Ngokugubha iminyaka eyishumi yobugebengu obungo-9/11, umbuzo uvela ngokungagwemeki: ubani ophumelele, i-United States noma i-al-Qaeda? Ngokwempendulo eyiyo kwezombusazwe, nakuba i-al-Qaeda isincishiwe, kube ukunqoba kwePyrrhic kweWashington. Ekunqobeni i-al-Qaeda, uhulumeni wase-US wabandakanyeka ekwephuleni okuningi okungadingekile kwamalungelo abantu kanye nenqubo efanele eyanciphisa iMelika emehlweni ezakhamuzi zayo kanye nomhlaba.
Akulula noma ngubani, kungaba kwesokunxele, maphakathi, noma kwesokudla ongalokotha athi i-al-Qaeda iwinile ngempela. Isizathu, cishe, wukwesaba ukuthi ukugomela okunjalo kungase kuthathwe njengokugunyaza isenzo esibi se-al-Qaeda. Kodwa-ke, uma ibukwa ngeso elipholile elibheka ngale kwezimiso zayo eziphambene ngokungangabazeki, i-al-Qaeda, nakuba yayibaleka nomholi wayo u-Osama bin Laden wabulawa, kwacaca ukuthi iphume phambili ngamaphuzu, futhi i-United States kungenzeka ukuthi iyinqobile impi kodwa yehlulwe. impi.
Futhi lapho sikhuluma ngokuhlulwa empini, asikhulumi nje ngokuwohloka kokuziphatha kokuziphatha kodwa mayelana nokuwohloka kwamasu.
Umbono ka-Osama, Ithuba likaBush
Njengoba ngiphikisana esiqeshini engasibhala ngemva komhla zi-9/11, u-Osama bin Laden wasebenza ngokuthile โnjengethiyori ye-focoโ kaChe Guevara. UGuevara wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakudingeka ukukhombisa abalimi ukuthi abashokobezi bangakwazi ukunqoba amasosha ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi kungenzeka ukunqoba futhi babakhuthaze ukuthi bajoyine uguquko. UBin Laden, osebenza esiteji somhlaba wonke, wabona izehlakalo zangoSepthemba 11 njengesenzo esingadalula ubungozi bukaSathane Omkhulu futhi sikhuthaze amaSulumane ukuthi ajoyine i-jihad yakhe ngokumelene nayo.
Akusebenzanga ngaleyo ndlela. Esikhundleni sokugqugquzelwa, iningi lamaSulumane lashaqeka futhi laziqhelelanisa nesenzo esibi. U-Bin Laden usenenhlanhla waphuma, sibonga uGeorge W. Bush kanye nama-neoconservatives asebeqale ukubusa naye eWashington. Kubo, ukuhlasela kuka-Osama kwakuyithuba elinikezwe unkulunkulu lokufundisa kokubili izitha nabangane baseMelika ukuthi umbuso unamandla onke. Kubhekwe ukuthi kulandele "izimpande zokwesaba," ukuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan ne-Iraq empeleni kwakuyilokho amaRoma akubiza ngokuthi "izimpi eziyisibonelo," futhi inhloso kwakuwukubumba kabusha isimo sezwe sangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngokulandela imigqa eshiwo kuleli gama elibi. Iphepha le-National Security Strategy lango-2002.
Lokhu kuhlasela kwaba yizinyathelo zokuqala emgwaqeni owawuzoqeda lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izifundazwe ezinodlame, kuphoqelele ukwethembeka okukhulu ezifundazweni ezincikile noma esikhundleni sazo ngabambisene abanamandla, futhi kubeke abaqhudelana ngamasu njengeChina isaziso sokuthi akufanele ngisho bacabange ukuncintisana nezwe. I-united states.
Ukubuka Okuvela E-Abbottabad
Ngokungazinaki izifundo zaseVietnam kanye nezingxabano zamaBritish kanye neSoviet e-Afghanistan, abaphathi bakaBush bafaka iMelika ezimpini ezimbili ezingenakunqotshwa ngokumelene namavukela mbuso eMpumalanga Ephakathi njengoba u-bin Laden ebukele ngokugculiseka, ephila ngokungakhathali ngaphansi kokuvikelwa komngane waseMelika, amasosha asePakistan, edolobheni elinokuthula lamasosha Abbottabad. Kwakungesona isimo ayesicabangele, kodwa wayengeke axolise uma abaphathi bakaBush, ngenxa yomkhankaso wabo wokuthola i-unipolar hegemony, bebeka i-United States emgwaqeni wokunwetshwa ngokweqile, okwakuyinhloso yakhe yamasu.
Okwabe kungunkulunkulu ku-Osama kwaba yiphupho elibi kuColin Powell, unobhala wombuso wokuqala kaBush, okwathi, njengesikhulu samasosha ngaphansi kukaMongameli uClinton, wakhuthaza umgomo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsiza zezempi ezikhona azizukusetshenziswa emzamweni ukufeza imigomo yezempi yokuvelela. Imfundiso ebizwa ngokuthi i-Powell Doctrine, eyahlakaza izifundo uPowell azithola engxoxweni yaseMelika eVietnam, yadatshulwa yaba yizicucu njengoba umuzwa wokuba namandla onke ubambe uBush nabalandeli bakhe. Izitha obekufanele zithunyelwe ngesikhathi esirekhodiwe e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq zibonise amandla amakhulu okuhlala, umphumela waba impi yokulwa enwetshiwe eyabiza izindleko eziphezulu ngokwamandla ezempi kanye nokuziphatha.
Ukusebenza isikhathi eside kwafuna amabhuzu phansi, futhi njengePhini likaNobhala Wezwe uRichard Armitage yabona, "I-Army, ikakhulukazi, [i]nwetshiwe kakhulu ... ilwa izimpi ezintathu - i-Afghanistan namanje, i-Iraq, nempi yomhlaba wonke yobuphekula." Ekuphakameni kweMpi yase-Iraq, umhlaziyi wezokuvikela uJames Fallows wabhala, โkwakuyihaba nje elincane ukusho ukuthi namuhla wonke amasosha ase-US kungenzeka ukuthi ase-Iraq, abuya e-Iraq, noma alungiselela ukuhamba.โ Iningi lamasosha alawulayo e-Army ayephesheya kwezilwandle, futhi lawo asele e-United States ayembalwa kakhulu ukuthi angagcina indawo yokugcina izimo eziphuthumayo noma isisekelo sokuqeqesha esidingekayo. Ngisho nama-Special Forces adumile ehliswe isithunzi, isibalo sawo sangempela emkhakheni sifika emakhulwini kakhulu. Ukuntuleka kwezinsiza zabantu kwaholela umyalo omkhulu wokubiza ama-Reserves kanye ne-National Guard. Njengoba kwakulindelekile, isimilo sawohloka, ikakhulukazi njengoba kwandiswa imikhankaso yomsebenzi futhi kwanda izidumbu emazweni la masosha etoho ayengakaze alindele ukuba abelwe kuwo.
Futhi njengoba ithemba lokunqoba enkundleni yempi liya ngokuya liba kude, ukwesekwa komphakathi kohambo lwase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, obekulinganiselwe zisuka nje, kwanyuka intuthu.
I-Economics Of Overextension
I-Imperial overstretch, njengoba kusho isazi-mlando uPaul Kennedy, akuwona nje umphumela wokungafani phakathi kwezinhloso zezempi nezinsiza zempi kodwa nokwanda kokungakwazi komnotho ukukhiqiza izinsiza zokusekela isu lezombangazwe nezempi.
Ngenkathi izindiza zabagibeli eziqhutshwa yi-al-Qaeda zishayisa i-Twin Towers kanye ne-Pentagon, i-United States yayisivele ingenile ekuwohlokeni komnotho okubangelwe ukuphahlazeka kwe-dot.com okwalandela cishe iminyaka eyishumi yokuqagela okudidayo kumasheya obuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Nakuba umnikelo ka-9/11 ekujuleni kokuwohloka komnotho we-dot.com wawunomkhawulo, ubangele inkulumo-mpikiswano ebulalayo phakathi kwezifiso zezombusazwe kanye nomnotho, imiphumela yako yabonakala ngokugcwele lapho uhulumeni ezama ukubhekana nenkinga yesibili yezezimali. yeshumi leminyaka elaqubuka ngo-2008.
Ekupheleni kokuphatha kukaBush, i-United States yayisichithe cishe ama- $ 1.5 trillion empini yase-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, ngokusho kwe izilinganiso kaLinda Bilmes noJoseph Stiglitz. Lokhu kwakumangalisa. Kepha njengoba izimpi ziqhutshwa, umphakathi waseMelika awuzange uzibone izindleko zawo zangempela ngoba abaphathi bakaBush bakhethe ukukhokhela impi ngezabelo ezingeziwe eziphuthumayo zaminyaka yonke, ezaba, njengomhlaziyi uDoug Bandow. yibeke, ohlelweni โlokukhokha njengoba-uhambaโ.
UBush, phakathi nokuwohloka komnotho ngasekuqaleni kwawo-2000, wagwema ukukhuphula izintela ukuze axhase izimpi zakhe njengoba leyo bekuyindlela eqinisekile yokuvusa ukuphikiswa komphakathi kulezi zenzakalo. Ngempela, wanquma intela kwabacebile. Isinyathelo ebesincanyelwayo bekuwukuboleka okukhulu, okuyisifundo esagcina sengeze isigidigidi esingu-$1 esikweletini sikazwelonke. I-Afghanistan kanye ne-Iraq babeyingxenye yesakhiwo esikhulu sokuzivikela, esixhaswe ngesikweletu, ukuze kuzuzwe isikhundla esingenakuphikiswa esifunwa yi-neoconservatives. . Isabelomali sezokuvikela sikhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-70: sisuka ku-$412 billion, ngesikhathi uBush engena esikhundleni, saya ku-$700 billion ngesikhathi ehamba. Ukukhokhela ukuzivikela ngokuboleka kwakuyisici esikhulu esibe nomthelela ekwenyukeni kwesilinganiso sesikweletu sikazwelonke nesamba somkhiqizo wasekhaya sisuka kumaphesenti angama-56 ngo-2001 ngenkathi uBush ethatha izintambo kuya kumaphesenti angama-84 ngenkathi eshiya ngo-2008. Ngaleso sikhathi, uhulumeni ikweleta abakweletwayo basekhaya nabakwamanye amazwe isamba esingu-$10.4 trillion.
