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Uma ufana nabantu abaningi, wazi okuningi mayelana nokuthi izilwane zasemapulazini ziphathwa kanjani emapulazini asefekthri kunezinja, ama-primates nezinye izilwane eziphathwa kumalebhu ase-US. Akukhona ukuqondana nje.
Ukuvezwa kwalokho okwenzeka ngemuva kwekhethini le-Plexiglass kungaba yingozi kakhulu ezinkontilekeni zocwaningo zasenyuvesi ezixhaswa yi-National Institutes of Health (NIH) kangangokuthi izigidi zichithwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungafihli. Isibonelo, ngo-2009 iNyuvesi yase-Iowa yayi kusulwe ukuze kwakhiwe indawo engama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-11.2, u-35,000 square foot โindawo engaphansi komhlaba ezohlala izilwane zokuhlola ezizosetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha futhi inikeze isilinganiso esengeziwe sesivikelo kubashisekeli bamalungelo ezilwane,โ kubika i- Scientist. Izilwane ezihlolwayo zihlanganisa izinkawu, izimvu, izingulube nonogwaja.
Uma ufana nabantu abaningi, wazi okuningi mayelana nokuthi izilwane zasemapulazini ziphathwa kanjani emapulazini asefekthri kunezinja, ama-primates nezinye izilwane eziphathwa kumalebhu ase-US. Akukhona ukuqondana nje.
Kungani ukuchayeka kungalimaza kangaka? Ngoba ucwaningo oluningi oluxhaswe uhulumeni luyabiza, lunonya, luyaphindaphinda futhi alunanzuzo yesayensi. Kungcono ukuthi ihlale ingekho ezindabeni.
Izilwane zaseLab zingezangempela lwemali yezibonelelo zikahulumeni ezikhungweni zezokwelapha nasemanyuvesi-uhlobo lwengulube yezemfundo. Esikhungweni sezokwelapha engangisebenza kuso, abacwaningi baba nomuzwa wokuthi โabaphumelelangaโ kwaze kwaba yilapho benikezwa izinkawu esikhundleni samakati aphansi noma amagundane. Futhi ngenkathi uMqondisi we-NIH uFrancis Collins, ngubani ezichaza โnjengomKristu oqotho,โ uselwe ukuntuleka kwabantu abambalwa kanye nokucwasa ngokobulili kwisayensi, akasho lutho ngezigidi, cishe izigidigidi, zezilwane azithumela ekufeniโimvamisa ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo olungasho lutho.
Ucwaningo Lwezilwane Emazingeni Aphakeme Kahulumeni
UThomas R. Insel uqondise iYerkes Regional Primate Research Center e-Emory University, esinye sezikhungo ezinkulu emhlabeni zocwaningo lwama-primate, ngaphambi kwalokho. ekubeni umqondisi we-NIH's National Institute of Mental Health. Ku isilingo esisodwa U-Insel ubambe iqhaza, izinkawu ezisanda kuzalwa โzakhishwa komama bazo engakapheli amahora angama-48 zizelwe,โ futhi zabhekana โnezingcindeziโ ngaphandle โkokukwazi ukusebenzisa umngane womphakathi ukuze kuvikelwe impendulo yazo kumuntu ocindezelekile.โ Yini efundiwe? โNjengoba bekulindelekile ezifundweni zangaphambili, izinkawu ezasuswa kunina ngemva nje kokuzalwa futhi zakhuliswa ezimweni ezivamile zasenkulisa ziba nesifo esibonakala ngokuncipha kokuhlangana, ukwanda kolaka, nokwanda kokuziphatha okuziqondisayo, nokuphindaphindayo.โ
In esinye isilingo eyenziwa yi-Insel on voles, isilwane esincelisayo esifana negundane, "isilwane safakwa ebhokisini lokuqala" esinamaphuphu aneminyaka engu-2-8 ubudala. โUkuziphatha kwabazali kwaqoshwa njengesikhathi esichithwa nemidlwane, ukuncelisa, ukuzilungisa noma ukuqoshama phakathi nenkathi eyimizuzu emi-5. Abesifazane bashumpulwa amakhanda ngalo lolo suku.โ
Ucwaningo olufanayo oluxhaswe ngabakhokhi bentela, olunonya kanye nabakhokhi bentela lwenziwe nguNora Volkow, umqondisi we-NIH's National Institute on Drug Abuse. Ucwaningo olulodwa iphepha elibhalwe ngokuhlanganyela kaVolkow ikhombisa โibhonethi macaque egcwele igazi esesimweni esiphambene ngaphakathi kwesithwebuli se-HR+ PET . . . zibekwe ngendlela yokuthi izitho zikamama neze-fetus zibe nombono ofanayo.โ Leli phepha liphetha ngokuthi lapho ama-primates abesifazane ethakwa nge-cocaine, imibungu nayo iyathinteka. Ingabe ukhona ongakwazi lokhu?
I-NIH's National Institute on Aging (NIA) nayo inesandla. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, lapho ngibuza ngezithombe ezilulazayo nezihlekisayo ezifakwe kuwebhusayithi yazo zivela eshabhuni esemthethweni ye-NIA eyakhiwe nguThomas Clarkson kaWake Forest izithombe zasuswa ngokushesha ngaphandle kwezincazelo ezibhaliwe. I izithombe ezibonisiwe izinkawu zazihlome ngezibuko, zabonakala emshinini wokubhala futhi zigqokise izingubo. Amabhamuza opopayi โAhlekisayoโ angeziwe.
Ukuvikela Amadola Abo
Cishe ayikho imboni eyesaba ukuphumela obala njengokucwaninga ngezilwane. Selokhu u-Alex Pacheco edalula ukwelashwa kwe- I-Silver Spring ngo-1981, abacwaningi bezilwane baye bancishiswa ukuba bathi โakuyona indlela ezibukeka ngayoโ noma โake sichazeโ lapho kuvela izithombe ezingafunwa.
Futhi, kulindelekile, abacwaningi bezilwane baphenduka babe mubi lapho izenzo zabo zivezwa futhi nokuvikeleka komsebenzi kusongelwa. Isibonelo, lapho iqembu libiza i-Progress for Science waqunga isibindi ucwaningo oluxhaswe ngabakhokhi bentela olwenziwe e-UCLA ngo-2014, bahlangatshezwa yi- isixuku esithukuthele abaningi abangaba ngu-40 abacwaningi be-UCLA nabasekeli babo abathethise inhlamba. Abanye ababhikishi abasekela ukucwaninga ngezilwane bacasuka kangangokuthi kwadingeka bavinjwe amaphoyisa. Kwakunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi isixuku sasingamadoda nabesifazane โbesayensiโ ababezinikele ekuthuthukiseni imithi yabantu. Kwakukhumbuza abafundi bezokwelapha baseNyuvesi yaseNorthwestern ababeklolodela futhi baklabalasa ababhikishi โbezindawo zabo zezinjaโ ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sabo sezokwelapha ngo-1988โingabe laba bangabelaphi bakusasa?
Ngawo-1980, imboni yocwaningo lwezilwane yazama ukuphehla umbono womphakathi ongemuhle ngemikhankaso efana nokuthi "indodakazi yakho noma inja yakho" echaza ukuthi ingane yakho izofa uma inja noma imfene ingafanga. Abacwaningi base beshintsha amalebhu ezinja bafaka amalebhu ezingulube, isilwane esingathandwa kakhulu. Kodwa ngeminyaka yawo-2000, imboni yocwaningo lwezilwane, igijima yethukile, yadlulela phambili I-Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act okwenza kube yicala ukugxambukela โkokusebenza kwebhizinisi lezilwaneโ isandulela semithetho ye-โAg-Gagโ ethinta ukusebenza kwepulazi.
Yebo Umphakathi Ungahlulela Ucwaningo Lwezilwane
Ngaphezu kwama-vivariums angaphansi komhlaba, ukubhekwa kwe-elekthronikhi, amakhadi ekhodi, ukuphepha kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye ne-Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, imboni yocwaningo lwezilwane inenye indlela yokugwema ukuhlolisiswa: umphakathi awukwazi ukwahlulela isayensi "yezinga eliphezulu". Awunaso isizinda sesayensi sokwahlulela umsebenzi wososayensi ukuze โubathembe.โ Nokho ukuveza ukuthi ukuncishwa komama kubangela ukulimala ezinganeni noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-cocaine kamama kuthinta umbungu akuyona isayensi "yezinga eliphezulu" - kungukumosha amadola abakhokhi bentela, unya ezilwaneni kanye nokuhlambalaza ubuhlakani bethu.
Imboni yocwaningo lwezilwane iyibhizinisi elikhulu, elinamandla elisekela ngokucebile izikhungo zezokwelapha kanye nabacwaningi abangabodwana cishe abangenakho obala noma ukuziphendulela.
Cabanga nge-"Draize Test" lapho izigidi ze zibambekile, ziyazi izilwaneโimvamisa onogwaja abangama-albino kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izinjaโziba nezinto zokuhlola ezisetshenziswa emehlweni azo ukuze zihlole ububomvu, ukuvuvukala, ukukhishwa uketshezi, izilonda, ukopha, ukuba namafu, noma ubumpumputhe. Lokhu kuhlola โkwesayensiโ kuyakhishwa lapho amacala esikweletu somkhiqizo eza enkantolo ngoba โimiphumela yezilwane ayikwazi ukudluliselwa kubantu.โ Pho kungani zenziwa?
Imboni yocwaningo lwezilwane iyibhizinisi elikhulu, eliqinile elisekela ngokucebile izikhungo zezokwelapha kanye nabacwaningi abangabodwana cishe abangenakho obala noma ukuziphendulela. Umphakathi unqatshelwe ilungelo โlokwaziโ nakuba umphakathi ukukhokhela lokho.
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Nikela