Ishicilelwe okokuqala ngeSpanishi nguNueva Sociedad.
Kuhunyushwe ngu-Liza Schmidt.
Okwathi ngonyaka owedlule kwabonakala kuwumthetho ukwamukela inqubo yomthethosisekelo kwagcina kuwukwehlulwa okubuhlungu kwamasosha aseChile athuthukayo. I Ukwenqatshwa (enqaba) ivoti shaya i I-Apruebo (gunyaza) ivota cishe ngamaphesenti angama-25 kunhlolovo enokuvota okuyimpoqoโngokungafani nokhetho lwakamuvaโkanye nokurekhoda inani labavotile. Amaqembu e-Rechazo agubhe ukunqoba ngokumelene โne-revanchismโ kanye โne-radical Octoberismโ (okubhekisela ekuvukeleni kwango-2019) kanye nomthethosisekelo abawubheka โnjengesisekeloโ futhi ophambene โnomphefumulo waseChileโ kanye โnomqondo ovamile wamaChile.โ
Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba inqubo eyaqala ngezinga elingokomlando lokusekela igcine incishiwe kangaka? Kwenzekani ekusekelweni kwenqubo yomthethosisekelo?
Le nqubo yomthethosisekelo yaqala ngoNovemba 15, 2019. Ngenxa yokuvukela okukhulu kwezenhlalo ngo-Okthoba ngalowo nyaka, amaqembu ezombusazwe aseChile kuwo wonke ama-spectrum ezombusazwe afinyelela esivumelwaneni, ebeka isikhathi sokubhala umthethosisekelo omusha. Ingqopha-mlando yokuqala kulo mugqa wesikhathi kwaba ukuvuma izicelo lapho iningi labantuโabangaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-78โlabaseChile bavotela ukuvala indawo yomthethosisekelo okhona futhi bakhethe Ingqungquthela ebhekele ukubhalwa kabusha. Le miphumela ibihlaba umxhwele ngempela, hhayi nje kumaphesenti aphezulu kodwa nokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zamavoti. Abahlanu nje kwabangu-346 bezwe amakhomune (omasipala) bavote ngokumelene nenqubo yomthethosisekelo. Laba masipala abahlanu bahlanganisa ama-comunas amathathu adumile aseSantiago lapho kuhlala khona abahlonishwayo kuzwelonke kwezomnotho. Abaningi baphuthume bayoveza ukuthi imiphumela ikhomba kanjani ukuthi izwe alihlukaniswanga kwesokudla nesobunxele kodwa umehluko wangempela wawuphakathi pueblo (abantu) kanye nezicukuthwane. Lesi sithombe se-homogeneous pueblo engqubuzana ne-elite sigqanyiswe kuzinkomba zokuthi โama-comunas amathathu,โ okwaba yingxenye yesichazamazwi esivamile ezingxoxweni zezombangazwe.
Izivumelwano kuKhongolose zaqinisekisa ukuthi Ingqungquthela Yomthethosisekelo izokwakhiwa ngenani elilinganayo labesilisa nabesifazane, nezabelo zabantu boMdabu, futhi, ngokuhambisana nemizwa eqinile emelene neqembu yemibhikisho yango-Okthoba 2019, namathuba abantu abazimele. Ikakhulukazi, amakhandidethi angenawo amaqembu avunyelwe ukwenza izileti ezizimele, njengabaqokelwe amaqembu endabuko.
Ukukhethwa kwamalungu eNgqungquthela kwaba buhlungu kulabo ababenethemba lokubuyela kwezombusazwe ngaphambi kokuvukela umbuso. Imifelandawonye emibili yezombangazwe enamandla ngokwesiko ibe nemiphumela emincane. Ilungelo lithole amavoti amancane angamaphesenti angama-20, okulishiya likude nokufinyelela kwesithathu samalungu eNgqungquthela adingekayo ukuze kube namandla e-veto. Umfelandawonye ophakathi kwesokunxele ubone isikhungo sawo kanye namandla aphakathi nendawo abhidlika. Mhlawumbe isibonelo esaziwayo kakhulu sale nkinga kwakuyiDemocracia Cristiana, eyakwazi ukukhetha ilungu elilodwa kuphelaโumongameli weqembuโeSivumelwaneni. Kodwa kuze kube manje, impumelelo enkulu yalolu khetho kwaba impumelelo ebabazekayo yabazimele ehambisana nenhlangano yokubhikisha yango-2019. Emalungwini ayi-155 eNgqungquthela Yomthethosisekelo, ayi-103 ayengenakho ukuzihlanganisa nepolitiki yendabuko. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kokugcina kweNgqungquthela kwakunokumeleleka okuningi okucacile okuvela emikhakheni eqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi amandla ezombusazwe amasha ayevele ekuvukeleni kwezenhlalakahle ephakamisa amabhanela wobufazi, amalungelo oMdabu, kanye nenkulumo eqinile ephikisana ne-elite.
