[NgoMeyi 16, i- New York Review of Books bhala imemo yokuqala ye-Downing Street kuleli zwe okokuqala ngqa. UMark Danner wabhala ukuhlaziywa okuhambisanayo, "Indlela Eyimfihlo Yempi." Ephendula leso siqeshana, uJohn Walcott wenkonzo yezindaba ye-Knight Ridder wabhala incwadi emfushane futhi uDanner, ephendula, manje usethathe ithuba lokubuyela ekubalulekeni kwememo ye-Downing Street kanye nokufakwa kwabezindaba kwayo. Lokhu kushintshana kuzovela kumagazini wangomhla ziyi-14 kuJulayi New York Review of Books, eziphepheni zezindaba ngoJuni 20.]
Kubahleli:
Isihloko esihle kakhulu sikaMark Danner esimayelana nendlela yabaphathi bakaBush eya empini e-Iraq [Indlela Eyimfihlo Eya Empini, NYR, Juni 9] iphuthelwe izimpawu ezimbalwa ezibalulekile.
Ngo-Okthoba 11, 2001, u-Knight Ridder ubike ukuthi ngaphansi kwenyanga ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kukaSepthemba 11 izikhulu eziphezulu zePentagon ezazifuna ukwandisa impi yokulwa nobuphekula e-Iraq zigunyaze uhambo oluya eGreat Britain ngoSepthemba ngumqondisi wangaphambili weCIA uJames Woolsey efuna ubufakazi bokuthi uSaddam Hussein wayenabo. waba nesandla ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula kwango-September 11.
Bese, ngoFebhuwari 13, 2002, cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuba kubhalwe imemo ye-Downing Street, u-Knight Ridder ubike ukuthi uMongameli Bush uthathe isinqumo sokuxosha uSaddam Hussein futhi wayala i-CIA, i-Pentagon, nezinye izinhlaka ukuthi zenze inhlanganisela yezinyathelo zezempi, zezombusazwe, nezicashile zokufeza. lowo mgomo. Ezinsukwini eziyisithupha kamuva, lowo owayeyiSenator u-Bob Graham waseFlorida ubika encwadini yakhe, wamangala lapho uGeneral Tommy Franks emtshela ngesikhathi evakashele i-US Central Command eTampa ukuthi abaphathi basusa izinsiza ekulandeleni i-al-Qaeda e-Afghanistan. kanye nePakistan ukulungiselela impi e-Iraq.
UJohn Walcott
Washington Bureau Chief
Knight Ridder
Impendulo ivela ku- Mark Danner:
UJohn Walcott uyaziqhenya ngokubika kwehhovisi lakhe, futhi kufanele. Njengozakwethu UMichael Massing ubhale emakhasini we New York Review of Books, phakathi nokuhola kwempi yase-Iraq izintatheli ze-Knight Ridder zinerekhodi elinomona nelingenakuqhathaniswa lokuzimela nempumelelo. Kodwa isitatimende sikaMnu. Walcott sokuthi esihlokweni sami esithi โIndlela Eyimfihlo Eya Empiniโ โngaphuthelwa izimpawu ezimbalwa ezibalulekileโ siletha umbuzo osobala: Izimpawu ezisendleleni eya kuphi? Yini ngempela eyenza i Imemo ye-Downing Street (okuyinto nje i-akhawunti esemthethweni yomhlangano wekhabhinethi yezokuphepha yaseBrithani ngoJulayi 2002) kanye nemibhalo ehlobene nayo esivele yavela, iyafakazela? Futhi kungani abezindaba baseMelika ingxenye enkulu belokhu benqabile ukuvuma indaba exoxwa yimibhalo?