Abantu baseMelika baqala ukuzwa izindleko zempi ngasekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka njengoba umnotho uba buthaka, wabe usungena ekuwohlokeni komnotho, okuletha obala izinqumo ezinzima okufanele zenziwe esimweni sokuba nezikweletu ezinzima. Njengoba uBilmes noStiglitz baxwayisa ngo-2008:
Umthwalo wesikhathi eside wokukhokhela izingxabano uzonciphisa ikhono lezwe lokubhekana nezinye izinkinga eziphuthumayoโฆIzikweletu zethu ezinkulu nezikhulayo zenza kube nzima ukukhokhela izinhlelo ezintsha zokunakekelwa kwempilo, ukulungisa izinto ezinkulu emigwaqweni ewohlokayo namabhuloho, noma ukwakha izikole ezihlomele kangcono. Kakade, izindleko ezikhulayo zezimpi sezimise ukusetshenziswa kwemali cishe kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlelo zombuso ezizimele, okubandakanya iNational Institutes of Health, iFood and Drug Administration, i-Environmental Protection Agency, kanye nosizo lukahulumeni ezifundazweni nasemadolobheni, konke yehliswa kakhulu emuva kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwe-Iraq.
Kodwa kwakungaphansi kokuphatha kuka-Obama lapho umthelela ogcwele wefa lezomnotho elinobuthi lezimpi zaseBush wezwakala. Ukukhathazeka okukhulayo ngesikweletu esikhuluโisikweletu esihlobene nempi esasiyingxenye eyinhlokoโkwaba yisithiyo esinzima ekwenzeni uhlelo olukhulu olwanele lokuvuselela ukuze i-United States ikwazi ukweqa ukuwohloka komnotho. Isikhuthazo esibe khona ngamabhiliyoni angama-787 kungenzeka ukuthi sivimbele isimo somnotho ukuthi sibe sibi kakhulu, kodwa akwanele ukuvuselela umnotho ukuze kuqedwe ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi okungamaphesenti ayi-9 okugcwele ezweni lonke njenge-incubus kule minyaka emithathu edlule.
Ubuqili Bomlando
Eminyakeni eyishumi ngemuva komhla zi-9/11, i-United States isenamandla amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa inciphe kakhulu. Isenzo sika-Osama bin Laden esicasulayo asizange sihambisane nencwadi yokudlala yaseGuevarist yokubhula imililo yama-Islamic eyinkulungwane, kodwa kwagcina kufezeke inhloso yakhe yamasu yokuletha ukwanda okweqile kwe-US ngokunikeza ithuba uBush kanye ne-neoconservatives ukuzama ukufeza iphupho labo elingenakulinganiswa ngokulinganayo. ukuzuza ukuphakama kwezempi okungenakuphikiswa emhlabeni jikelele.
Kepha i-9/11 ibangele ukusabela okulandelanayo okungaholelanga nje kuphela, njengaseVietnam, ekwandeni kwezempi nezepolitiki. Kuphinde kwenza umonakalo ongenakulungiseka futhi mhlawumbe unomphela emandleni ezomnotho e-United States ukulwa nezimpi zombuso. Njengoba owayenguNobhala Wezokuvikela uRobert Gates yibeke kuma-cadet ase-West Point ngoFebhuwari odlule, โNgokubona kwami, noma yimuphi unobhala wezokuvikela wesikhathi esizayo oweluleka umongameli ukuthi aphinde athumele ibutho elikhulu lezwe laseMelika e-Asia noma eMpumalanga Ephakathi noma e-Afrika kufanele 'ahlolwe ikhanda lakhe,' njengoGeneral MacArthur ngobunono. yibeke.โ
Ngakho-ke u-bin Laden waphumelela, kodwa umlando, ngokuthanda kwakhe i-Hegelian yokudlala amaqhinga, wawuhlela ukuze isifiso somholi we-al-Qaeda sifezeke ngokusebenzisa i-ejensi kaGeorge W. Bush kanye neocons.
U-Walden Bello ungumhlaziyi ophezulu wesikhungo esizinze e-Bangkok i-Focus on the Global South futhi omele i-Akbayan (Iqembu Lesenzo Sezakhamuzi) eNdlu Yabameleli yase-Philippines. Angafinyelelwa ku [i-imeyili ivikelwe].
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