Okwe-LASA Forum
Iyini i-Latin America? Ubani umuntu waseLatin America? I-“Latin American Studies†kanye “Latino/a Studies†ibhekisela kuphi? Yini okufanele babhekisele kuyo? Lena akuyona imibuzo emisha. Kodwa ngokubona kwami bacindezela kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa izinqubo zamazwe ngamazwe ezishanela iNkabazwe yaseNtshonalanga kanye nomhlaba wonke njengoba kuqhubeka ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Lezi zinqubo zisiphoqa ukuthi sicabange kabusha i-Latin America kanye ne-Latino/a Studies. Phakathi kwezinto ezigqama kakhulu zalezi zinqubo ukwanda komhlaba wonke ekufudukeni kwamanye amazwe njengoba ubungxiwankulu bomhlaba buhlela kabusha ezomnotho, izimakethe zabasebenzi, kanye nezigaba zenhlalo kuzo zonke izindawo ngokuhambisana nomqondo wabo wokuqongelela amazwe ngamazwe.
Siyazi ukuthi i-Latin America – kokubili igama ngokwalo kanye neqiniso okuhloswe ukuthi lisho – ngokwalo kuwukusungulwa. Uma lokho okusunguliwe kuzoba nanoma yikuphi ukuhlobana kuleli khulu leminyaka elisha ngale “i-matrix yekoloniyamandla,†ukusebenzisa isisho sika-Walter Mignolo, i-Latin America kumele ibhekisele kubo bonke labo bantu ababoshwe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa phezu kwezwe. eminyakeni engu-515 edlule naleyo matrix. Lokhu kuhlanganisa abantu abayizigidi ezingu-40 abavela eLatin America e-United States, abangaba izigidi ezingu-20 kubo abayizifiki. Imiphakathi yabokufika e-United States, njengakwezinye izindawo emhlabeni jikelele, iya ngokuya ikhula imiphakathi yamazwe ngamazwe. Amaphethini okulinganisa esizweni esithile ahambisana nesikhathi sangaphambili ohlelweni lomhlaba wonke anikeze indawo ekugelezeni okubili nokunezinhlangothi eziningi kwabantu namasiko kanye nokwanda kwezinhlaka zokuxhumana zamazwe ngamazwe ngempela.
“Izifundo zaseLatin America,â€masikhumbule, zavela emanyuvesi ase-U.S. njengento yeCold War “izifundo zendawo.†Ulwazi obekufanele lukhiqizwe yilezi “izifundo zendawo†lungasiza Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-U.S. futhi ixazulule izinkinga zokuzinza, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwalezi zindawo ohlelweni lwezwe lonxiwankulu lwangemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Amandla akhona kanye nezihlakaniphi zawo eziphilayo anazo yini ulwazi oluhlanganisiwe, oluwumlando womhlaba wonke lweLatino/isizwe sase-United States? “Izifundo zeLatino/a†ziqhamuke enguqukweni ehluke kakhulu, leyo yemizabalazo yokusungula esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme saseNyakatho Melika, izifundo zobuhlanga, zobuhlanga, ezihlala kwamanye amazwe, ezimelene namakholoni kanye namasiko amaningi ngenxa yenhlangano yamalungelo abantu kanye nezinye ezidumile, zezwe. , kanye nokunyakaza okunamandla e-United States nasemhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa izifundo eziningi ze-Latino/a zashanelwa ohlakeni lwezwe lophenyo kanye ne-parochial eyengeziwe kanye nokukhubaza ama-paradigms ohlanga/ubudlelwane bobuzwe base-US.
Namuhla kunanini ngaphambili amandla omlando, ezenhlalo nezomnotho, ezombusazwe, kanye namasiko kanye nokuguquguquka okubumba iqiniso leLatinos/njengase-United States yilawo alolonge izimpilo zabantu abayizigidi ezingu-500 abahlala eningizimu yeRio Bravo. Ukucabangela uphenyo mayelana neqiniso le-U.S.-Latino/a labantu njengokuthi “Latino/a Studies†kanye nombuzo walelo qiniso eningizimu ye-Rio Bravo njengokuthi “i-Latin American Studies†kuwubuwula obuphathekayo. Kodwa kungaphezu kwalokho. Ayinamali ngokwezibalo futhi ayinikezi amandla ngokwepolitiki. Kwenza kungabonakali “Izifundo ZaseLatin America†amaLatinos ayizigidi ezingama-40/njengase-United States futhi ibanqamule eqinisweni elikhudlwana lapho izimpilo zabo zisekelwe khona ngesikhathi lapho imizabalazo yethu neziphetho zethu zilolongwa kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. ukusebenzelana nezinqubo nezinhlaka ezisezingeni lomhlaba.
Le miphakathi yaseLatino/a kanye neminye yabokufika yathatha inkundla yezombusazwe ngokuvunguza ngemibhikisho emikhulu engakaze ibonwe kulo lonke elase-United States ehilela izigidi ngo-Spring 2006 zabokufika kanye nabalingani babo. Isizathu esisheshayo kwaba ukwethulwa kwe-US Congress yemithetho emelene nabokufika kodwa ngokubanzi imibhikisho imele ukukhishwa kwentukuthelo ejulile kanye nokuphika lokho obekujulisa ukuxhashazwa kanye nokwanda kwengcindezelo emelene nabokufika kanye nobandlululo. Amaqembu abusayo kanye nombuso besathuswe yizixuku futhi baphendula ngegagasi lengcindezelo, okuhlanganisa nokukhuphula ukuhlasela, ukudingiswa, kanye nomsindo omelene nabokufika. Iyini ingemuva elikhudlwana lalezi zenzakalo?
Emashumini eminyaka okugcina ekhulunyaka lama-20 kwaqala inkathi yokufuduka okusha okukhulu emhlabeni wonke okudalwe amandla okuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke konxiwankulu. Isilinganiso esiphansi seZizwe Ezihlangene sabeka inani lezisebenzi ezivela kwamanye amazwe ngo-2005 ezigidini ezingaba ngu-200 ngekhulu leminyaka elisha, eliphinda kabili inani leminyaka engu-25 ngaphambili. Ngawo-1980 abafuduki abayizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili baseLatin America bafika e-United States, cishe belingana nenani eliphelele labafuduki baseYurophu abafika ogwini lwase-U.S. phakathi namashumi okuqala eminyaka ekhulu lama-20, futhi benza iLatin America yaba umsuka oyinhloko wokufudukela e-United States. . Leli gagasi lokuphuma kwabantu abavela emiphakathini ecekeleke phansi kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho eLatin America lakhula ngesivinini ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kanye nangekhulu leminyaka elisha njengoba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye ne-neo-liberalism kucekela phansi isifunda, kwasusa izigidi zabantu futhi kwadala inhlekelele yezenhlalo enkulu engakaze ibonwe.
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke konxiwankulu okubangela lokhu kufuduka kwabantu abaningi nakho kudala isidingo esikhulayo sabasebenzi bokufika. Ukwehlukaniswa kwezisebenzi zomhlaba wonke zibe izakhamuzi kanye nabangezona izakhamuzi, abokufika kanye nabasebenzi bomdabu, kuyisizinda esisha esikhulu sokungalingani. Ukugcinwa nokuqiniswa kwezilawuli zombuso phezu kwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe kudala izimo “zabasebenzi bokufika†njengesigaba esihlukile sabasebenzi maqondana nezimali, esikhundleni sokulawulwa kwezigaba eziqondile zamakholoni kanye nezinhlanga phezu kwezabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke. Iningi labasebenzi bokufika abavela kwamanye amazwe bafakwa ezimakethe zezabasebenzi ezihlukene njengezisebenzi ezihola kancane, ezisezingeni eliphansi ngaphansi kwezimo zomsebenzi ezingazinzile neziyingozi ngaphandle kwamalungelo ezombusazwe noma abasebenzi anikezwe izakhamuzi. Bacwaswa ngokwebala kangangokuthi izimpawu zamasiko nezomzimba zingasetshenziswa - noma zakhiwe - ukuhlukanisa lezi zisebenzi. Izigaba, uhlanga, imingcele yezwe kanye nezinqubo zamazwe ngamazwe zonke ziyahlangana ukuze zidale ubudlelwano obuqhumayo bokuxhaphaza nokucindezelwa kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokumelana.
Ingcindezelo kanye nokucwaswa kwabokufika abavela emazweni Omhlaba Wesithathu, kugxilile emlandweni wase-U.S. (naseNtshonalanga). Njengoba izindlela ezingaqondile zithathele indawo yobukoloni ekuhlanganiseni amachibi okusebenza acwasa ngokwebala, izifundazwe zithatha umsebenzi wokuqapha ukulawula ukuhamba komsebenzi kumnotho wonxiwankulu. Izikhungo eziphoqelela umthetho wokuthuthela kwelinye izwe zase-U.S. zenza izinqubo zeminyango – zivula futhi zivale ukuhamba kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ngokuya ngezidingo zokuqongelela imali ngezikhathi ezihlukile. Abokufika bamunwa lapho umsebenzi wabo udingeka bese bekhafula lapho sebeba ngokweqile noma okungenzeka baphazamise uhlelo.
Kodwa le misebenzi yabalindisango iba inkimbinkimbi – futhi iyaphikisana – njengoba imali yamazwe ngamazwe incike kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwabokufika. I-Latino/abasebenzi bokufika baqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 bashumeke ngokwesakhiwo emnothweni waseNyakatho Melika. Nakuba umsebenzi wabokufika usekela ezolimo zase-U.S. nase-Canadian, ngeminyaka yawo-1990 iningi labantu bokufika baseLatino/abantu bokufika base bethathelwe yizimboni, ezokwakha, nezinkonzo njengengxenye “Latinization†evamile yomnotho. AbakwaLatino/a abokufika bakhuphule kakhulu inani labasebenzi base-U.S., ngokuvamile baxosha izisebenzi zohlanga lwase-Afrika kanye nabelungu. Banikeza umsebenzi omningi wamahhotela, izindawo zokudlela, ezokwakha, ukuhlanzwa kwezindlu nezindlu, ukunakekela izingane, izinkonzo zasekhaya, ukutshala izingadi nokulungiswa kwezindawo, ukulungisa izinwele, ukudiliva, ukupakisha inyama nezinkukhu, ukucubungula ukudla, ukukhiqiza ukukhanya, ukudayisa, njalonjalo.
Manje kunanini ngaphambili, abaqashi kanye nohulumeni kufanele basekele inqwaba yezisebenzi ezixhashazwayo ezikhona ngaphansi kwezimo ezibucayi, ezingawajabuleli amalungelo ezakhamuzi, ezombusazwe, nabasebenzi, ezibhekene nezithiyo zolimi kanye nemvelo enobutha yamasiko nemibono, futhi lokho kuyavumelana nezimo futhi kulahlwa ngokudingiswa. Kuyisimo sokudingiswa abafisa ukukudala noma ukukulondoloza njengoba leso simo siqinisekisa ikhono lokuxhaphaza ngokweqile ngaphandle kokujeziswa futhi bachithe ngaphandle kwemiphumela uma lo msebenzi ungalawuleki noma kungenasidingo. Ngakho-ke, ibutho eligodliwe labasebenzi bokufika kumele lihlale nje – umsebenzi wabokufika, ngakho-ke lingenazo izincwadi. Ukusekela leli butho labasebenzi bokufika kusho ukudala – kanye nokukhiqiza kabusha– ukuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi babe abokufika kanye nezakhamuzi.
Lokhu kudinga izinqubo eziphikisanayo ngasohlangothini lombuso. Kusukela kumaphuzu aphambili ezithakazelo zeqembu elikhulu inkinga iwukuthi ungabhekana kanjani “namaqaba” amasha emnyango waseRoma. Lesi simo esingqubuzanayo sisiza ukuchaza ukwanda okwesabekayo kobutha kanye nengcindezelo kubantu baseLatino/a abokufika. Uhlelo ludinga abasebenzi baseLatino bokufika kodwa ukuba khona kwalabo basebenzi bethusa amaqembu avelele kanye namalungelo, ngokuvamile abamhlophe, izigaba. Izicukuthwane zezombangazwe nezomnotho zesaba ukuthi ukwanda kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe baseLatino kuzoholela ekulahlekelweni kokulawulwa kwezamasiko nezepolitiki, kube umthombo wokuphikisa kanye nokungazinzi, njengoba abasebenzi bokufika eParis bakhombisa ukuthi bekusekupheleni kuka-2005 ukuvukela kuleyo nhloko-dolobha yaseYurophu. ngokumelene nokucwasa ngokwebala nokubandlulula.
Isixazululo esikhethwayo semali kanye nabamele ezombangazwe yizinhlelo “izisebenzi eziyizivakashi†ezingaguqula abantu bokufika babenze izisebenzi ezingenamsebenzi, kanye nemikhankaso yokwenza ubugebengu babokufika baseLatino/abantu bokufika kanye nokubalawula ngezempi. Umbuso kufanele uphakamise imingcele kazwelonke ukuze uthole imali kodwa kufanele uqinise yona le mingcele kazwelonke efanayo ezinqubweni zawo zokufika futhi emisebenzini yawo yemibono kufanele ukhiqize ukufutheka kobuzwe ngokusabalalisa izithombe ezinjengokuthi “imingcele engaphandle kokulawula†kanye “nokuhlasela kwabokufika ngokungemthetho. ,†uma kubhekwa incindezelo ekhethekile kanye nokwehliswa kwesithunzi kwabantu okubandakanyeka ekukhipheni amandla abo okusebenza.
Isimo sabasebenzi bokufika sizoqhubeka nokukhula kanye ne-capitalism yomhlaba wonke. Njengoba i-capitalism ingenakho ukulawula ukwanda kwayo okungenakuqhathaniswa njengohlelo ngeke ikwazi ukuqeda esigabeni sayo esisha sobungxiwankulu ngomsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe. Amachibi okusebenza abokufika angase axhashazwe kakhulu ngokwezomnotho, akhishwe inyumbazane futhi ancishwe amalungelo ngokwezombusazwe, aqhunyiswe ethunzini, futhi adingiswe lapho kudingekile ayiwona mfanekiso wokubusa kwe-capital-nqunu esikhathini sobunxiwankulu bomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, okuhambisana nenkulumo-mpikiswano yabokufika e-United States iyonke umnotho wepolitiki wobunxiwankulu bomhlaba eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe – wona lowo mnotho wezepolitiki oqhudelana kakhulu kulo lonke elaseLatin America ngokuqubuka kwemizabalazo eminingi ethandwayo kanye nokuphenduka. Ngakwesokunxele. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abokufika e-United States ngakho-ke uyingxenye kanye nengxenye yalokhu kumelana ne-neo-liberalism, exhumene kakhulu ne-Latin America enkulu – kanye nasemhlabeni wonke – umzabalazo wobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle.
Akumangalisi ukuthi imibhikisho kanye nokuduba kwenzeka kulo lonke elaseLatin America ngoMeyi Day 2006 ngokubambisana nabafuduki baseLatino e-United States. Iqembu lamalungelo abokufika engizibandakanye nalo, i-Los Angeles-based March 25 Coalition, eyadlala indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni ukugqugquzelwa kweNtwasahlobo ka-2006, yathumela izithunywa ezimbalwa eMexico ngo-2006 ukukhombisa ubumbano nalabo ababebhikisha umkhonyovu okhethweni kanye ne-Oaxaca kanye futhi kunxenxa ohulumeni baseLatin America nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuthi ziveze njengezabo isibhengezo somzabalazo wamalungelo abokufika e-United States.
Njengoba abantu baseLatin America ezinhlangothini zombili ze-Rio Bravo bedlulisa umzabalazo wabo ngokuhlanganyela sidinga ukuhwebelana ngokobuhlakani kanye ne-epistemological transnationalization esikoleni. Lokhu kuzoqala ngokuvuma ukuthi “Izifundo ZaseLatin America†kumele zibandakanye iqiniso leLatino/s e-United States nezinye izinqubo zamazwe ngamazwe ezeqa imephu yendawo yaseLatin America, nokuthi “Latino/a Studies†kodwa ingxenye yesizinda esinwebeka kakhulu somlando nesamanje ngale kohlanga/izifundo zobuhlanga kanye nezamasiko zase-U.S. Lokhu, vele, kuyisiqalo nje. Sidinga ukuthuthukisa umbono womhlaba kuyo yonke imikhakha kanye nezifundo zesayensi yezenhlalo kanye nobuntu njengoba sicabanga kabusha ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukufunda/ukubandakanya izifunda ezithile, abantu, amasiko, nemilando ohlelweni lomhlaba.
UWilliam I. Robinson unguSolwazi eMnyangweni wezeNhlalakahle
IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia-Santa Barbara
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela