U-Eric Foner unguProfesa Wezomlando kaDeWitt Clinton e-Columbia University. Uthole iziqu zakhe zobudokotela e-Columbia ngaphansi kweso likaRichard Hofstadter. Ungomunye wabantu ababili kuphela abazosebenza njengomongameli wezinhlangano ezintathu ezinkulu zobungcweti: Inhlangano Yezazi-mlando zaseMelika, i-American Historical Association, kanye neNhlangano Yababhali-mlando baseMelika. Ubuye waba ngumqaphi wemibukiso eminingana yasemnyuziyamu, okuhlanganisa nomklomelo ozuze umklomelo othi “A House Divided: America in the Age of Lincoln,” eChicago Historical Society. Incwadi yakhe, Isivivinyo Esivuthayo: U-Abraham Lincoln kanye Nobugqila baseMelika uwine imiklomelo kaPulitzer, Bancroft, kanye neLincoln ka-2011. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Isango Lenkululeko: Umlando Ofihliwe Womzila Wesitimela Ongaphansi Komhlaba.
Yiziphi izincwadi ozifundayo manje?
Ngiqeda nje UKarl Marx: Ubukhulu kanye Nenkohliso kaGareth Stedman Jones eyaphuma ngonyaka odlule, futhi ngiyafunda—empeleni ayikashicilelwa kodwa umshicileli ungithumelele ikhophi—Incwadi kaRichard White ephuma kule Fall ebizwa ngokuthi. IRiphabhulikhi Emi Ngayo: I-United States Ngesikhathi Sokwakhiwa Kabusha kanye Nenkathi Evuthiwe, 1865-1896 (Umlando we-Oxford wase-United States).
Iyiphi incwadi yomlando oyikhonzile?
Inzima leyo. Ngokuqinisekile, i-EP Thompson's Ukwenziwa Kwekilasi Lokusebenza lesiNgisi. Njengabantu abaningi, lokho kwaba nomthelela omkhulu kimi lapho ngikufunda kudala (cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka edlule ngeminyaka yama-60s, ngiyacabanga). I-WEB Dubois's Black Reconstruction eMelika, 1860-1880 ngomunye. Ngicabanga ngezincwadi ezingisize kakhulu ekulolongeni ukucabanga kwami nendlela engibhala ngayo ngomlando. Labo ababili cishe babe nomthelela omkhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye engingayicabanga.
Kungani ukhethe umlando njengomsebenzi wakho?
Nokho, kunezizathu ezimbili, ngicabanga. Enye ukuthi empeleni ngaqala ekolishi njengomphathi wesayensi. Ngangifuna ukuba isazi sezinkanyezi, ngangithatha i-physics eningi, i-Advanced calculus. Ngicabanga ukuthi, uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, ngaphelelwa ikhono ngesinye isikhathi. Ukubala okuthuthukile kwangenza ngangena. Kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, ngangisekolishi ngase ngiphothula esikoleni ngawo-1960, phakathi kwezinxushunxushu eziningi zomphakathi kanye nemibhikisho emelene nempi kanye nobushoshovu ekuvukeleni amalungelo abantu. Njengabantu abaningi ngaleso sikhathi esizukulwaneni sami, ngangifuna ukuthola ukuthi lokhu kwakuvelaphi emlandweni waseMelika ngoba isiyaluyalu emigwaqweni sasingenakuchazwa—ake sikubeke kanjalo— ngohlobo lomlando enganginawo. Ngafundiswa esikoleni samabanga aphakeme okwakuyi "imodi yokuvumelana" kakhulu eyayiphikisana ngokuthi akuzange kube khona ukungqubuzana kwangempela emlandweni waseMelika. Ngakho omunye wazibuza ukuthi konke lokhu kuvelaphi uma kunjalo. Futhi, ubaba nomalume uPhilip Foner bobabili babeyizazi-mlando. Ngakhulela ekhaya lapho umlando kwakukhulunywa kakhulu kuwo ngakho-ke ngase ngifake leyo ntshisekelo emlandweni ekuqaleni, nakuba njengoba ngishilo, inhloso yami yokuqala kwakuwukuba usosayensi, kodwa ngokuncane ngicabanga ukuthi ngangihlale ngihlelelwe umlando. kanjalo.
Yiziphi izimfanelo ozidingayo ukuze ube isazi-mlando?
