Umlando uzoziphinda ezindlini zeNkantolo eNkulu kuleli sonto. Sona kanye izwe lapho ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kwafinyelela esiqongweni saso esibucayi cishe eminyakeni engama-50 edlule sesiphinde saba yisizinda sengxabano ngentando yeningi eMelika. Kodwa okuxakayo, ukungaboni ngaso linye kwezepolitiki nezomthetho kungenzeka manje kuqhela emalungelweni omphakathi futhi kubuyele enkathini lapho uhulumeni wobumbano wayenamandla alinganiselwe okuvikela abavoti bemibala eNingizimu kumaqhinga abaholi bendawo.
INkantolo Ephakeme izolalela izimpikiswano ngoLwesithathu ezivela esifundeni sase-Alabama eziphikisa ukuhambisana nomthethosisekelo kweSigaba sesi-5 soMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota. Leso sigaba sivikela abavoti bemibala ezifundazweni ezingu-16 (ezinye ezimbozwe ngokugcwele, ezinye kancane), eziningi zazo ezinomlando omude ononya wokunqabela abantu baseMelika abamnyama amalungelo abo okuvota. Lokhu ikwenza ngokwenza izinguquko ezingokomthetho zokhetho “ezicacile” nohulumeni wobumbano ngaphambi kokuthi zisetshenziswe.
I-Shelby County ithi iSigaba 5 asihambisani nomthethosisekelo ngoba siphatha iziphathimandla ezikhavwe, eziphethe amaphesenti angama-25 abantu bezwe, ngokuhlukile kunezwe lonke. INkantolo Ephakeme kufanele inqume ukuthi izoqhubeka nokubamba iziphathimandla zeSigaba 5, eziningi zazo ezise-Deep South, ngaphansi kokubhekwa yizikhulu zikahulumeni, noma ishaye isigaba ukuze zonke izifundazwe ziphathwe ngendlela efanayo, ukuthi akhona yini amafa ezinqubomgomo zabavoti ezicindezelayo. noma cha.
Uma inkantolo ishaya iSigaba 5-kanye ubulungiswa bayo abalandelanayo sebevele besayinile bangakwenza lokho—abantu ngabanye basengafaka izikhalo ezingokomthetho, kodwa uhulumeni wobumbano ngeke esakwazi ukunikwa amandla okubheka ngokuqhubekayo ukuvota.
UMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota uzobanjwa ndawonye yiSigaba 2, esivumela kakhulu ukumangalelwa ngemva kokuba umthetho owephula umthetho usuphasisiwe, futhi kaningi ngemva kokuba umonakalo usuwenzekile. Ukuphishekela amacala anjalo aphikisayo ngokuvamile kuzokwelula uMnyango Wezobulungiswa kanye namaqembu alwela amalungelo abantu ngaphezu kwamandla. Khumbula zonke izinselelo zenkantolo ngaphambi kokhetho lukaNovemba 2012? Cabanga ngalokho ku-crack.
Umlando omfushane wokuthi Isigaba sesi-5 saba kanjani Isigaba 5 uyadingeka ukuze ubonise ukubaluleka kwaso. Inkulumompikiswano ezokwenzeka eNkantolo eNkulu kuleli sonto ayiqali. Kunalokho, kuqondwa kangcono njengesandiso sokudonselana okusemthethweni phakathi kukahulumeni wobumbano kanye nezifundazwe zaseNingizimu eyaqala ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngemva kokuba uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota ube ngumthetho.
Umlando Wenkulumompikiswano Yokuvota
Ehlobo lika-1965, uKhongolose wawuhlanganisa umthetho owawuzovimbela uhlobo lonya oluchitha igazi umhlaba wonke owalubona ku-TV—ama-sheriff billyclubbing, firehosing, nokudubula abantu abamnyama ababezama ukuvota emazweni aseNingizimu. UMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota wabhalwa ngesicelo sikaMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson futhi uphendula izimfuno zabashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi hhayi nje eNingizimu yonkana, kodwa ngokukhula ezweni lonke.
Ngaphakathi kulowo mthetho iSigaba sesi-5 sakhiwe ukuze izifundazwe ezisebenzise amaqhinga ashintshashintshayo afana nokuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala kanye nezintela zokuvota ukuze kucindezelwe amavoti abantu abamnyama ngeke nje kudingeke ukuthi ziyeke le mikhuba, kodwa futhi kuzodingeka ziqhube noma yimiphi imibono yesikhathi esizayo edlula uMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US. noma inkantolo yombuso eWashington, DC Amajaji amaningi aseNingizimu nezinkantolo ayengathenjwa.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi banezigebengu ezifanele, iCongress yakha ifomula “ezovusa” izifundazwe ezizofakwa. Leyo fomula yayisekelwe ekubambeni iqhaza kwabavoti-uma ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-50 abantu base-Afrika baseMelika endaweni yezombangazwe babhalisiwe ngo-1964, noma uma ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-50 abavotile okhethweni lukamongameli lwalowo nyaka, indawo ifanelwe ukubhekwa.
Ifomula yokuqalisa kanye nokuhlinzekelwa kwangaphambili kweSigaba 5 kwakungamaphuzu amakhulu okunamathela kusukela ekuqaleni futhi kwacishe kwamisa uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota ekubeni umthetho. Izifundazwe eziseNingizimu, iningi lazo ezihlulekile ukuhlolwa kwe-trigger, azithandanga ukuqokwa, futhi noMongameli Johnson wacabanga ukuthi kujezisa kakhulu.
Iziphathimandla zaseNingizimu zaphonsela inselelo ngokusemthethweni uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota ngokushesha ngemuva kokuthi uJohnson awusayine waba umthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukuyibuyekeza ngo-January 1966, esikhathini esingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha iqalile ukusebenza. ISouth Carolina, ehlanganiswe ngokuphelele yiSigaba 5, yathi uhulumeni wobumbano wephula amalungelo ezifundazwe ngokuphika izinqubomgomo zokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala zombuso. Inkantolo yakhipha isinqumo sesi-8 kuya ko-1 sokuthi iSichibiyelo se-15 sanikeza iCongress “amandla aphelele okulungisa” ukuvimbela ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga nokuthi uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota “wawuyimpendulo esemthethweni” “ebubini obucashile nobudlangile.”
UMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota waya enkantolo futhi ngalowo nyaka, kulokhu uholela inkantolo ukuba iqinisekise igunya elibanzi leCongress ekuphoqeleleni iSigaba 5. Ngo-1968, waphinde waya phambi kwenkantolo ephakeme, ecaleni lika-Allan v. State Board of Elections, lapho. UMississippi kanye noVirginia (bobabili bemboziwe) baphikisana ngokuthi iCongress ibingaqondile ukuqondisa uhulumeni wobumbano ukuthi abuyekeze. konkeizinguquko emthethweni wokhetho ezindaweni ezimboziwe. IJaji Elikhulu Lenkantolo Ephakeme u-Earl Warren wabaxosha ngomusa, ethi, “UMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota wawuhloselwe imithetho ecashile, kanye nemithetho yezwe esobala enomphumela wokwenqabela izakhamuzi ilungelo lazo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga lwazo.”
Ibinzana elithi “okunomphumela” libalulekile ngoba lithole ukuthi izinhloso zokucwasa zazingadingeki ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umthetho wawubandlulula. Uma umthetho wawune- umphumela lokunqabela abantu abansundu amavoti abo, kwase kungandiza.
Isigaba sesi-5 sizozanywa ngokuqhubekayo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ezayo—futhi sizobhekana nezinselelo kuKhongolose. Lapho uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota usuzovuselelwa ngo-1970, Ummeli Jikelele uJohn Mitchell wazama ukuwenza buthaka ngokukhipha iSigaba 5. Kunalokho, wanwetshwa, futhi ifomula yokuhlanganisa yeSigaba 5 yabuyekezwa ukuze ifake izifundazwe ezingabambi iqhaza elibi ngaphambi kuka-1968. ukhetho. Futhi, i-franchise yandiswa ngokwehlisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba yi-18.
Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, iSigaba sesi-5 sasisesikhungweni sokuqopha futhi ngenkathi iCongress iqala ukugunyaza kabusha umthetho. Ngaleso sikhathi, izishoshovu zamalungelo omphakathi zazikhula ngokungakhululeki mayelana nokuphepha kwayo kwesikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi njengoba amanye amaDemocrat ayefuna ukuzama ukunweba ukufakwa kwawo futhi.
U-Rep. Barbara Jordan wase-Texas, ongowesifazane wokuqala omnyama okhethelwe ukuba yiNgqungquthela esuka eNingizimu kusukela Kwakhiwe Kabusha, uhole umkhankaso oqinile wekhongolose wokugunyazwa kwawo kabusha, efisa ukwandiswa komthetho ukuze uthi ukucwasa izakhamuzi ezingakhulumi isiNgisi kuzombozwa. Lesi kwakuyisimo sesibindi, ikakhulukazi lapho kwakusenesimo esiphuthumayo esasifuna ukuhlakazwa kweSigaba 5.
Abanye abameli bamalungelo abantu bacabanga ukuthi kungahle kube nenkululeko enkulu emkhathini, nokuthi ukucubungula ngefomula yokufaka kungaholela ekutheni yehluleke. U-Aaron Henry we-NAACP, naye owayengantengantengi enkundleni yamalungelo okuvota, wethula ubufakazi phambi kweKomidi Lezobulungiswa LeNdlu ukuthi wayengafuni “ukuchibiyela uMthetho ukuze uphelele bese elahlekelwa yiyo yonke into.”
ICongress yagunyaza eminye iminyaka eyisikhombisa kanye nefomula ebanzi yase-Jordan, manje evikela abavoti baseLatino naboMdabu baseMelika. Futhi, ifomula ye-trigger yabuyekezwa ukuze ukubamba iqhaza okungekuhle kwabavoti ngaphambi kuka-1972 kwengeze amandla ekuxubeni kweSigaba 5. Lokhu kuholele ekumbozweni kwengubo yaseTexas-futhi kuzokwenza iSigaba 5 sibe yizitha eziphezulu emashumini eminyaka ezayo. I-Texas ngokungangabazeki ilapho umlando wezomthetho wamalungelo okuvota uqala khona, ngecala lika-Smith v. Allwright lango-1944, elaphikiswa ummeli wangaleso sikhathi we-NAACP u-Thurgood Marshall owalibiza ngokuthi. icala lakhe elibaluleke kakhulu.
Nokho, eminyakeni engu-1982 kamuva, amalungelo okuvota acishe abuyiselwa enkathini yangaphambi kuka-Smith v. Allwright. Ngo-5, uMongameli uRonald Reagan wanquma iSigaba sesi-5 njengosongo kumafilosofi akhe ezombusazwe ngamalungelo ezifundazwe kanye nokwehliswa komthetho. Ummeli osemusha eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa eReagan ubephikisana noMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota kulandela ukuhola kommeli wamalungelo omphakathi uWilliam Bradford Reynolds. Lowo mmeli osemusha kwakungu-John Roberts, namuhla oyijaji eliyinhloko leNkantolo Ephakeme futhi uzokwengamela ukuqulwa kwaleli sonto kweSigaba XNUMX.
U-Roberts ubeyingxenye yabaphathi abebengenalwazi, uma bebengenanzondo mayelana nenhloso yokulungisa yoMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota kangangokuthi ummangaleli omkhulu we-Civil Rights Department yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa, u-Robert Plotkin, wasula ngokunengeka, ebhala ku-New York Times:
“Lokhu kuPhatha kubheka imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi njengomthwalo ongadingekile wokulawula nezomnotho emphakathini, futhi angathanda ukuthi kube khona okungcono kunokugcina imithetho eqinile yanamuhla esikhundleni ‘ngengwe’ engenamazinyo.”
Umthetho wagcina uvuselelwe, wasizwa umzamo wokuzivikela oqinile owawuholwa yiNgqungquthela Yabaholi Ngamalungelo Omphakathi, neSigaba 5 salondolozwa iminyaka engama-25 elandelayo. Lokho kwabangela ukuba kubhekwe kabusha ngo-2006, lapho abameli bamalungelo omphakathi beveza umbiko wamakhasi angu-15,000 5 obonisa ukuthi ukwephulwa kwamalungelo okuvota—kokubili okucashile, nokusobala—kwaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni eziseNingizimu ehlanganiswe yiSigaba XNUMX. Kwavuselelwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokunye. ikhulu leminyaka.
Kodwa ifomula ye-trigger ayizange ibuyekezwe, futhi ayizange ibe khona ekuvuselelweni kuka-1982. Futhi leyo fomula iwumgogodla wenkulumompikiswano yeNkantolo Ephakeme kuleli sonto.
Ingabe Idinga Ukulungiswa?
Ukuze kucace, ama-Conservatives, kanye nezifunda zaseNingizimu, banethemba lokwenza lokhu abebezama ukukwenza kusukela ekuqaleni: Bulala Isigaba 5. Kuleli cala, uShelby v. Holder, basebhange ngokwehluleka kukaKhongolose ukuvuselela Ifomula yokuhlanganisa ukuze ibasize, bephikisana ngokuthi isimo samanje sokuvota sidinga ikhambi elisha noma elihlukile kunalokho okunikezwa yiSigaba 5.
Baveza ukuthi izifundazwe ezingekho ngaphansi kweSigaba 5—njengePennsylvania neWisconsin—ziphasise imithetho engabazekayo yokuvota ngaphandle kokucutshungulwa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abameli abaningi bamalungelo okuvota bangathanda ukubona Isigaba sesi-5 sinwetshwa futhi, okungadinga ukuguqulwa kwefomula yokufakwa.
Kodwa ezinye izazi zomthethosisekelo zikholelwa ukuthi uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota usungulwe ukwenza lokho othi uzokwenza, ezindaweni othi uzokwenza. Ubhala uprofesa wezomthetho waseNyuvesi yaseMichigan Ellen D. Katz:
Udaba olwethulwa ku-Shelby County v. Holder akukona ukuthi amaJaji acabanga ukuthi i-Alabama yimbi kune-Ohio, noma noma ngabe iCongress ingase iphethe ngokuvumelekile ngokuthi kunjalo. Esikhundleni salokho, i-Shelby County yethula umbuzo ohlukile: ukuthi ngabe iCongress inawo yini amandla okwelula umbuso wokulungisa wonke umuntu ovumayo ukuthi yamukelwe ngokusemthethweni ngokusekelwe esiphethweni sawo sokuthi umbuso uyaqhubeka nokwenza umsebenzi obucayi ezindaweni lapho usebenza khona. Leso siphetho akufanele sisolwe, singasavumelekile, ngoba izinkinga sezivele kwezinye izindawo iCongress engase ilawule ngokufanelekile.
Ngamanye amazwi liyeke lenze elikwenzayo, ikakhulukazi njengoba ibikwenza ngempumelelo.
U-Katz wenze ucwaningo olunzulu lokwephulwa koMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota ngaphansi kweSigaba sesi-2, umbandela ohlinzeka ngezikhalo zamalungelo okuvota ngemva kweqiniso futhi ofaka izwe lonke. Uthole ukuthi izindawo ezigunyazwe yiSigaba 5 zazingaphezu kwezikhathi ezinhlanu nengxenye okungenzeka ukuthi zingamangalelwa ngokwephula kunezindawo ezingakhaviwe. Kuwo wonke amacala eSigaba 2 aphetha ngokuvuna abantu bebala elimhlophe—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngesinqumo senkantolo noma ngokuxazululwa—amacala angu-28.5 avela ezindaweni ezikhaviwe kuwo wonke umuntu ongakhaviwe. Lokho kusho ukuthi ukwephulwa kwamalungelo okuvota empeleni kwenzeka kaningi ezindaweni ezimbozwe yiSigaba 5. Kuqondiswe ezindaweni ezifanele.
Kepha icala eliphambi kwenkantolo limayelana nokuthi iCongress yeqe igunya layo ngokugunyaza kabusha uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota ngo-2006 ngaphandle kokuvuselela ifomula yokufaka. I-NAACP Legal Defense Fund, ezohola izingxabano ku-Shelby v. Holder, iphikisa kuwebhusayithi yayo:
Kuvunyelwe ngokomthethosisekelo ukuthi uKhongolose ugxile ezindaweni lapho ukucwasa ekuvoteni kuqhubeka futhi kuvumelana nezimo; umthetho awuphambanisi nomthethosisekelo ngenxa nje yokuthi awuxazululi zonke izimo zokucwasa—ikakhulukazi lapho umlando obonisiwe walowo mthetho ubonisa ukuthi uyazixazulula izimo eziningi ezinjalo, nasezindaweni ezinobandlululo olunenkani oluphikelela kakhulu.
Ummeli uDebo Adegbile, ozosiza ekuvikeleni uMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota eShelby, utshele izintatheli ngesonto eledlule ukuthi umsuka weSigaba 5 umayelana “nomgomo wokufakwa kwabantu abambalwa”—ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi abantu bebala awathulisiwe noma awasulwa inqubo yokhetho. Uthe isimo sase-Alabama mhlawumbe asifanele ukuphonsela inselelo iSigaba 5 ngenxa “yochungechunge lwaso olunganqamuki lokucwasa okuphindaphindiwe” kanye nokwephulwa, kusukela ekumisweni komthetho kuze kube manje. Idolobha lase-Shelby County, iCalera, lalisanda kuvinjwa ngo-2008 ngohlelo lwalo lokubeka kabusha imingcele, olwasusa ukuphela kwesifunda sabantu abamnyama futhi lwasusa ukumeleleka kwedolobha kwabamnyama kuphela emkhandlwini wedolobha.
Ukusula kwesifunda esimnyama saseCalera kwakuyithiphu elibonakalayo. Encwadini yokuphikisa yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa, bakhumbuze uCalera ukuthi wehlulekile ukuhambisa izinguquko zomthetho wokhetho mayelana nezigaba zokuhlala ezihlanganisiwe ezingu-177, njengoba kugunyazwe iSigaba 5, eminyakeni engu-13 edlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sokuma kwezwe sathi singasiza iCalera ukuthi ihlangabezane nezibopho zayo zeSigaba 5 zokuvimbela ukuncishiswa kwamavoti abantu abamnyama, "kodwa umkhandlu wedolobha awuzwakalisanga ntshisekelo."
"Akukhona ngesikhulu esikhethiwe," u-Adegbile etshela izintatheli, "imayelana nabantu abazikhethela."
U-Calera wathatha leyo nketho ukuze isifunda ahlala kuso, i-Shelby, sibe “nezandla ezingcolile” ezingakufanelekeli ukuthola usizo oluvela eNkantolo Ephakeme.
Ukugunyazwa koMthetho Wamalungelo Okuvota weCongress ka-2006 kwakungeyona indaba yobusuku obubodwa. Badingida udaba baluphenya izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokuthi baludlulise ngokuvumelana kwezinhlangothi ezimbili obekungeke kucatshangwe namuhla. Baze balungisa iSigaba 5 ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi umthelela waso uzosatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo ngokulungisa izinhlinzeko zebheyili ezindaweni ezikhavwe ngaphandle kokwengamela, kanye nokwengeza umbandela ovumela ukuthi izindawo ezingakhaviwe zengezwe kuzo.
Kodwa inkantolo akufanele ilinganise ukuthi umthetho uphelele ngokwanele noma cha. Umongameli we-NAACP Legal Defence Fund u-Sherrily Ifill utshele izintatheli, “Uma mina nawe sizokwakha inqubo yokuvikela abavoti abambalwa, ngabe sikwenze ngendlela ehlukile. Uma uJustice [Antonin] Scalia edale eyodwa angayenza ngendlela ehlukile. Kodwa lowo akuwona umbuzo ophambi kwenkantolo.”
Umbuzo, kusho u-Ifill, ngothi ngabe iCongress inalo yini igunya lokwenza ukugunyazwa kabusha kuka-2006 futhi ingabe "yahamba ngenqubo ephusile" ukuze ifinyelele esiphethweni sayo.
"Ekugcineni, leli cala limayelana nokuzokwenzeka ezinkulungwaneni zamadolobha, amadolobhana, amadolobhana nezigodi lapho abavoti abambalwa beqhubeka nokuzabalaza ukuze izwi labo lizwakale," kusho u-Ifill. "Empeleni imayelana namandla entando yeningi yethu."
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