Incwadi ka-Naomi Klein ethi โLokhu Kushintsha Konkeโ (uSimon & Schutter, 2014) mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi kwenkinga yesimo sezulu kanye ne-capitalism ithukuthelise abagxeki abasuka kuBig Green baya kwabanye abantu bezenhlalakahle.
U-Naomi Klein uqinisile cishe kuyo yonke into abagxeki abambiza ngayo. Lapho, ngokwethusa iBig Greens, ebiza ubunxiwankulu njengobubi, uqinisile. Njengoba AKUKHO isizwe sonxiwankulu esesisondele ekwenzeni izinguquko ezizodinga ukuxazulula inkinga yesimo sezulu, kungani kungafanele aveze ukuthi kukhona okungalungile ngonxiwankulu?
Futhi, ngokuphambene ne-milquetoast "inqubekela phambili" yobuhlanya, ubuqotho bayo buqhelanisa neningi elidumile. Usomaqhinga we-Conservative u-Frank Luntz uxwayisa abagcini bemithetho ukuthi bangasebenzisi amagama athi โcapitalismโ noma โimaketheโ, ngoba zombili azithandwa. Ukumemezela ubungxiwankulu kuyindlela enhle yokufinyelela abantu abajwayelekile, kanye nokuba nobuhlakani obuqinile.
Unengqondo futhi ngokungakunaki ukwethuka kwabanye abagxeka kwesokunxele ukuthi uyehluleka ukuphendukela kuSocialism. Izizwe ezazibhekwa njengezokusebenzelana kwabantu, kokubili ngokwazo nasemhlabeni wonke, zazinamarekhodi asabekayo ngempela ezindabeni zemvelo ayehambisana namarekhodi azo ngamalungelo abantu. I-Cuba, okuhlukile ngokwengxenye, yaphoqeleka kancane ukuthi iqhubekele phambili ngokwengxenye ngokuphatha umnotho wesiqhingi ngaphansi kwesethi yezijeziso ezingachazwa ngokunembe kakhulu njengesimo sokuvimbezela.
Akekho ongaba neqiniso ngakho konke. Ngeke ngichithe isikhathi esiningi kulokho u-Klein akwenza kahle, ngoba ngokufanele (kanye nombono wami ngendlela edabukisayo) wabaphendula ngokuphindaphindiwe abagxeki bakhe. Kunalokho ngizogxila endaweni eyodwa yokungaboni ngaso linye. Ngethemba ukuthi lokhu ngeke kuthene amandla muntu ekufundeni incwadi yakhe. Lokhu kungaboni ngaso linye akukona phezu kokuthile okubucayi ecaleni lakhe. Futhi ubani owaziyo? Mhlawumbe yimina onephutha.
Ithuba elilodwa elingalungile u-Klein alithathayo, ngokubona kwami, ukugcizelela kulokho akubiza ngokuthi โi-extractionismโ - ubudlelwano bokubusa obungavumelani nomhlaba kanye nemithombo yemvelo. Ngamagama alula lisho ukuthatha emhlabeni ngaphandle kokubuyisela lutho kuwo. Kunengqondo ukubheka into efanayo phakathi kwamakamu aqhudelanayo akwazile ukuhlangana ekungabonini kahle, kanye nokunganaki kwabanqobi ukuqhubeka nokuncika komuntu ezinhlelweni zemvelo. U-Naomi Klein ulandelela "i-extractionism" emuva ku-Francis Bacon kanye nokuqala kokukhanyiselwa, futhi ukubheka njengokufana phakathi konxiwankulu noma i-socialism - iphutha elijulile lempande yakho kokubili.
Ukugxila kulolu hlobo oluthile lokungaboni ngaso linye kukuthatha njengokubili kwakamuva futhi okuyisisekelo kakhulu kunalokho okuyikho ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubhujiswa kweMisedari yaseLebanon kwakuyinqubo ende ehamba kancane eyaqala ngeBabiloni likaGilgamesh, kwaqhutshekwa neminye imibuso yasendulo, kuhlanganise neGibhithe, abaseFenike, namaRoma (yaphazanyiswa umzamo kafushane wokulondoloza imvelo ngaphansi kukaHadrian). Ukucekelwa phansi kwezinsalela zalawo mahlathi ake amakhulu kusaqhubeka nanamuhla.
I-Silphium, isitshalo esibhekwa kabanzi yizwe lasendulo (hhayi kahle ngempela) ukuthi siphumelele njengokuvimbela inzalo kanye ne-aphrodisiac, yaqedwa ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaRoma. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokulima ngokweqile, okwaguguleka inhlabathi phakathi kwebhande elincane le-microclimate lapho ikhule khona, kanye nokuklama kwezilwane phezu kwazo.
i-silphium ukunikeza ukunambitheka okukhethekile enyameni yabo.
Ukufana phakathi kwezizwe ezake zabhekwa kabanzi njengezokusebenzelana kwabantu, izizwe zonxiwankulu zanamuhla, nemibuso emikhulu yezwe lasendulo kuyisisekelo kakhulu kunokungahloniphi imvelo. Lokho kufana ukungalingani okukhulu. Ngeke ngibalule izibalo ezaziwayo mayelana nokungalingani emhlabeni wonxiwankulu. Kodwa kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi izizwe ezake zabhekwa kabanzi njengezobusoshiyali, ngisho nalapho zisencane, zaziyimiphakathi engalingani kakhulu. Lokho kungalingani ngokwengxenye kwakuyindaba yemali engenayo engalingani, ngenxa yezinhlelo zezilinganiso ezingalungile kanye nokufinyelela okungalingani ezitolo ezikhethekile nezinsiza. Kodwa lokho kungalingani kwezomnotho, nakuba kungokoqobo, kwakungekho ndawo njengokwezizwe ezivamile zonxiwankulu.
Umthombo onamandla kakhulu wokungalingani kulawo mazwe kwakuwukuntuleka kwentando yeningi kanye nokufinyelela okulinganayo emandleni ezombusazwe, okuhlanganisa nokubusa phezu kwezinqumo eziningi zokutshalwa kwezimali nezokuphatha okwenziwa yiqembu elincane. Imibuso yasendulo yayibuye ibe yizinhlaka eziqinile ezisuka phansi, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi yezigqila, futhi ibuswa amakhosi, ababusi, ubupristi, izikhulu noma inhlanganisela ethile.
Ukungalingani okukhulu kuholela ekuzicekeleni phansi komphakathi kanye nokungaboni ngaso linye ngezindlela eziningi. Okusobala kakhulu ukuthi ukungalingani okukhulu kusho ukuthi abakhethiweyo bangathola izinzuzo zokuziphatha okulimazayo emphakathini kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko zithwalwa ngabanye. Kodwa lokho akuchazi ukuba nombono omfushane ngokwedlulele; isibonelo, ukuqhubeka kokuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu okuzogcina kulimaze izingane ngisho zabacebile nabanamandla.
Ingxenye yencazelo ukuthi ukungalingani okukhulu kudala ama-hubris. I-elite evikelwe njalo emiphumeleni emibi yezinqumo ezithathwa yisigaba sayo inenkinga yokubamba wona kanye umqondo wemiphumela engagwemeki. Ichaza okuningi mayelana nokuphika isimo sezulu. Ukuphika inkinga yesimo sezulu akuyona nje indaba yenkulumo-ze. Njengoba incwadi ka-Klein iveza, ngenxa yokuthi noma isiphi isixazululo esinengqondo senkinga yesimo sezulu sisongela okungenani amandla athile aphethwe abantu abakhethekile, kukhona ukuthambekela kwangempela phakathi kwezingxenye ezithile zalabo bantu abaphakeme ukukholelwa ukuthi le nkinga akuyona ngempela.