Ngicabanga ukuthi into yokuqala wumqondo ovulekile, empeleni. Ilukuluku lobuhlakani, ukuzimisela ukwehlela ezindleleni okungenzeka ubungakulindele futhi ongakazicwaninga. Ukuzimisela ukushintsha umqondo wakho noma ukucabanga kabusha noma ukujabulisa imibono emisha, ngisho naleyo ephikisana neminye yemibono yakho yangaphambili. Okwesibili kukho konke, ngeshwa, ayikho enye indlela yokusebenza kanzima kanye nesikhathi esiningi. Akukho okungathatha indawo yocwaningo olunzulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulwenza ngendlela yakudala njengoba ngabhala izincwadi zami zokuqala—ukuya ezinqolobaneni zomlando, ukubhala amanothi ngepensela—noma namuhla, ngiphenya i-inthanethi nezingosi zolwazi. Akunandaba ukuthi ukwenza kanjani. Ukujula kocwaningo, izinga locwaningo. Kufanele uzimisele ngempela ukuchitha isikhathi… futhi akuyona yonke indaba leyo, kufanele futhi ube nokuqondisisa, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho kuzinikela, ukusho lokho, emsebenzini wezandla, ngeke uphumelele ngaleyo ndlela.
Isiphi isikhathi esingokomlando osithola sithakazelisa kakhulu?
Iningi lokubhala kwami komlando bekusesikhathini seMpi Yombango, echazwe kabanzi. Ngamanye amazwi, incwadi yami yokuqala yayisephathini yeRiphabhulikhi ngaphambi kweMpi Yombango. Ngangibhale okuningi nge-Reconstruction, Lincoln, inkululeko. Ngaphuma, ngabhala ngoTom Paine kanye nenkathi yamakholoni, inkathi yeRevolutionary, futhi vele ngabhala incwadi yomlando waseMelika eyayidinga ukuthi ngifunde okuningi ngezinkathi nezinkinga engangingazange ngizifunde ngokujulile. . Kodwa ngokuqinisekile ngithola phakathi nekhulu le-19, iMpi Yombango, ubugqila, Ukwakhiwa Kabusha, akugcini nje ngokuthakazelisa kodwa kusebenza phakade emphakathini wethu namuhla.
Ubani owayenguthisha wezomlando owawumthanda kakhulu?
Kwakukhona ezimbili enganginazo ngisengumfundi we-undergraduate ngase ngingumfundi oneziqu e-Columbia. Futhi zihluke kakhulu, yingakho ngikhetha ezimbili. Omunye kwakunguJames P. Shenton owayengumfundisi ovelele nothisha wasekilasini—engesona isazi esikhiqiza kakhulu, umuntu ozinikele ngempela ekufundiseni, kubafundi, ekukhuthazeni abafundi, futhi eyisibonelo ngempela sendlela uthisha angakhuthaza ngayo izithakazelo zabafundi. Isifundo sokuqala engake ngasithatha emlandweni ezingeni lasekolishi kwakuyisemina yakhe yonyaka wonke ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, ukufika kweMpi Yombango, ukwakhiwa kabusha kweMpi Yombango, futhi ngisakufunda lokho, ngakho-ke kukukhombisa ukuthi uShenton unjani. kwaba naleli thonya kimi.
Khona-ke kwakukhona umphathi wami we-PhD u-Richard Hofstadter owayengeyena, ngizokubeka kanjani, uthisha onamandla njengo-Shenton. Wayengeyena umfundisi ovelele kodwa wayengumbhali okhaliphile. Ngifunde inani elikhulu ngokubhala kanye nokwakha imibono yomlando evela kwa-Hofstadter, kanye nezinhlobo zezindaba engizinikele kuzo umsebenzi wami yizindaba ze-Hofstadter: Isiko lezepolitiki, imibono yezepolitiki, ubudlelwano phakathi kwezepolitiki nomphakathi, ngiqonde ukuthi, yilolo hlobo. yento u-Hofstadter angikhuthaza ukuba ngiyifunde, ngakho ngandlela thize inhlanganisela yalaba ababili kungaba othisha bami engibathandayo.
Ayini amathemba akho ngomhlaba kanye nomlando wenhlalo njengesiyalo?
Ayikho indlela eyodwa yokufunda umlando, lokho kungenye yezinto ezinhle ngomlando njengesiyalo. Ayikho indlela eyodwa, yeqiniso yokwenza umlando. Ziningi izindlela ezisemthethweni zokuyifundisisa, kodwa nginethemba lokuthi umlando uzohlala ubalulekile futhi umlando uzoqhubeka njengoba bekufanele futhi wenze esikhathini esedlule ukwazisa izakhamizi ngomphakathi wethu, ngomlando wethu nezinkinga zethu, ngekusasa lethu , kanye nokufinyelela izethameli zabo bobabili abafundi nabantu abangaphandle kwesikole. Ngicabanga ukuthi osomlando banesibopho sokuzama ukwenza lokho, futhi ngethemba ukuthi singaqhubeka ngaleyo ndlela.
Ingabe ungumnikazi wanoma imuphi umlando ongavamile noma izincwadi eziqoqwayo? Ingabe uyawaqoqa ama-artifact ahlobene nomlando?
Nginezinkulungwane zezincwadi ehhovisi lami e-Columbia. nginezinkulungwane ezintathu noma ezine. Akuzona izincwadi ezingavamile, azizona izincwadi eziqoqwayo, cishe cishe zonke izincwadi enginazo futhi zisemtatsheni wezincwadi waseColumbia—umtapo wolwazi omkhulu. Nginalo iqoqo lalawa ma-artifact, kodwa ama-artifact ohlobo olungavamile. Abafundi banginika izinto, ngokuvamile ngendlela ehlekisayo—imibhalo emincane yezibalo zomlando: uLincoln, uGrant, uThaddeus Stevens—izikhumbuzo ezivela ezindaweni abazivakashele engikhulume ngazo ekilasini. Nginesitsha sikakotini othile angithumelele sona esuka eMississippi. Nginezinto eziyisikhumbuzo ezivela ekubhukheni kwaboMdabu baseMelika, ngakho-ke ngineqoqo elincane lezinto. Ayikho into ebalulekile kodwa iwuhlobo lwama-artifact amancane nje omlando waseMelika athatha ishalofu noma amabili ehhovisi lami. Nginezithombe ngenkathi ngivakashela eGraceland ezansi eduze kwaseMemphis ngenkathi ngifundisa eNyuvesi yaseMemphis. Ngangivakashele indlu ka-Elvis eGraceland, ngakho izinto ezinjalo, izikhumbuzo ezincane zase-Americana.
Yini oyithole ikuzuzisa kakhulu futhi ekukhungathekisa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakho?
Ngicabanga ukuthi okuvuzayo ukuthi ezinye zezincwadi zami, noma kunjalo, zibonakala zibe nomthelela omkhulu endleleni abantu abacabanga ngayo ngomlando waseMelika, ngaphakathi nangaphandle komsebenzi wesikole. Okuzuzisayo ukuthi ube nomuzwa wokuthi empeleni—uyazi, ngisekupheleni komsebenzi wami ngomqondo wokuthi ngisanda kuthatha umhlalaphansi ekufundiseni muva nje—ukuthi wenze umehluko, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngezindawo zomlando waseMelika engibhale ngazo, futhi ikakhulukazi incwadi yami Emayelana Nokwakha Kabusha. Ngikuthola kuzuzisa kakhulu ukuthi abantu abaningi abagqugquzelwa yikho ngandlela thize, ikakhulukazi abantu abayizishoshovu abazama ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano bobuhlanga e-United States namuhla, babhekane nezinye zezinkinga ezijulile esinazo. Kaningi ngizwa kubantu abafundile Ukwakha kabusha futhi bangitshela ukuthi kubakhuthaze bazame ukuthatha isinyathelo namuhla, engicabanga ukuthi kuhle kakhulu.
Okukhungathekisayo, yiqiniso, ukuthi abantu abaningi kuleli zwe, nakuba ngokuvamile bethanda kakhulu umlando, abanawo umqondo ocacile wesikhathi sethu esidlule (futhi angibasoli, mhlawumbe iphutha losomlando esinalo. 'kukhulunywe kangcono), kodwa kunegebe elibanzi kakhulu phakathi kokuthi izazi-mlando ziqonda kanjani isikhathi esedlule saseMelika kanye nendlela abantu abavamile abasenza ngayo, futhi mhlawumbe Ukwakhiwa Kabusha kuyisibonelo esihle kakhulu salokho. Kukhona ngempela igebe elibanzi kakhulu phakathi kwemibono edumile—uma likhona—ngokuvamile kuwukungazi mayelana Nokwakha Kabusha kanye nendlela izifundiswa ezikhuluma ngayo ngakho, futhi ukuvala lelo gebe kuyinto engicabanga ukuthi kuyinselele njalo.
Ngabe kushintshe kanjani ukufunda komlando ngesikhathi somsebenzi wakho?
Kakhulu, ngomqondo wokuthi i-PhD yami yabhalwa eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ngokuyisisekelo, futhi kusukela lapho, ngibone ukukhuphuka kohlu olusha lwezifundo zomlando: umlando wezenhlalo, umlando wezabasebenzi, umlando wase-Afrika waseMelika, umlando we abesifazane. Yebo, lezi bezikhona ngendlela encane kakhulu ngaphambili, kodwa manje seziyizindawo eziyinhloko zocwaningo lomlando. Ngamanye amazwi, "izinhlamvu zabalingisi" abantu abazifunda emlandweni waseMelika zikhule kakhulu kusukela ngisekolishi futhi ngisesikoleni. Uhlobo lwezinto zomthombo ezitholakala kosomlando, ngenxa ye-inthanethi kanye nedijithali, seluqhumile. Sekube khona izinto ezifinyeleleka kakhulu kunakuqala.
Ngomqondo othile, mhlawumbe izinto azikashintshi kangako njengoba singaphakamisa. Kusesekhona, njengoba ngike ngasho ngaphambili, ayikho enye indlela yokusebenza kanzima kocwaningo, ukubhala, ukuqagela, njll. Ikhompyutha ngeke isenze lokho. Nokho. Ngethemba ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke. Ukucabanga nokubhala ngomlando cishe akuhlukile kangako, nakuba indaba yomlando isishintshile futhi nesisekelo somlando sishintshile.
Isiphi isisho osithandayo esihlobene nomlando? Ingabe uze neyakho?
Kunezinto ezimbalwa engivame ukuziphinda kubafundi bami. U-Oscar Wilde, ngiyakholwa, wathi, “Ukuphela kwesibopho esinaso emlandweni wukuwubhala kabusha,” engicabanga ukuthi muhle. U-Ernest Renan, isazi-mlando esingumFulentshi sekhulu le-19, sasho okuthile ngomphumela—lena inguqulo embi—“isazi-mlando siyisitha sesizwe.” Ngiyaye ngibuze bafundi ukuthi usho ukuthini ngalokho? “Isitha sesizwe.” Ingabe lokho kusho ukuthi singamambuka? Cha, lokhu akushoyo ukuthi izizwe zakhelwe phezu kwezinganekwane, izinganekwane zomlando, bese kufika isazi somlando futhi uma enza umsebenzi wakhe, ahlakaze lezo zinganekwane, futhi ngokuvamile lokho kwenza umbhali-mlando angathandwa kakhulu. Abantu bayazithanda izinganekwane zabo kodwa “izinganekwane” akuyona indlela enhle yokuqonda ukuthi umphakathi wathuthuka kanjani uze ufike lapho ukhona namuhla.
Esinye isisho, lesi sibuyela kuCarl Becker, "Umlando yilokho okwamanje okukhetha ukukukhumbula mayelana nesikhathi esedlule." Ngamanye amazwi, uzama ukusitshela ukuthi umlando udalwa isazi-mlando ngendlela ethile, ukulandisa komlando ukudalwa komlando. Amaqiniso omlando akhona kodwa ukukhethwa kwamaqiniso nokuhlanganiswa kwamaqiniso kundaba exoxwayo kuyisenzo somcabango womlando. Ayivele ibe khona ngokuzimela esikhathini esedlule.
Isisho sami, angazi noma yimina engisungule lokhu—mhlawumbe ngasungula—engitshela abafundi ukuthi “ayikho into elula njengokuthola lokho okufunayo.” Ngamanye amazwi, leso isicelo sami sokuthi ngivuleke umqondo. Uma uya kungobo yomlando, unokuqagela okuthile kodwa kulula kakhulu ukuthola okufunayo futhi ungaziba lezo zinto ezingahambisani nokucabanga kwakho, futhi awukwazi ukwenza lokho. Kufanele, njengoba besho, ube nomqondo ovulekile ngokwanele ukuze uzimisele ukushintsha umqondo wakho lapho uhlangabezana nobufakazi obuphikisayo. Lezo zinto zazisemqondweni wami ngoba njengoba kwenzeka, ngangivame ukufundisa amasemina, njll. Ngangiqala iseshini yokuqala ngohlu lwalezi zingcaphuno eziphathelene nomlando futhi ngicele abafundi ukuthi baxoxe ngazo nokuthi basitshelani ngalokho esiyikho. uzokwenza leyo semester.
Wenzani ngokulandelayo?
Lokho kusazobonakala. Njengoba ngishilo, ngithathe umhlalaphansi ekufundiseni muva nje kodwa ngandlela thize ngimatasa kakhulu. Angazi kungani, angizizwa ngithathe umhlalaphansi. Ngenza izinkulumo ezindaweni eziningi. Ngichithe inyanga yonke kaMashi eChina ngifundisa emanyuvesi akhona. Anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi umsebenzi wami olandelayo wokufunda uzoba yini kodwa ngibonakala ngimatasatasa ngihambahamba nje. Manje siphakathi kweminyaka engu-150 yoKwakha Kabusha, ngakho ngithola izimemo eziningi zokuyofundisa ezindaweni ezimayelana Nokwakha Kabusha nokuthi kungani kubalulekile emlandweni waseMelika. Ngiphinde ngibhale ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kanye nama-Op Eds nezinto, ngakho-ke ngisaxoxa futhi ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi ngizophendukela kwenye incwadi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa hhayi okwamanje.
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