Njengoba ngibhale esihlokweni sami,
โInani elikhulu lengxoxo ebalulwe kumemoโฆukukhombisa, kohulumeni bawo womabili la mazwe, isigaba esicacile sokuthatha izinqumo. NgoJulayi 2002 kwakamuva nje, impi yayisinqunyiwe; umbuzo okwakukhulunywa ngawo manje wawungowokuthi kuthethelelwa kanjani - ukuthi 'ilungiswa kanjani,' njengokungathi, lokho uBlair azokubiza kamuva 'ngesimo sezepolitiki.' Ikakhulukazi, nakuba ngalesi sikhathi ngoJulayi uMongameli wayesenqume ukuya empini, wayengakasithathi isinqumo sokuya eNhlangano Yezizwe futhi ayofuna abahloli; ngempela, njengoba u-'C' [induna ye-MI6, okulingana ne-British elingana ne-CIA] ephawula, labo abakuMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezokuphepha - izikhulu eziphezulu zezokuphepha zikahulumeni wase-US - 'abazange babe nesineke ngomzila we-UN, futhi bengenakho umdlandla. ngokushicilela okubhaliwe kumarekhodi ombuso wase-Iraqi.' Lokhu kuzoshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwezepolitiki kwalaba bantu ababebuthene ndawonye ku-10 Downing Street. โ
Lezo โzinkathazo zezombangazweโ zazigxile eqinisweni lokuthi, njengoba uNobhala Wezangaphandle waseBrithani uJack Straw ebonisa, โicala [lokulwa] lalincaneโ njengoba, njengoba u-Attorney General ebonisa, โisifiso sokushintsha umbuso [e-Iraq. ] kwakungesona isisekelo esingokomthetho sokulwa.โ Ukuze kutholwe isisekelo esinjalo esingokomthetho, izikhulu zaseBrithani ziyavuma, abambisene nabo kumelwe benze umzamo wokuzuza imvume yoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha WeZizwe Ezihlangene, futhi uNobhala Wezangaphandle ubeka indlela yokwenza lokho: โKufanele senze icebo lenhlangano yezokuvikela. isinqumo kuSaddam ukuthi avumele abahloli bezikhali be-UN." UNdunankulu uTony Blair ulenza licace iphuzu lalesi sinqumo: โKungenza umehluko omkhulu kwezombusazwe nangokomthetho uma uSaddam enqaba ukuvumela abahloli.โ
Ngomhla ziyi-13 kuNhlolanja wezi-2002 - ezinyangeni ezinhlanu ngaphambi kwalo mhlangano wekhabhinethi yaseBrithani, kanye nezinyanga eziyishumi nantathu ngaphambi kokuba impi iqale - eyesibili yezihloko ezishiwo nguMnu. UBush Unqume Ukuketula uHussein. I-athikili iphetha ngale ndlela:
โIzizwe eziningiโฆkungalindelwa ukuthi zibuze ukuba semthethweni kwe-United States ngokususa uhulumeni welinye izwe, noma ngabe kunyanyisa kangakanani. Kodwa isikhulu esiphezulu soMnyango Wezwe, nakuba singakwazi ukunikeza igunya eliqondile lezomthetho lesinyathelo esinjalo, sathi, 'Akunzima ukubeka icala lokuthi i-Iraq iwusongo ekuthuleni nasekuvikelekeni kwamazwe ngamazwe.' Ukwesekwa kokuketula umbuso kaSaddam kungenzeka kwandulele noma yikuphi ukuhlaselwa kwe-Iraqโฆ
"I-United States, mhlawumbe ngokusekelwa yi-UN, kulindeleke ukuthi ifune ukuthi i-Saddam ifunde kabusha abahloli ukuze baqede izinhlelo ze-Iraq zamakhemikhali, zebhayoloji, zenuzi kanye nezezikhali ezicitshwayo ... uke waba khona esikhathini esidlule, uBush ubezoba nezaba zokuthi enze okuthile.โ
Ngakho-ke isu amaBrithani azolikhuthaza ngempumelelo kubalingani babo baseMelika ngasekupheleni kwalelo hlobo lase livele lidingidwa ngaphakathi koMnyango Wezwe - izinyanga ezinhlanu ngaphambi komhlangano we-Downing Street ngoJulayi 2002, futhi ngaphezu konyaka ngaphambi kokuba impi iqale.
Futhi, kufakazelani konke lokhu? Ngokombono โwesikhulu esiphezulu soMnyango WezoMbuso,โ ngokungangabazeki, ukuvuma okunjalo okuputshuzelwe entathelini ye-Knight Ridder kwaba ukuvulwa komphakathi emzabalazweni wokuphatha okwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngalowo Agasti, lapho uMongameli Bush egcina evumile ukuthi unobhala wakhe wezwe, nabasekeli bakhe baseBrithani, bahamba โngomzila weZizwe Ezihlangene.โ Ngendlela nje ubuhlakani obungaqashelwa kodwa obungokwesiprofetho obufihlwe engcebweni โyengxoxoโ buchazwa ngokucacile yizenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo, lokhu kuvuza manje kubukeka njengokudalula okungokwesiprofetho okucacile ngalokho okwakuzokwenzeka, njengoba kuqinisekiswe yilokho okwenzeka ngempela. Kepha imemo ye-Downing Street ikubeka kucace ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi "isikhulu esiphezulu soMnyango Wezwe" sikhuluma nezintatheli ze-Knight Ridder isu lalingakanqunywa. Imemo, ngaphezu kwalokho, ayisona isitatimende esingaziwa ezintathelini kodwa irekhodi lalokho okwashiwo yizikhulu zezokuphepha eziphezulu eBrithani. Kusitshela okuningi mayelana nokuthi isinqumo senziwe kanjani, futhi kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi, njengoba ngabhala esihlokweni sami, "umbono wabahloli be-UN wethulwanga njengendlela yokugwema impi, njengoba uMongameli Bush eqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe abantu baseMelika, kodwa njengendlela yokugwema impi. ukwenza impi ibe nokwenzeka.โ
Izingcezu ze-Knight Ridder ziletha inkinga enkulu. Kungumthombo wendida ukuthi esinye sezithiyo ekutholeni ukuqashelwa imemo ye-Downing Street emaphephandabeni aseMelika kube umbono ongashiwongo phakathi kwezintatheli nabahleli wokuthi indaba exoxwa yimemo "ayiyona into entsha." Ngithi ngiyabhuqa ngoba sibona kulokhu indaba eyinqaba nejwayelekile kusukela emhlabeni wethu wamanje "wehlazo eliqandisiwe" - okuthiwa ama-scandals, okungukuthi, lapho sinesambulo kodwa hhayi uphenyo lwangempela noma isijeziso: amahlazo esiphoqeleka ukuba siphile nawo. Indaba ixoxwa okokuqala kodwa engavunywa neze (njengakwisiqephu se-Knight Ridder), ikakhulukazi ngoba indaba ebanzi uhulumeni ayixoxayo iyayiminza. Lapho indaba iqinisekiswa kamuva ngamadokhumenti asemthethweni, kuleli cala imemorandamu ye-Downing Street, imibhalo ichithwe kakhulu ngoba ayinayo โokusha.โ
Ingxenye yalokhu yehlela embuzweni wokuthi, ezweni lethu lamanje lezombusazwe kanye nezintatheli, lihlanganisani โiqiniso.โ Silifakazela kanjani ngempela iqiniso lendaba, njengaleyo esobala ukuthi, njengoba isihloko se-Knight Ridder sayisho, โUBush unqume ukuketula uHusseinโ ezinyangeni eziningi ngaphambi kwempi kanye nesinqumo sekhongolose esigunyaza lokho, naphezu kokugunyazwa kukaMongameli. imibhikisho yokuthi โakukho sinqumo esenziweโ? Umuntu angalifakazela kanjani iqiniso lendaba ukuthi ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-Iraq, njengoba inhloko yezobunhloli baseBrithani ibika kundunankulu wakhe kanye nozakwabo bekhabhinethi lapho ebuya eWashington ngoJulayi 2002, "amaqiniso nobuhlakani zilungiswa kunqubomgomoโ? UMichael Kinsley, esihlokweni sakamuva esichitha kakhulu imemo ye-Downing Street, iphawula ngalo musho:
"Yebo, uma 'ubuhlakani namaqiniso bekulungiswa mayelana nenqubomgomo,' kunokuba kube okuphambene nalokho, lokho kuwubufakazi obuhle bezinhloso zikaBush, kanye nehlazo ngokwalo. Futhi manje siyazi ukuthi lokho bekuyiqiniso nengxenye. Ukulungisa ubuhlakani namaqiniso ukuze kulingane nenqubomgomo oyifunayo yisitayela esibusayo sikaBush II, ikakhulukazi mayelana nempi yase-Iraq. Kepha u-C akazange anikeze imininingwane ethile, noma akekho owenze imemo. Futhi imemo ayigodli ukuthi abenzi bezinqumo bangempela bamtshela ukuthi balungisa amaqiniso. "
Ake ucabangele lesi sigaba, esingishaya njengenkondlo encane ekhuluma ngesimo sethu samanje sezombusazwe kanye nezintatheli. UKinsley wemukela "njengeqiniso nengxenye" โโukuthi "ubuhlakani namaqiniso bekulungiswa kunqubomgomo" - okungukuthi, "isitayela sokuphatha sikaBush II" - kodwa uyawuchitha umbono wokuthi imemo ye-Downing Street iyakufakazela lokhu, njengoba, mhlawumbe, inhloko yophiko lwezobunhloli lwaseBrithani โ[aka]goleli ngokuthi abenzi bezinqumo bangempela babemtshele ukuthi balungisa amaqiniso.โ UKinsley akasho ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi induna yezobunhloli baseBrithani, lapho ebika kundunankulu wakhe โngezingxoxo zakhe zakamuva eWashington,โ kungenzeka ukuthi waluthola lolo lwazi, uma kungebona โabathatha izinqumo bangempela.โ (Eqinisweni, njengoba London Sunday Times kubikwe, phakathi kwabantu ababona kwakunguzakwabo waseMelika, umqondisi wezobunhloli obuphakathi uGeorge Tenet.) UKinsley uyasho ukuthi uma iphuzu, alamukela njengeliyiqiniso - ngempela, cishe ukuxosha ngokunganaki bonke abangase bakungabaze - empeleni lingafakazelwa. , bekungaba โubufakazi obuhle kakhulu bezinhloso zikaBush, kanye nehlazo ngokwalo.โ
Umuntu angase abuze ukuthi yini engaqinisekisa lo mbhali, nabanye abaningi, ngeqiniso lalokho, ngokusobala, asebekwazi kakade, nabakwamukelayo, futhi bavume ukuthi bayakwazi futhi bayakwamukela. Yini engashiwo ukusungula "iqiniso" - "ukulifakazela"? Mhlawumbe uphenyo lwangempela lwekhongolose ngendlela abaphathi abasebenzisa ngayo ubuhlakani ngaphambi kwempi - uphenyo lolo hlobo, njengoba ngabhala esihlokweni sami, lwethenjiswa yiKomidi leSenate Intelligence Committee, lwahlehliswa ngokucabangisisa kuze kube ngemuva kokhetho - nakuba umuntu engacabanga. umbuzo wawungase ube nokuhlobana okuthile kubantu baseMelika ekunqumeni ukuthi bavotele bani - bese ekugcineni, futhi buthule, balahliwe. Esikhundleni salokho, ikomidi leSenethi likhiphe umbiko othi, nakuba lizigxeka kakhulu ngokwemibandela yalo, lawubekela ngaphandle ngokusobala umbuzo obalulekile wokuthi izikhulu zokuphatha zalusebenzisa kanjani ubuhlakani obunikezwe zona.
Noma kunjalo, ikholomu ka-Kinsley, kanye nesimo sengqondo sokugxeka nokungabi namandla esimelelayo, iphakamisa ukuthi uphenyo olunjalo, uma lwenzeka, lungase lunganele ukwenza iqiniso elamukelekayo emphakathini ngalokho wonke umuntu manje alaziyo futhi elamukelayo. Ikholomu inesihloko esiphelele esithi, โAyikho Isibhamu Esibhemayo,โ esiphakamisa ukuthi ukuhluleka ukutholakala kwekhasethi eqoshiwe lapho uMongameli Bush ecashunwe khona eyala ngokusobala uGeorge Tenet ukuthi kufanele โalungise ubuhlakani namaqiniso azungeze inqubomgomo,โ abaningi abasoze. bheka icala njengelifakazelwe - nakuba sonke isikhathi bemukela, kunjalo, futhi bevuma ukuthi bayakwamukela, ukuthi yilokhu okwenzekile. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi โimithetho yobuntatheli obunenhlosoโ kuhambisana nokusebenza ngendlela efanele kukahulumeni weqembu elilodwa ukuze kugcinwe inkulumo-mpikiswano yezepolitiki ingacacile futhi iyisiphukuphuku.
Ngakho-ke: uma izindatshana ezinhle kakhulu ze-Knight Ridder zikaMnu. Walcott nozakwabo zimelela ngempela "izimpawu," bese kuba nezimpawu endleleni eya kuphi? Izakhamizi zaseMelika zizithola zisemgwaqweni ongajwayelekile, zikhubeka ngokuphuphutheka okhunini olumnyama. Njengoba ngaphambi kwempi sibe nobufakazi obucacile bokuthi abaphathi bakaBush banqume ukuya empini njengoba babethi bezama ukunqanda impi, manje sesibhekene nochungechunge olukhulayo "lokudalulwa" okufakazela ukuthi indaba yokuqala, naphezu komlando. ukungafuni okubanzi ukukwamukela, empeleni kwakuyiqiniso.
Abaningi kuCongress, kuhlanganise namaDemocrat amaningi aholayo avotela ukunikeza uMongameli igunya lokuya empini - besaba imiphumela yezombangazwe yokumphikisa - futhi ngaleyo ndlela bamukele izimpikiswano zakhe ezipholile zokuthi ivoti elinjalo lizomenza agweme impi kunokuba ayenze. , manje bazithola besesimweni esinzima kakhulu, bethi, njengoba uSenator uJohn Kerry enza phakathi nomkhankaso wobumongameli, ukuthi โbadukisiweโ ekusekeleni impi ababekholelwa ukuthi babevota ukuze basize ukuyivimbela. Le mpikiswano izacile ngendlela enamahloni kodwa isalokhu ibeka icala lokuziphatha ngokwanele ukuthi iqhubeke nokudida nokonakalisa inkulumompikiswano yomphakathi esafufusa e-Iraq eqinisekile izoba nzima futhi ibe buhlungu kakhulu.
Ukuthi imemo ye-Downing Street ingabizwa โngesibhamu esibhemayoโ noma cha, sekucacile ukuthi inqubomgomo yokuhlola ye-UN ukuthi, uma isikhathi sinikezwa, ibingavimba impi - ngokudalula, njengoba bekuzoba njalo, ukuthi uSaddam. yayingenazo izinqolobane ezisongelayo โzezikhali zokucekela phansi okukhuluโ - yasetshenziswa abaphathi njengezaba: indlela yokunxenxa izwe ukuthi liqale impi engakaze ilwe. Kwakuyizaba ezihlakaniphe ngokwedlulele, ngoba zonke izenzo ezilungiselela impi zingahunyushwa ngokwencazelo njengesenzo esihloselwe ukusinqanda - njengoba kudingekile ukukholisa uSaddam ukuthi impi isiseduze. Ngokwaleli su lokukhuluma, izenzo, noma ngabe zilungiselela ukulwa noma zifuna ukuyinqanda, ziyahlangana, azihlukaniseki. Ngokuhluleka ukuvela kwerekhodi eligxivizwe isikhathi likaMongameli Bush ememezela, "Namuhla nginqume ukuya empini noSaddam futhi zonke lezi zinto zokuhlola ziwudoti," mancane amathuba okuthi sithole uhlobo "lwesibhamu sokubhema" uKinsley nabanye. kubonakala kufunwa.
Ukwehluleka lokho, indlela enokwethenjelwa kakhulu yokuhlukanisa izinhloso zeqiniso zikaBush nezikhulu zakhe iwukubheka lokho abakwenzile ngempela, futhi iqiniso liwukuthi, naphezu kokubhikisha kwabaningi eNhlanganweni Yezizwe Ezihlangene nasemhlabeni wonke, benqaba ukuvumela ukuhlolwa kuqhuba inkambo yakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpikiswano zikaMongameli kanye nabanye ekuphathweni kwakhe zithethelela impi ngemuva kokwehluleka ukuthola izikhali zokucekela phansi inqwaba e-Iraq - egcizelela ukuthi uSaddam ubeyohlala ewusongo ngoba ubenga "vuselela" izinhlelo zakhe zezikhali - benze inhlekisa ngesiphakamiso sokuthi abaphathi bebezimisele ngokumshiya ephethe, noma ngabe abahloli bebenikezwe isikhathi esanele sokufakazela ngaphambi kwempi, njengoba kwenza ozakwabo ngemuva kwayo, ukuthi azikho izikhali e-Iraq.
Singase sikholelwe ukuthi sezidlulile ezindabeni ezinjalo manje. Maye, njengoba abantu baseMelika beqhubeka befela e-Iraq futhi izakhamuzi zakubo zikhula ziphelelwa yisineke ngempi, indaba yokuqalwa kwayo, egcwele inkulumo-ze nezingxabano njengoba injalo, izobaluleka kakhulu, hhayi kancane. Cabanga ngesexwayiso esiqinile esivezwe emqulwini osanda kukhishwa weKhabhinethi yaseBrithani owabhalwa ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kwememo ye-Downing Street (kanye nezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili ngaphambi kwempi), sokuthi "ukuhlasela kwezempi e-Iraq kungaholela ekuzilolongeni isikhathi eside futhi eqolo ukwakha isizwe." Kuleli phuzu, njengombhalo waseBrithani ngokwesiprofetho, โamacebo ezempi ase-US acishe athule.โ Babenjalo nabaholi baseMelika, futhi siphila nemiphumela yalokho kuthula. Njengoba ukusekelwa kwempi kuwa, izindleko zizocaca: ezakhamuzini eziningi, i-1,700 yaseMelika yafa kamuva - amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu base-Iraqi abafa kamuva - isiqalo sempi sihlala sidabukile futhi singabonakali njengokuphela kwayo.
U-Mark Danner, umbhali we-New Yorker Staff onesikhathi eside futhi onikela njalo ku-New York Review of Books, unguSolwazi Wezobuntatheli e-University of California e-Berkeley kanye no-Henry R. Luce Professor e-Bard College. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Ukuhlukunyezwa Neqiniso: IMelika, u-Abu Ghraib, kanye neMpi Yezobushokobezi, eqoqa izingcezu zakhe mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa kanye ne-Iraq eyavela okokuqala ku-New York Review of Books. Umsebenzi wakhe ungatholakala ku markdanner.com.
I-Copyright 2005 Mark Danner
[Le ndatshana ivela kumagazini kaJulayi 14 I-New York Review of Books. Iqale ukuvela ku-inthanethi ngo I-Tomdispatch.com, ibhulogi yewebhu ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni kanye nombhali wencwadi. Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba futhi Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela.]
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