikeza ukwelashwa kwamahhala esikhundleni salokho.
Ngokujwayelekile, umphakathi obeke eqhulwini ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu uzohlasela izimpande zobugebengu obuningi ngokusebenzela ukuqeda ubumpofu nokucwasana.
Yiqiniso, ubugebengu ngeke buphele ngokuphazima kweso. Nokho, “iphuzu,” njengoba uPaul D’Amato ebhala kwethi The Meaning of Marxism, “liwukuthi, ngaphansi kokusebenzelana nenhlalakahle, ingcebo yomphakathi eyinsalela yayiyosetshenziswa njengeqembu ukuze kuthuthukiswe inhlalakahle yabo bonke, kuneyeqembu elincane. Kungani ngangintshontsha lokho okwakutholakala mahhala? Umphakathi onjalo ungase ubonakale ungenangqondo kakhulu. Kodwa njengoba [uSocialist waseMelika uJames] Cannon asho: ‘Okungenangqondo ukucabanga ukuthi le ndlu yohlanya ingeyaphakade futhi naphakade.’”
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela