Osopolitiki kanye nama-pundits asekela ukuhlasela kwe-US eSyria benza izifaniso eziningi empini ye-NATO ngokumelene neYugoslavia ngo-1999, ngokucindezela kwayo ama-Albanian e-Kosovo. Kulo mdlalo wokulingisa, uMongameli waseSyria u-Assad udlala indawo kaMongameli waseSerbia uMilosevic, bobabili abaphule kakhulu amalungelo abantu abantu, futhi uMongameli Obama udlala indima kaMongameli uClinton ekukhuthazeni abakubiza ngokuthi “ukungenelela kosizo” (ngaphandle kwemvume evela ku-UN. UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha).
Ngezindlela eziningi, ukufaniswa kweSyria-njenge-Kosovo akubambeki nakancane, ngamaqiniso ezepolitiki ahlukene kakhulu e-Balkan naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye nemilando ehlukene yobuhlanga kanye namahlelo. Ngezinye izindlela, ukufaniswa kweSyria-as-Kosovo kungase kubambe, kodwa mhlawumbe hhayi ngezindlela osopolitiki be-pro-war kanye nama-pundits abangase bacabange ngayo.
Kungani isifaniso saseSyria-as-Kosovo singase sibambe:
Okokuqala, ukungenelela kwe-NATO ngokumelene neSerbia eNkingeni yaseKosovo kwabhebhethekisa kakhulu inkinga yobuntu okwakucatshangwa ukuthi izama ukuyigwema. Impi yombango phakathi kwamabutho ase-Serbia kanye nama-Albanias e-Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) yabulala abantu abangaba ngu-2,000 ngo-1998. Ukubulawa kwabantu base-Albania kwezakhamuzi zase-Albania eRacak ngasekupheleni kwalowo nyaka kwabangela ukuba i-NATO iphendule. Kodwa ngemva kokuqala kokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngo-February 1999, uMongameli waseSerbia uMilosevic waqinisa ukuhlanjululwa kohlanga kubantu base-Albania, futhi waqala ukubaxosha ngendlela ehlelekile eKosovo. Inani lokufa kanye nababaleki lenyuka ngokushesha. Umkhuzi we-NATO uGeneral Wesley Clark kamuva wavuma ukuthi "iziphathimandla zezempi zase-US zaziyilindele ngokugcwele indlela enonya uMilosevic azoyisebenzisa." Ngendlela efanayo, ukuhlasela kwe-US eSyria ngezinsolo zokuhlasela kwakamuva kweGhouta kungase kubangele inhlekelele yobuntu okuthiwa ihlose ukuyivimbela. Esebenzisa umqondo “wokusebenzisa noma ulahlekelwe,” uMongameli u-Assad angadedela izikhali zakhe zamakhemikhali ukuze anqobe ngendlela esabekayo empini yombango yaseSyria, ngaphansi kwezaba zokuvikela izwe ekubusweni kwamanye amazwe.
Okwesibili, imikhondo yezinhlangano zamavukelambuso eKosovo naseSyria inokufana okuthile ngokomlando. Zombili zaqala njengezinhlangano zokubhikisha ezingenalo udlame, egameni lentando yeningi namalungelo omphakathi kubantu abaningi (ama-Albania eKosovo namaSunni eSyria). Inhlangano ihlangabezane nengcindezelo enzima kanye nokuhlanzwa kwezinhlanga/amahlelo ngamasosha, futhi abanye ababhikishi baphendukela emzabalazweni wezikhali. Lapho umzabalazo wezikhali usuqalile, waheha amavukelambuso ayengakholelwa ezinhlangeni noma ezinhlobonhlobo zamahlelo, futhi wakhuthaza ukususwa ngenkani kwedlanzana labantu. Lapho i-KLA iqala ukubusa ezithendeni ze-NATO, yaqala ukuhlanza ngokobuhlanga amaSerbs namaRom (amaGypsies) aseKosovo. Amavukelambuso aseSyria angama-Islamist aseqale ukuhlanzwa kweqembu labantu base-Alawite, Christian, kanye namaKurdish ngisho nangaphambi kokuba bathathe izintambo.
Okwesithathu, I-Kosovo War yadala ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-radiological eYugoslavia, kodwa ngenxa yokuqhuma kwamabhomu kwe-NATO kunanoma iyiphi i-WMD yaseSerbia. Izindiza zempi zase-US zishaye imboni ye-petrochemical Pancevo e-Pancevo, zathumela ifu elinobuthi namathani amakhemikhali angu-2,000 phezu kwedolobha laseSerbia eDanube, futhi zakhulula amakhemikhali kwezinye iziteleka ezitshalweni zezimboni namadepho. Amajethi e-NATO nawo asebenzisa izikhali ze-Uranium eziphelile, ezizokwenza eSyria. Uma izindiza zase-US zigadla ezindaweni zokugcina izikhali zamakhemikhali (njengoba zenza nge-1991 Gulf War), imiphumela ingaba yimbi kakhulu kune-Pancevo. Uma isiphithiphithi eSyria siba sibi kakhulu ngemva kokungenelela kwamanye amazwe, izingalo zamakhemikhali zingawela ezandleni zamavukela mbuso, ezingazisebenzisa ukuhlasela iButho LaseSyria noma zidelele umbuso waseSyria (uma zingakakwenzi lokho).
Kungani isifaniso seSyria-as-Kosovo singabambi:
Okokuqala, I-Kosovo War ayizange ibe "ukungenelela kosizo," njengoba inganekwane ekhona e-US. Ngisho noGeneral Wesley Clark waphawula ukuthi ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwe-NATO eKosovo “akuzange kuklanywe njengendlela yokuvimbela ukuhlanzwa kohlanga lwamaSerb….Akunjalo nganoma iyiphi indlela. Yayingekho inhloso yokwenza lokho.” Abantu baseYurophu baqonda kangcono ukuthi yebo, i-NATO yangenelela ngokumelene nabahlanzi ababi bezinhlanga zamaSerb eBalkan, kodwa egameni labahlanzi ababi baseCroat nase-Albania. I-US ishaye indiva ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabalingani bayo baseBalkan, futhi kwezinye izimo baze bavumela. Uma uMongameli uClinton engazange ahlale ephikisana nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu eYugoslavia ngeminyaka yawo-1990, kungani kufanele sicabange ukuthi uMongameli Obama uzonikezwa ngokulinganayo eSyria ngeminyaka yo-2010?
Okwesibili, I-Serbia yayingenazo Izikhali Zokubhubhisa Ngo-1999, futhi ayizange iziphindiselele ku-NATO ngaphandle kweYugoslavia. ISyria inayo i-WMD, kanye nomlando wokuziphindiselela ekungeneleleni kwamanye amazwe. Ukuze singakhohlwa: Ngo-1983, i-US yayilwa neSyria eLebanon, nemikhumbi yempi yase-US idubula amabutho aseSyria kanye namasosha ahlangene aseLebanon Shi'a, aziphindiselela ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwamaloli enkambini Yasolwandle eBeirut. Izikhali zamakhemikhali zaseSyria zingasetshenziselwa ukuziphindiselela emabuthweni e-NATO eJordani noma eTurkey, noma umakhelwane onazo zombili izikhali zamakhemikhali nezenuzi: i-Israel. (Ngesikhathi iSyria iseMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ngo-2003, yaphakamisa ukuthi i-Middle East ibe Indawo Engenayo I-WMD, isiphakamiso esawela ezindlebeni ezingezwa eWashington njengesibopho ku-Israyeli.)
Okwesithathu, impi yomoya “engenabungozi” eSyria ingakhula ibe yimpi yaphansi yesifunda. Lapho abahlaziyi baseMelika bekhuluma ngesandulela saseKosovo eSyria, abakhulumi nge-WMD noma ukuvikela amalungelo abantu. Bakhuluma ngempela ngamathemba empi lapho kungekho baseMelika ababulawayo. Kepha ukuhlasela komoya eSyria kuzothinta ngokungalindelekile ukuzinza kwesifunda sayo, futhi kungadonsela amabutho aphansi ase-US, kanti iMpi yaseKosovo yayiqukethwe kakhulu eYugoslavia.
Impi Engenabungozi kanye ne-Iraq Syndrome
Umqondo “weMpi Engenabungozi” waqala ngokushintshela kukaNixon ngo-1969 empini yomoya elwa neVietnam (eyanciphisa ukufa kwabantu base-US kodwa yandisa kakhulu ukufa kwabantu baseVietnam), kanye “nokuhlinzwa” kukaBush ebhekene ne-Iraq ku-1991 Gulf War, eyaphatha umoya. iteleka njengomdlalo wevidiyo ongeyena umuntu. Umqondo wabamba ekuqhunyisweni kukaClinton eSerbia ngo-1999, impi yomoya ka-Obama yango-2011 eLibya, kanye neziteleka zezindiza ezihlasela iPakistan, Yemen, Somalia, nangale kwayo—konke ukungenelela lapho kungabulawanga muntu waseMelika.
Uma inhlangano emelene nempi igxile kuphela emathembeni amasosha ase-US abuyela ekhaya ngezikhwama zomzimba, empeleni ivumela izindlela zempi ezingaphezulu zobuchwepheshe ezingaholela ekuhluphekeni okukhulu nakakhulu phakathi kwezakhamuzi. Akukaze kwenzeke emlandweni wempi ukuthi umhlaseli angalwa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa abantu bakhe. I-US ingumbuso wokuqala emhlabeni emlandweni wesintu oqeda ingcuphe yempi, futhi ngalokho ikholelwa ukuthi ingahlasela amanye amazwe ngaphandle kokujeziswa. Umqondo onjalo Wempi Engenayo I-Risk-Free yenza ukubulawa kwempi kwenzeke kakhulu esikhathini esizayo, ngakho-ke kuyichilo ukuyimela.
Incwadi kaJean Bricmont Imperialalism: Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo Abantu Ukuthengisa Impi kufanele kudingeke ukuthi kufundwe izishoshovu ezimelene nempi ezinsukwini ezizayo, ukuze sakhe ukuqonda kwethu “izizathu zobuntu” zokulwa impi. UBricmont ubhala ukuthi “amasiko ahlabayo” abaholi bamazwe angaphandle abelokhu esetshenziswa njengesizathu esiyinhloko sobukoloniyali. Umbono kaBricmont “uvuma kalula ubulwane bamasiko anjalo, kodwa ubheka ukuthi ukungenelela kwethu kwenza umonakalo omkhulu kunokuhle, okuhlanganisa nokuphathelene nokwenza ubuqaba buhlehle. Futhi iveza ukuthi kunenani elikhulu 'lobuqaba' emazweni ethu 'aphucukile,' ikakhulukazi njengoba esebenzelana nabanye.” Unezela ngokuthi “ukucela ibutho ukuba lilwe impi yokulwela amalungelo abantu kusho inkolelo engenangqondo yalokho amabutho ayini nakwenzayo, kanye nenkolelo yemilingo enganekwaneni yezimpi ezimfushane, ezihlanzekile, ‘zokuhlinzwa’.”
Ngemuva kweMpi YaseVietnam, umphakathi wase-US waqala ukukuzonda ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe okwakuthathwa njenge-"Vietnam Syndrome," eyavimbela ukuhlasela okuqondile kwe-US eNicaragua nase-El Salvador ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Ukuhlasela kukaMongameli Bush ePanama kanye neMpi YaseGulf kwachaza ukuphela kweVietnam Syndrome, okwavumela ukungenelela kukaClinton's Balkan ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Kodwa ngemva kwezimpi ezimbi zikaGeorge W. Bush ngeminyaka yawo-2000, izakhamuzi zase-US (naseBrithani) seziphinde zaqala ukuzonda impi nomsebenzi ongabizwa ngokuthi “i-Iraq Syndrome.” Kwabaningi babo, inkulumo-ze yamanje ezungeze iSyria ibakhumbuza amanga e-WMD aholela eMpini yase-Iraq, eyenziwe yizikhulu zeRiphabhulikhi neDemocratic Alliance ngokufanayo. Ngethemba ukuthi le-Iraq Syndrome enempilo izosikhipha kwenye impi eyinhlekelele eSyria.
UDkt. Zoltan Grossman unguSolwazi WeJografi kanye Nezifundo Zomdabu e-Evergreen State College e-Olympia, e-Washington, futhi uthole i-Ph.D. kusuka eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin. Iwebhusayithi yefaculty yakhe http://academic.evergreen.edu/
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