Injabulo yomphakathi ekuqaleni kwenqubo yaba phezulu kakhulu: lapho bechaza lokho abakuzwayo mayelana nenqubo, amaphesenti angu-52 aqambe "ithemba" njengomzwelo oyinhloko, alandelwa "injabulo" ngamaphesenti angu-46. Ngakho-ke kwenzekani kulokhu kusekelwa okungamaphesenti angu-78 nethemba nenjabulo mayelana nenqubo? Amandla aqhubekayo kanye nakwesokunxele cishe azochitha iminyaka embalwa ezayo ezama ukuphendula lowo mbuzo.
Izizathu Zokuqala Zokunqotshwa
Njengoba idatha eyengeziwe itholakala futhi nenkulumompikiswano iqhubeka, ukuhlaziya okuseduze kwalokho okwenzekile kuzothuthuka. Okwamanje, kunezizathu ezintathu ezigqamayo njengezincazelo zomphumela wangomhla zizi-4 kuMandulo: 1) Ukwenqatshwa kwepolitiki yokusebenza kweSivumelwano; 2) Ukuhlotshaniswa kweNgqungquthela nepolitiki yendabuko; 3) Ukusabela kobunikazi bendabuko emandleni abandlulula ubuwena obubanjwe ohlelweni.
Enye yezingqinamba ebidla ubhedu engxoxweni yipolitiki โyokusebenzaโ kuNgqungquthela. Kungakabiphi, iConstitutional Convention yaqala ulahlekelwe ukwesekwa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abangakwesokudla abebekuxwaye njengohlobo lwekhokhasi yezishoshovu ngezizathu eziqhubekayo. Uma izishoshovu eziyeka ukugqugquzela, ngisho nangaphakathi kwamahholo amandla, kwaba ukukhaphela, ngakho-ke kwabanye abavoti, ikakhulukazi labo abazisa ukuhleleka, ukugqugquzela okungapheli kwakuyiphupho elibi.
Amalungu amaningana eNgqungquthela azuze udumo nokuba semthethweni komphakathi ngokwenza kwawo emgwaqeni, okuhlanganisa izingubo zokugqoka kanye nezimemezelo ezivusa inkanuko mayelana nezici zobunikazi bendabuko. Le mibhikisho yasemgwaqweni ivame ukugxeka iziphathimandla ngokumemeza nangezibongo. Kodwa-ke, izimo zengqondo ezifanayo ezazibhekwa emigwaqweni njengokudelela, zabonakala ngaphakathi kweNgqungquthela futhi kusukela ezihlalweni zamandla ngokunye ukukhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zokuziphatha zokuhlanganisa umphakathi eziqhubekayo kuNgqungquthela zangcolisa izenzo zayo eziningi ngomuzwa wobufakazi. Kwamanye amalungu, bekubalulekile ukwethula iziphakamiso eziqinile, ezinesibindi, nezingokomfanekiso, nakuba ayengenawo amavoti azogunyazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, elinye ilungu lenze isiphakamiso sokuhlakazwa kwawo wonke amandla kahulumeni futhi esikhundleni sawo kufakwe izindikimba ezinjengomhlangano. Abezindaba bakhulisa lezi zenzo zokwenza kanye neziphakamiso ezingenangqondo, eziphinde zagqanyiswa imikhankaso yokuqamba amanga ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Amavidiyo alezi zimemezelo avame ukuvela kumkhankaso we-Rechazo kanye nezinhlelo ze-TV. Okwasekuqaleni kwakubonakala kunesibindi futhi kukuhle kwagcina kudala ukungakhululeki.
Ukuhlotshaniswa kwepolitiki yeNgqungquthela nepolitiki yendabuko kwenzeka esimweni sokucindezela okuqinile kwepolitiki eqinile nemelene nokusungulwa. NgokweSikhungo Sezifundo Zomphakathi, iphesenti labantu elihlonzwe neqembu elithile lehle lisuka kumaphesenti angama-53 ngo-2006 laya kumaphesenti angu-19 ngo-2019. ezinye izifundo baye babonisa ukuthi ingxenye ebalulekileโamaphesenti angu-12.9โenabantu baye bathatha isikhundla ngokumelene namaqembu โendabukoโ njengobunikazi bawo obuyinhloko. Amandla eNgqungquthela ayewukuthi, ekuqaleni, wawubonakala uhlukile kupolitiki yendabuko.
Kungenzeka ukuthi, okuxakayo, ipolitiki yokusebenza kweNgqungquthela kanye nezingxabano zobufakazi empeleni zifana neCongress kanye nepolitiki yendabuko, lapho le mikhuba nayo yanda. Kunoma ikuphi, ukusetshenziswa nokuhlukunyezwa kwale mikhuba akuzange kuwasize amalungu eNgqungquthela ukuthi abonakale ephumelela ukwedlula osopolitiki bendabuko ekufinyeleleni izivumelwano nasekufezeni izimfuno zezakhamizi . Khonamanjalo, phakathi nenqubo yomthethosisekelo, kwaba nokhetho lukamongameli kanye noshintsho kuhulumeni. Ukuphatha okusha, ikakhulukazi owayemele ukhongolose uGabriel Boric, wayehlotshaniswa kakhulu nesiqalo senqubo yomthethosisekelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuphikisana nenqubo yomthethosisekelo kwaba uhlobo lokuphikisana nohulumeni omusha, futhi ingxenye yamandla ngokumelene nezikhungo zezombangazwe yashintshela ohlangothini lweRechazo.
Osopolitiki, okuhlanganisa noMongameli uGabriel Boric, bagubha unyaka owodwa we-plebisicite yokuqala (Mediabanco Agencia / Flickr / CC BY 2.0)
Ukusabela kobunikazi bendabuko ikakhulukazi kumayelana nendatshana yokuqala yohlaka lomthethosisekelo, olwafaka i-Chile โnjengezwe lenhlalonhle nentando yeningi elinomthetho womthetho,โ futhi โokuwubuningi, amasiko, kanye nemvelo.โ Ngokuhambisana nencazelo ye-Chile njengendawo yobuningi, i-athikili ibone amalungelo eqoqo labantu bomdabu futhi ngabe ifake isistimu yobulungiswa bomdabu.
Isizathu esibaluliwe kakhulu sokwenqaba uhlaka lomthethosisekelo kwaba umbono ongemuhle wamalungu eNgqungquthela, okulandelwa yindaba yobuningi. Ngemuva kokwethulwa kohlaka lomthethosisekelo, isimo sobuningi kanye nokudalwa kohlelo lwezobulungiswa bomdabu kube yiziphakamiso ezingavunywanga kakhulu, ngokusho kwenhlolovo eyenziwe yithimba elizimele. I-Espacio Pรบblico-IPSOS. Ngale ndlela, umkhakha we-Rechazo ukwazile ukuhlanganisa ukwesekwa mayelana nobunikazi bendabuko baseChile abazizwa besongelwa umbono wobuningi. Lokhu kwaqiniswa izenzo nemisebenzi yamalungu eNgqungquthela, okuhlanganisa izenzo ezilulazayo namazwana aphathelene neculo lesizwe, ifulege, nezinye izimpawu zokushisekela izwe. Lanxa lezi zikhundla zingavezwanga kugwalo lwesisekelo sombuso, zisebenze njengezikhali zomkhankaso weRechazo.
I-Plebiscite Yesibili
Ukuqondaniswa kwamabutho ezepolitiki eChile engqungqutheleni yokuphuma ngoSepthemba 4 akumangazanga. Wonke amaqembu kusukela kuDemocracia Cristiana kuya kwesokunxele acheme no-Apruebo, nakuba abanye abaholi bavukela isikhundla esisemthethweni. Wonke amaqembu angakwesokudla aseke i-Rechazo. Nokho, kuwo womabili amakamu, kwakunokwehluka.
Ekuqaleni, kwavela ukungezwani phakathi kwalabo abasekela ukwenqatshwa kohlaka lokulondoloza isisekelo sombuso esikhona ngezinguquko ezincane ezimbalwa kanye nalabo abakhetha uhlelo olusha ngokuphelele ukuze kubunjwe olunye uhlaka. Njengoba umkhankaso uqhubeka, laba bakamuva baba amazwi ahamba phambili omkhankaso we-Rechazo.
Ngasohlangothini lwe-Apruebo, kube nokungaboni ngaso linye mayelana nokuthi ngabe kwenzekani ngesikhathi kusetshenziswa uhlaka lomthethosisekelo, uma izwe livotela ukulugunyaza. Kodwa-ke, njengoba u-Apruebo elandela u-Rechazo okhethweni, amaqembu asemthethweni abeseka u-Apruebo avuleleka emcabangweni wokwenza izinguquko kulolu hlaka. Bamukele ukuthi ukubuyekezwa bekudingekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhathazeka komphakathi, njengokucasuka mayelana nokusebenzisa i-plurinationality. Lo mbono uqiniswe wuchungechunge lwenhlolovo ekhombisa ukuthi u-Apruebo usalele emuva kakhulu ku-Rechazo nokuthi iningi labasekeli be-Apruebo likholelwa ukuthi uhlaka lomthethosisekelo luzokwenza. zidinga ukuguqulwa ngemva kokugunyazwa. Emkhankasweni kanye namazinga ahlukene esasasa, la maqembu asayine isivumelwano sokufeza lezi ziphakamiso ngemuva kokuxoxisana.
Ekugcineni, i-plebiscite eyayinezinketho ezimbili kuphela evotini yagcina ibe yizinketho ezine: ukugunyaza, ukugunyaza ukuguqulwa, ukwenqaba, kanye nokwenqaba ukuqala kabusha. Kolunye lwenhlolovo yokugcina eyenziwe yiCadem, amaphesenti ali-17 alabo okwaxoxwa nawo ayevumelana nokumane kwaliwe, angamaphesenti angama-35 enqaba ukuqala kabusha, angama-32 ekhulwini okugunyaza ukuguqulwa, futhi amaphesenti ali-12 kuphela okugunyaza nokusebenzisa uhlaka lokuqala lomthethosisekelo.
Ivoti elithi โchaโ esivumelwaneni sangomhla zizi-4 kuSepthemba lalihluke kakhulu emazwini okuqala okuvuma ukuthi umthethosisekelo uzowubhala kabusha yini. Lokhu akubanga nje kuphela ngoba ukwenqatshwa bekukukhulu, kodwa futhi ngoba bekungene emikhakheni eminingi yomphakathi kunokumane โama-comanas amathathu.โ Ngokusho kwamavoti, I-Rechazo ibihola ngaphandle komehluko omkhulu kuwo wonke amazinga ezenhlalo nezomnotho, futhi ivoti langomhla zizi-4 kuSepthemba liqinisekise lokhu kuthambekela. Ezindaweni ezimpofu zesifunda sedolobha laseSantiago, u-Apruebo bekufanele ashanele ivoti kodwa alawule ukunqoba ngama-margin amancane.
Kube nomehluko, nokho, kuphrofayili yemibono yabavoti, lapho u-Apruebo ephumelela ngokunethezeka phakathi kwalabo abazikhomba kwesokunxele. I-rechazo ingxenye enkulu yayiyilabo abahlonza ilungelo nesikhungo, kanye nabantu abangahlonzi noma kwesokunxele noma kwesokudla. Kuphinde kwaba nomehluko omkhulu kumavoti ngokweminyaka; U-Apruebo unqobe phakathi kwentsha ephakathi kuka-18 no-30, kwathi u-Rechazo wawina phakathi kwazo zonke ezinye izigaba zobudala. Ngakho-ke, ngokungafani ne-plebiscite yokuqala, umkhankaso we-Rechazo ukwazile ukudala umfelandawonye ohluke kakhulu kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki kune-Apruebo.
Kungani I-Rechazo Iphumelele?
Kuleli qophelo kukhona ukutolika okubiliโokuwukuthi, ngeshwa, akuhlukaniโukuncipha kokusekelwa kwe-Apruebo kanye nokwenyuka kwe-Rechazo: eyokuqala igcizelela โumvoti omaphakathi,โ othatha ikhefu elingazelelwe emigwaqweni yokuvukela umbuso ka-2019. ; elinye likhomba ekuphenduleni kobunikazi bendabuko obuhlangene ngokumelene nohlaka lomthethosisekelo futhi libona ngokusobala ukuthi ukuvukela ngokusobala kwakungamele abantu abakhethiwe kodwa hhayi ngempela "i-left".
Ekuhunyushweni kokuqala, ukuxoxisana kokuqala kanye nevoti lamalungu eNgqungquthela kwaphawulwa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabantu kanye ne-elite. Lokhu kumiswa kwamandla ezombusazwe kwasusa kakhulu umehluko phakathi kwesobunxele nesokudla naphakathi kwezintshisekelo nemibono eyahlukene yomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ngokwale ncazelo, ingxabano phakathi "phezulu" kanye "ngezansi" isiphelile, futhi, endaweni yayo, izingxabano zakudala phakathi kwesobunxele nakwesokudla zibuyile. Ngokusho kwezinye izinhlolovo, umkhankaso we-Rechazo wawuhlotshaniswa nokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokukhula komnotho, kuyilapho i-Apruebo yayihlotshaniswa nokwabiwa kabusha komcebo ngamalungelo omphakathi, izikhundla ngokuvamile ezihlotshaniswa nesokudla nesobunxele, ngokulandelana.
Okushiwo yilo mbono wukuthi isisekelo sombuso esikhona njengamanje singakwesokudla somuntu ovotayo, kanti ugwalo lwesisekelo sombuso olwahlulekayo lungakwesokunxele. Lokhu kuzochaza impumelelo yezinketho "zokwenqaba ukuqala kabusha" kanye "nokuvuma ukuguqulwa." Ekugcineni, ngokwale ncazelo, i-plebiscite yanqotshwa phakathi nendawo yezombangazwe. Le thiyori iphinde iveze ukuthi ukushiyeka okukhulu kwenqubo yomthethosisekelo kwaba ukuntula ukuvumelana nelungelo leNgqungquthela ngezihloko ezibalulekile, njengohlelo lwezepolitiki. Ngokuvumelana nalo mbono, abantu abangamaphesenti angu-77 okwaxoxwa nabo bathi bancamela ukuba amalungu eNgqungquthela afinyelele izivumelwano, ngisho noma kusho ukuhoxa ezindaweni ezithile. Khonamanjalo, amaphesenti angu-61 ayecabanga ukuthi amalungu eNgqungquthela ayengagudluki ezikhundleni zawo.
Ukuhumusha kwesibili kuthatha ukuthi i-ethos yokungqubuzana phakathi "ngaphezulu" kanye "ngezansi" yaqhubeka, kodwa ukuthi, phakathi nenqubo, isikhundla esiphikisana ne-elite sishintshele kwesokudla. Izehlakalo ezenzeka phakathi neminyaka emibili edlule zivumele ilungelo loku qhudelana nokuphatha isikhathi eside kwesobunxele ekuphikiseni okudumile, futhi, okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukucasuka. Esikhundleni sokuqinisa isikhungo esisesilinganisweni, okwenzeka kwaba ukuqiniswa kanye nokwenza ipolitiki kobuntu bendabuko emphakathini.
Kusukela kulo mbono, impumelelo yezikhundla ezingezona ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zezweโโigunyaza ukuguqulwaโ futhi โyenqaba ukuqala kabushaโโibonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi zinobuntu obuyinkimbinkimbi emphakathini obungabonisi imephu ngokusobala engxabanweni yezombusazwe yamanje. NjengoSolwazi KaHulumeni Nezepolitiki Kuchaza uLilliana Mason, lapho abalandeli besimo sezepolitiki ngokusobala bafana nabantu, i-affective polarization ivame ukuphumela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba khona kobunikazi obuyinkimbinkimbi kukhuthaza ukuchithwa kwe-depolarization. Ngamanye amazwi, kungenzeka ukuthi, kubantu abaningi, ubunikazi babo obuyingxenye yesigaba, inkolo, ubudala, ubuzwe, noma indawo yokuhlala badonseleka ezinhlangothini ezihlukene mayelana nalesi sinqumo, bephusha abantu bebheke ezikhundleni eziyinhloko engxoxweni.