Okunye ukuthambekela kwabaphakeme abanamandla ukuhlonza izithakazelo zabo siqu nezomphakathi uwonke, ukuzibona โnjengabantuโ noma โabantuโ noma โabanikezwe ilungelo lokubusa onkulunkuluโ nanoma yini. Ukulinganisa izithakazelo zabanye ngokumelene namandla abo angenakuvinjelwa kuwubuwula futhi kuwubuwula. Yini emhlabeni wonke umuntu acabanga ukuthi kuyokwenzeka uma ubukhulu babo bungahlonishwa ngendlela efanele?
Lokho kuchaza okuthile kokungahloniphi imvelo. Akukhona ukuthi izicukuthwane aziyijabuleli imvelo. Onxiwankulu namuhla, abaphathi bamaqembu ezizweni ezazicatshangelwa njengobubusoshiyali esikhathini esidlule, kanye namaKhosi-uNkulunkulu ezikhathini ezikude kakhulu ayenabo noma anezindlu zokuhlala, amaloji, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izigodlo ezindaweni ezinhle ngendlela emangalisayo. Kodwa imvelo iyinto futhi yayiyinto abahlangana nayo ezicucu ezilawulwa kahle. Kungenzeka ukuthi abake bezwa noma abazange bezwe ngakho, kodwa akuvamile ukuba bazibonele ngokuqondile indawo yabo njengesizindalwazi esihle lapho bashumekwe khona futhi ababethembele kukho.
Amaqembu amakhulu okuzingela asebukhosini kanye nezicukuthwane zemiphakathi yangaphambi kobunxiwankulu akugcizelele lokhu. Baphuma beyizixuku ezinkulu ezivunule ngegolide ziphelezelwa izinceku noma izigqila ezithwele izinto zokunethezeka eziphathwayo. Abashayi bebeshayela umdlalo bebheke kubo. Izigqila noma izinceku zaziyophatha noma iyiphi ingxenye yomsebenzi wokuzingela i-elite eyithola ingajabulisi, futhi inikeze usizo lokuqinisekisa ukuphumelela kokuzingela. Izilwane ezibizayo, amahhashi, izinja, oklebe noma oklebe (kuye ngokuthi isiko) nakho kwasiza ekuqinisekiseni impumelelo - ngokuvamile zifuywa futhi ziqeqeshwe ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu kunezilwane zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa abantu abavamile ababezingela njengendlela yokuziphilisa. Ukuzingela okukhulu kwasebukhosini noma izicukuthwane kwasiza ekunciphiseni ukuqonda okungokomzwelo kwabantu abaphakeme bokuthembela emhlabeni wemvelo.
Kusemasikweni alinganayo kuphela lapho umuzwa wokuba sengcupheni emvelweni jikelele. Eqinisweni sonke SINGASE NGCACISIWE yimvelo; kodwa kulawo masiko lapho ingcebo namandla kucishe kulingane lapho kungaba yingxenye yesiko ukucabanga ngomphumela wezenzo โesizukulwaneni sesikhombisaโ. Akukhona ukuthi amasiko alinganayo angeke abe nombono omfushane - nje akudingekile ukuba abe njalo.
Ngokufanayo, ukwazisa kwangempela kokuthi sibancane kangakanani uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo esihlala kuyo kunzima kakhulu ukukufeza kwabathile abakhethekile. Lapho yonke into ingeye-elite, lokho kuhlanganisa nemvelo. Akukhona ukwesabeka kwabahlakaniphileyo abakushoyo, kodwa ukwesaba kososayensi. Lokho kwesaba kuvela ezingxenyeni ezimbili zolwazi: ulwembu lwempilo esithembele kulo luntekenteke; nakuba sazi izindlela eziningi esingaphazamisa ngazo ikhono laleyo webhu ukusisekela, asiyazi ngokujulile eminye imiphumela elimazayo yokuphazamiseka cishe ekhona.
Abantu abangabalulekile emiphakathini engalingani bangenza iphutha eliphambene. Uma kubhekwa indlela ukuphila okungaqinisekile ngayo kwabaningi, kungase kubonakale sengathi indlela yabo yokuziphilisa intekenteke ngokujulile uma iqhathaniswa namandla nokuqina kwendawo engokwemvelo. Kubantu abagawula imithi nakubadobi abaphakathi komphakathi ongalingani ngokujulile, oye wazuza izindinganiso zawo, kungase kubonakale sengathi ihlathi alisoze lantula izihlahla futhi izilwandle azilokothi ziyeke ukuhlangana nezinhlanzi. Ukukhathazeka ngezinto ezinjalo kungase kubonakale kuwukuzenzisa okungenangqondo, hhayi umphumela wangempela emhlabeni wangempela.
Ngicabanga ukuthi ukubukela phansi ukubaluleka kokungalingani kunomlando omude phakathi kwabashiya, okungenani, kusukela kuMarx. I-Marxism ivame ukucatshangwa njengombono olinganayo ekushisekeleni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphumela yayo isebenza kanjani. Kepha uMarx wayevame ukugxeka ekugxekeni kwakhe ukulingana njengezifiso ezisele. UMarx waphikisa ngokuthi njengoba abantu bengafani emakhonweni, isidingo noma ezifisweni ukuthi ukulingana kwakungenakwenzeka noma kufiseleke phakathi kwabantu. Lokhu ngokwengxenye bekuwumdlalo wamagama ngokumelene nezimbangi ayengabahloniphi kangako. Nokho, kwakunenjongo engathi sรญna ngayo.
Nakuba u-Marx ebona izimfuno ezithandwayo zokulingana njengezinhle uma ziyingxenye yomzabalazo odumile, wabuye wacabanga ukuthi kwakunendawo encane ekuhlaziyeni okujulile. Wabona ukulingana njengensalela yonxiwankulu, njengamalungelo asemthethweni - into okumele idlulele ngale. Ekulinganeni okungcono kakhulu ngomqondo othile kwaba wusizo, kudingekile ukuze abantu bakhululeke esigabeni esithile sokuthuthuka. Kodwa wabona ukugxila ekulinganeni, ngisho nokubhekwa njengethuluzi lenkululeko, njengesiteji esingadlulela ngale komphakathi othuthuke ngempela. Amalungiselelo obekuyindlela engcono yokuphila kunonxiwankulu kwenzeka alingana kunonxiwankulu ngokusebenza. Kodwa zazingcono ngoba zazifaneleka kakhulu kubantu, hhayi ngoba zazihambisana nombono othile wokulingana. Ngokwesimanje singasho ukuthi uMarx wayecabanga ukulingana njenge-spandrel, njengombala omhlophe wamathambo.
Kodwa njengoba nje ukwedelelwa kwamalungelo asemthethweni kuye kwaveza imiphumela emibi, kanjalo nenhlonipho enganele yokulingana. Ngeke ngiphikise ukuthi ukulingana kuyadingeka ngokuqondile noma kuwusizo ngokuphelele. Noma iyiphi indlela ukulingana kuyadingeka ngokuphelele; uma kuyithuluzi nje, liyithuluzi esingenakulilahla. Ukungaboni lokhu kuyingxenye yesizathu sokuthi kungani ama-Marxists amaningi azimisele ukubekezelela imibuso lapho umthetho weqembu elilodwa uqinisekisa ukubusa - ngisho noma ngo-1% ohlukile kunangaphansi kobunxiwankulu obuvamile.
Ukwedelelwa ngokulingana akukhona nakancane phakathi kwama-Marxists. Izincazelo zeMarx ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Kodwa ukwedelela ukulingana kuyingxenye yezinkinga eziningi ezibalulekile emcabangweni kaMarxist.
Futhi akubona abalandeli bakaMarx kuphela abalulaza isidingo sokulingana. Ama-flavour amaningi ama-leftist, okuhlanganisa ama-socialists angewona ama-Marxist kanye nentando yeningi yesimanje yezenhlalo, abona ukungalingani njengento enganxeshezelwa ngaphandle kokukubukela phansi kakhulu.
Indlela yamaqembu amaningi esimanje entando yeningi yezenhlalakahle kanye nezabasebenzi iwukusekela izinsizakalo zenhlalakahle ezibanzi - imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, impesheni yokuguga, ekhokhelwa cishe yonke intela kubantu abasebenzayo nabaphakathi, kuyilapho abacebile beshiya cishe bengakathintwa. Bafuna ukunxephezela imiphumela yokungalingani ngaphandle kokusongela noma ngisho nokwenza buthaka isigaba sonxiwankulu. Nalapha futhi, ayitholakali emhlabeni wonke kodwa isabalele.
Qaphela, ngendlela, ukuthi uNaomi Klein akenzi leli phutha. Noma ngabe imiphi imibono yakhe emzabalazweni wokugcina okufanele iqonde kuwo (ngisola ukuthi uNkulunkulu akaziwa) uyaqaphela ukuthi umzabalazo wokulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu awunakuba usongo kwabacebile nabanamandla. Noma yisiphi isisombululo sibandakanya ukubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo phakathi kwesigaba sonxiwankulu kanye nathi sonke - phakathi kwe-1% nama-99%. Uyakwazisa ngempela ukubaluleka komzabalazo wokulingana emzabalazweni wesixazululo senkinga yesimo sezulu. Engithemba ukuthi uzokuqonda: ukungalingani futhi kuwumsuka wokungaboni ngaso linye kanye nokungaxhunywanga ngokomzwelo nemvelo ayibiza ngokuthi โi-extractionismโ.
Ngicela uqaphele: UNaomi Klein wanginika amazwibela encwadi yami yango-2012 ethi โUkuxazulula Inkinga Yesimo Sezulu Ngokushintsha Komphakathiโ. Lokhu ngikudalula ngenjongo yokubeka izinto obala, nakuba ngingakholwa ukuthi kuthinte ukugxeka kwami.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela
4 Amazwana
Sawubona Gar.
Ubhalile
โUnengqondo futhi ngokunganaki ukwethuka kwabanye abamgxekayo ukuthi uyehluleka ukuphendukela kuSocialism. Izizwe ezazibhekwa njengezokusebenzelana kwabantu, kokubili ngokwazo nasemhlabeni wonke, zazinamarekhodi asabekayo ngempela ezindabeni zemvelo ayehambisana namarekhodi azo ngamalungelo abantu. I-Cuba, okuhlukile ngokwengxenye, yaphoqeleka ukuthi iqhubekele phambili ngokwengxenye ngokuphatha umnotho weziqhingi ngaphansi kwesethi yezinhlawulo ezingachazwa ngokunembe kakhudlwana njengesimo sokuvimbezela. "
I-Cuba ibonise inani elimangalisayo lokuvumelana nezimo kanye nokusabela ezidingweni zabantu bayo. Izimpumelelo zayo zikhomba kokuthile okungcono kakhulu โkunokungakhethi ingxenyeโ kulokho okwabonwa ezifundazweni ezinjenge-USSR kukho kokubili inqubomgomo yezemvelo namalungelo abantu. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo kungcono kakhulu kune-USA. Ukuthi โyaphoqeleka ukuba ibeโ akuzinaki izindlela eziningi ezibhubhisayo obekungayithatha kalula ngenkathi ivinjezelwe isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka. I-Cuba ikhethe indlela enhle kakhulu ekuphenduleni izingcindezi zangaphandle ezimangalisayo. Bekungeyona yodwa noma inketho elula iCuba ebingayithatha ukuphendula lezo zingcindezi. Ukuthi uKlein akasho lutho ngeCuba encwadini yakhe kuyiphutha impela ngokubona kwami โโnaphezu kwazo zonke izinto ezibalulekile azenza kahle kuyo.
angazi ukuthi u-Klein ubaphendule kuphi abagxeki bakhe bangakwesokunxele nganoma iyiphi imininingwane. Ngingabonga uma ungakhomba isixhumanisi.
Ngivumelana nawe ukuthi ugcizelela kakhulu umqondo we-extratavist ubengabeka ngaphezu kwalokho akwenza ngokungalingani kwezepolitiki.
I-Crituqe of Gotha Progamme:
============Yonke into engezansi iyicaphuna eliqondile, sicela uxolele ukufometha===============
โNaphezu kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa, leli lungelo elilinganayo lisathwele kanzima
umkhawulo wonxiwankulu. Ilungelo labakhiqizi lilingana nomsebenzi abawenzayo
ukuhlinzeka; ukulingana kuqukethe ukuthi ukulinganisa kwenziwa ngokulingana
ejwayelekile, abasebenzi. Kodwa enye indoda iphakeme kunomunye ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo futhi kanjalo
inikeza abasebenzi abaningi ngesikhathi esifanayo, noma ingasebenza isikhathi eside; nomsebenzi,
ukusebenza njengesilinganiso, kufanele kuchazwe ubude bayo noma ukuqina, ngaphandle kwalokho
iyeka ukuba yindinganiso yokulinganisa. Leli lungelo elilinganayo liyilungelo elingalingani
umsebenzi ongalingani. Ayiboni umehluko wezigaba, ngoba wonke umuntu ungumuntu kuphela
isisebenzi njengawo wonke umuntu; kodwa ibona buthule isiphiwo somuntu ngamunye esingalingani
kanjalo namandla okukhiqiza esisebenzi njengamalungelo emvelo. Ngakho-ke, a
kwesokudla noma ukungalingani, kokuqukethwe kwakho, njengawo wonke amalungelo. Right ngemvelo yayo can
zihlanganisa kuphela ukusetshenziswa kwezinga elilinganayo; kodwa abantu abangalingani (kanye
bebengeke babe ngabantu abahlukene ukube bebengalingani) bayalinganiseka
kuphela ngezinga elifanayo kuze kube manje njengoba zilethwa ngaphansi kwephuzu elifanayo
umbono, zithathwe ohlangothini olulodwa oluqondile kuphela, isibonelo, esimweni samanje, ziyi
babhekwa njengezisebenzi kuphela, futhi akukho okunye okubonwa kubo, konke okunye kukhona
indiva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esinye isisebenzi sishadile, esinye asishadile; omunye unezingane eziningi kunomunye, nokunye nokunye. Ngakho-ke, ngokusebenza okulinganayo kwabasebenzi, ngakho-ke isabelo esilinganayo esikhwameni sokusetshenziswa komphakathi, umuntu uyokwazi
bamukele okudlula omunye, omunye uyoceba kunomunye, njalo njalo. Ukuze ugweme konke
lezi ziphambeko, esikhundleni sokulingana kufanele zingalingani.โ
"i-socialist ecatshangelwayo" - indlela yokugwema ukumosha isikhathi eside okuyize nezimpikiswano mayelana nokuthi yini futhi okungeyona i-socialism yeqiniso.
Ingabe ukuqonda kukaRichard Miller kweMarx kanye neMatxism nakho kwakubuthakathaka? Unikele ingxenye efanelekile yencwadi yakhe ethi โAnalyzing Marxโ kule mpikiswano. Futhi akunjengokungathi angikaze ngihlangane nayo evela kwabaningi be-Marxist engihlangane nabo. Ngivame ukuthola iziphakamiso okufanele ngisekele "ukulingana" kunokuthi "ukulingana". Mayelana nezothando, ukugxeka kwami โโ"i-extractionism" ngokwengxenye kuwukugxeka kwe-romanticism.
โKwake kwacatshangwa kabanziโ? Lena incazelo esebenzayo? Uma bekukhona "ukuzimela ezinqumweni ... yiqembu elincane" kungayiphi indlela "kungabhekwa" ngayo i-socialism?
Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi ukuhlaziya kuka-Gar kunenkinga yombono wothando โwamasiko alinganayoโ kanye nokuthembela ku-anthropology engekho.
Ukuqonda kwakhe umcabango kaMarx noMarxist kubuthakathaka ngakho kungani ngisho ukuya lapho?
Konke okushiwo, uma efuna ukugxila ekungalingani. kuhle lokho, kodwa kufanele asichazele umphakathi olinganayo, izikhungo nezinhlaka zawo, awunikeze negama.