Ngokwalo mbono, ukwehluleka okukhulu kwenqubo yomthethosisekelo kwaba ukungakwazi ukuhlanganisa lezi zimpawu zendabuko ohlelweni olungokomfanekiso lokudala i-magna carta entsha. Ikakhulukazi, kwakudingeka bathole indlela yokwethula i-plurinationalism ngaphakathi kohlaka lwemizwa yokushisekela izwe ebandakanyayo. Lokhu kugqame kakhulu ezimemezelweni ezingabizi kakhulu zamalungu eNgqungquthela nasemidlalweni okuthi, lapho kubulawa endaweni yokuphatha esikhundleni sokuphikiswa, kwabonakala kuyindelelo kubantu abanobuzwe bendabuko. Kukhona nezinkambiso zomthethosisekelo ezibambekayo ebezingabhalwa ukuze zichaze ngokucace kakhudlwana ukulingana phakathi kwengqikithi yokuhlukahluka. Isibonelo, imikhawulo yohlelo lwezobulungiswa kanye nokuzimela kwabantu boMdabu bekungaba sobala kakhulu.
Owesithathu Unqotshiwe
Kubukeka kunokuvumelana okubanzi uma kuqhathaniswa ukuthi ukubosheka komthethosisekelo akuyona into engenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonakala sengathi kunesivumelwano sokuthi uhlelo olusha lomthethosisekelo kumele lubandakanye ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi. Lokhu kuzophinde kubandakanye ukusungulwa kweNgqungquthela entsha kanye nesinye isicelo sokuqinisekisa uhlaka olusha lomthethosisekelo. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi iChile izobhekana necala lesithathu lomthethosisekelo ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.
Indlela okuyiyonayona ezothathwa yile nqubo isazobonakala, futhi, ngale kwalokho okuthakaselwayo okudlalwayo, kuzoncika ekutheni yikuphi ukuhlaziya okuchazwe ekugcineni okuba yiqiniso. Uma ukuwina kwe-Rechazo kubonakala njengomkhiqizo wesidingo sokuba khona okumaphakathi okumaphakathi kanye nengxoxo eyengeziwe phakathi kwesobunxele nakwesokudla, khona-ke ukungezwani kuzoba mayelana nezinketho zamakhandidethi azimele. Esinye isici esiphikisana nalokhu kuhlola umbono wokumelene neqembu obukhona kule minyaka emibili edlule. Ngokuvumelana ne ucwaningo Lwemibandela, Amaphesenti angu-82 alabo abavotwayo ancamela ukuthi amalungu eNgqungquthela entsha angabi ingxenye yanoma iyiphi inhlangano, kungekho mehluko omkhulu wezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa no-Okthoba 2020. Nokho, inhlolovo efanayo ibonisa ukuthi ukukhetha โkochwephesheโ kukhule kusuka kumaphesenti angama-63 kuya kumaphesenti angama-80. Ngokuphambene, ukwesekwa โkwabantu abavamileโ kwehle kusuka kumaphesenti angama-37 kuya kumaphesenti angama-20. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuchazwa kokungqubuzana phakathi kokuthi โphezuluโ kanye โngezansiโ futhi kungase kuqinise umqondo wokufuna Isivumelwano esithambekele kakhulu esivumelwaneni.
Uma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlaziya kugcizelela ukungqubuzana kobunikazi, kuzofaka umbuzo wokuthi zingaki izihlalo okufanele zibekelwe amaqembu aboMdabu kule nqubo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi inqubo entsha izophawulwa ngokunakekelwa okukhulu kwezimpawu zokushisekela izwe. Ukushintsha okucacile kulokhu kungabonakala ngasekupheleni kwenqubo yokuqala yomthethosisekelo: kwakungeyona ize ukuthi ifulegi laseChile likhethwe njengophawu lomthethosisekelo osalungiswa.
Inselele ebhekene nepolitiki yaseChile ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni esisha esizogcina sivumele ukwakhiwa kohlaka olusha lomthethosisekelo olusekelwa abantu abaningi. Ngokwenza kanjalo, kuzobaluleka ukukhumbula ukuthi ithemba nokusekelwa kwenqubo kungancipha ngokushesha kangakanani uma okulindelwe kukhashelwa.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela