I-Ukraine idlule ekugqugquzeleni abantu abaningi kanye noguquko lwezepolitiki ngoNovemba, 2014 - February, 2015. Kulokhu kufana nemizabalazo yaseTunisia naseGibhithe kusukela ngo-2010, futhi njengaseGibhithe, imiphumela yale mishikashika (kuze kube manje) idumaze kakhulu kwesobunxele e-United States futhi, ngempela, nakwamanye amazwe. Ngokungafani nemizabalazo yaseGibhithe naseTunisia, nokho, kwasekuqaleni imizabalazo yase-Ukraine yabonakala ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesobunxele. Abanye baye babheka imizabalazo kaMaidan njengenhlangano engekho emthethweni eyayisekela umbuso we-US (noma i-US/EU) futhi kufanele yiphikiswe. Abanye baye bayibheka kahle kakhudlwana.
Ingxoxo eningi kakhulu ngakwesobunxele kanye nemibhalo eqhubekayo, ngokubona kwami, igxile ezicini zezwe lemizabalazo yase-Ukraine. Kuncane kakhulu okugxile ekuhlulekeni kwaleyo nhlangano eyaphumelela ukuketula ohulumeni bayo e-Ukraine kodwa nase-Egypt naseTunisia ukuletha ohulumeni abasuka ekwesekeni ukuqina, ukuqiniswa kwamabhande, kanye nokweseka i-neo-liberalism. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ingxoxo encane kakhulu igxile ekuhlulekeni kwemisinga yesokunxele kunoma iyiphi yale minyakazo ukuze kwenziwe imizamo engathi sรญna yokuletha i-socialist, i-anarchist, isazi sezemvelo noma ukuhlelwa kabusha okuvundlile kokuhleleka kwezomnotho nezenhlalo yomphakathi.
Kulesi sihloko, ngiqale ngizama ukucacisa okwenzeka e-Ukraine, ngigxile kakhulu ezenzakalweni zenhlangano yaseKyiv Maidan kodwa futhi ngikhuluma ngokwenzekile kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Engikushoyo ngikusekela emazwini abangani bami ababambe iqhaza kuwo. Ekupheleni kwephepha, ngizophinde ngikhulume ngemibuzo eminingana ebalulekile yokuhlaziya: 1. Kungani uhulumeni owavela enguqukweni edumile yezepolitiki ube uphiko olufanele; 2. kungani kungekho mnyakazo wesixuku othuthukile ukuphikisa ukusuka kwesokunxele ukuqina osekunciphise kakhulu izinga lokuphila ezinyangeni kusukela kulokhu kuvukela umbuso; futhi 3. ithini imiphumela yalezi zenzakalo kumanxele akhona ngempela emazweni โasemva kobuKhomanisiโ nasemhlabeni wonke.
Ngokungafani nabantu abaningi baseMelika ababhala futhi bakhulume ngalezi zenzakalo, ngaba nabangane abambalwa abahle e-Ukraine ngaphambi kokuba lezi zenzakalo ziqale. Ngihlangane nabo ngoba ngenze ucwaningo (futhi ngasiza ekulweni) mayelana ne-HIV/AIDS kusukela ngo-1983, inani elikhulu lalolu cwaningo ligxile kubantu abasebenzisa izidakamizwa nemiphakathi yabo. Ngawo-1990, ngemva kokuhlukana kwe-USSR, i-HIV yaqala ukusabalala phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezidakamizwa base-Ukraine nabathengisa ngocansi. Abantu kamuva ababa abangane bami bahileleka emizamweni yokunqanda ukusakazeka kwayo nokusiza labo ababegula, ikakhulukazi ngemisebenzi ye-International AIDS Alliance Ukraine, izikhungo ezihlukahlukene zezokwelapha kanye ne-All-Ukrainian Network of People Living with HIV. Ngingene emizamweni yabo ngo-2010 lapho benquma ukusebenzisa eminye yemibono yami ukuzama ukunqanda ukusabalala kwe-HIV. Eminyakeni embalwa elandelayo, ikakhulukazi lapho ngivakashela e-Ukraine kabili noma kathathu ngonyaka kodwa nalapho sizohlangana ezingqungqutheleni zamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye/noma i-HIV, sahlanganyela kule mizamo nakweminye yemisebenzi yabo. Kwezinye izimo, saba abangane abakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izimo, babefuna iseluleko sami ngezinkinga abathandanayo noma ezinye izindaba ezithinta inhliziyo.
Kolunye uhambo lwami lokuqala lokuya e-Ukraine, cishe eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokuba kuqale imishikashika yakwaMaidan, ngahlatshwa umxhwele indlela umuzwa wombuso waseRussia owawujule kakhulu ngayo ezingqondweni zabangane bami kunalokho engangikulindele. Kwakusekelwe ekuqondeni kwabo, ngokusekelwe kulokho abakufunda esikoleni nasezikhumbuzweni zomndeni, kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu base-Ukraine ngaphambi kuka-1917, phakathi neNguquko, kusukela endlaleni nasekucindezelweni kombuso ngawo-1930, nasemamashumini eminyaka kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Kuhlabeke umxhwele kakhulu kimi ngowesifazane osemusha engike ngasebenza naye owakhulela e-Odessa emndenini ongakhethi. Njengoba ngicabanga ngalokho ababekusho mayelana nalokhu kanye nezinye izihloko zezombangazwe nezomnotho, ngiye ngabona ukuthi ukujula kokuqonda kwabangane bami e-Ukraineโfuthi nginganezela, nabangane bami baseRussia nasePoland abasebenza nabo. abasebenzisi bezidakamizwa, abathengisa ngomzimba nabanye ababhekene nobhadane lwe-HIV emazweni aboโkulolongwa ngokujulile ukuqonda kwabo ukuthi lokho abanye abakubiza ngokuthi โi-state socialismโ kwakuyinto embi. Njengoba bafundiswa, futhi befundiswa, ukuthi lokhu kuwumnyombo weMarxism kanye nomcabango omelene nonxiwankulu, lokhu kubeka izithiyo ekucabangeni kwabangane bami ngemiphumela namasu angenzeka enguquko yabo yaseMaidanโimigoqo eyinselele ngisho nangaphezu kwaleyo esibhekene nayo. e-USA
Ngesikhathi sokuzabalaza kukaMaidan, ngaba nezingxoxo nabanye babo nge-Skype kanye ne-e-mail, futhi ngaba nethuba ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari, 2014, njengoba imizabalazo kaMaidan isondela esicongweni, ukuba nengxoxo yamahora ambalwa ubuso nobuso nomunye. zabo kwelinye izwe esimweni lapho singakhuluma ngokukhululeka sinokwesaba okuncane kakhulu kokuthi abanye bazokwazi esikushoyo. Ngaleso sikhathi, okwangihlaba umxhwele kwaba ukufana phakathi kwalokhu ayekuchaza kanye nalokho engikukhumbulayo ngenhlangano yase-US maphakathi nawo-1960 mayelana nomzamo wayo wokuhlela intando yeningi ngaphansi ngenkathi ibambe iqhaza emzabalazweni ongafa nokufa. "isakhiwo samandla." NgoMeyi, ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana e-Odessa, abangane bami ababili, kuhlanganise nalona engakhuluma naye ngoJanuwari, babeseNew York futhi besehhovisi lami lapho bezwa ngendlela ukungqubuzana phakathi kosekela no-anti-Maidan. amabutho ayebandakanye udlame olukhulu kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, nokuthi lokhu kwaholela kanjani enhlekeleleni yezishoshovu eziningi ezimelene noMaidan zibulawa emlilweni esakhiweni ababephephele kuso (ngenkathi beqhubeka nokudubulana namasosha asekela uMaidan.) Ngaleso sikhathi, kwase kusobala ukuthi ukuqondisa kwedemokhrasi yentando yeningi yokuqaphela kwabo kwakushukunyiswa izehlakalo zibe indlela yobuzwe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngikhulume nabangane base-Ukraine ubuso nobuso e-Australia ngesikhathi seNgqungquthela Yengculazi Yamazwe Ngamazwe kanye nasohambweni lwamasonto amabili oluya e-Odessa naseKyiv ngoFebhuwari nangoMeyi, 2015. Phakathi nohambo lwangoFebhuwari, ngaba nezingxoxo ezinde mayelana nokuthi kwakuhambeni. on, futhi wathola ukuphawula okubhaliwe noma izincazelo kwabambalwa babo.
Okushiwo lokhu ukuthi nginesiqiniseko esiphusile sokuthi izincazelo abanginike zona kulezi zinyanga beziyizincazelo ezithembekile. Ngokungafani nokuningi kwalokho esikufundayo, azizange zethulwe ngomlomo noma zibhalwe โngezinjongo zezombangazweโ kodwa kunalokho njengezinkulumo kumngane. Kukhona okuhlukile kulokhu, mhlawumbe, ngokuthi ngesikhathi bekhuluma nami ngoFebhuwari, 2015, babazi ukuthi ngihlele ukuyibhala ukuze ishicilelwe e-US. (Futhi bayazi ukuthi ngiyisishoshovu sokulwa nempi kaMarxist e-US, nokuthi izethameli zami eziyinhloko nazo zizosala. Okuyinto, engingase ngengeze, abangani bami abanjalo.) Kodwa nakulezi zimo, babekhuluma nami ngokuyinhloko njengeqembu umngane. Lokhu akusho neze ukuthi ngicabanga ukuthi amazwi abo โawathathi hlangothiโ noma โayinhloso,โ njengoba lokhu kungenakwenzeka ezingxabanweni zomphakathi zalolu hlobo. Kodwa ngikholwa ukuthi babeyimibiko eqotho ngabakwenzile nabakubonayo.
Kuleli qophelo, ngizokwethula izincazelo ezimbalwa abanganginika zona ngokwenzeka eKyiv Maidan phakathi nezinyanga zomzabalazo ngoNovemba, 2013, kuze kube nguFebhuwari, 2014. Ngethula zihlelwe ukuze zicaciselwe kuphela.
Izikhumbuzo zeKyiv Maidan
Lolu hlelo lokuqala lwezinkumbulo luvela kosanda kuphothula izifundo zezempilo zomphakathi e-Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, okuwukuphela kwenyuvesi efundisa impilo yomphakathi ezweni. Bengimcelile ukuthi abhale isipiliyoni sakhe futhi yilokhu akubhalile. Ezingxoxweni, ubhekisela kulezi zenzakalo njengenguquko yazo.
Lapho zonke lezi zenzakalo ziqala, akekho owayengacabanga ukuthi leso simo sizokwehla kuze kube manje. Kwaba sekupheleni kwekwindla futhi wonke umuntu wayelindele ukusayina isinqumo sokungena ku-EU. Kuwo wonke umuntu wase-Ukraine kwakusho okuhlukile: kwabanye kwakuyithuba lokuhamba, abanye bakubona njengethuba lokuphila njengaseYurophu. Wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi le nqubo izoba nzima, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, iyadingeka kakhulu. Lapho u-Yanukovych [ngaleso sikhathi owayenguMongameli] ethi ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano kudluliselwa [ukuze kumiswe isivumelwano neRussia esikhundleni], kwaba uphawu lokuqala lokuthi sikhohlisiwe. Sezwa izithembiso, sase singazitholanga. Futhi ngakho kuzoqhubeka esikhathini esizayo uma kungashintshwa lutho. Abafundi bebelokhu bewuhlobo lwamavukelambuso, ngakho-ke bekungangabazeki ukuthi amalungelo ethu kumele alwelwe, uma siqhubeka nokuthula manje, bazosiqola njalo. Inhloko yephalamende lethu labafundi kanye nozakwabo waseNyuvesi Yesizwe bahlela umhlangano wabafundi futhi ngangazi ukuthi kufanele ngibe yingxenye yawo. Sahlangana eduze nesikole sase-Kyiv-Mohyla kanye nothisha bethu nabathweswe iziqu. Kwakunabantu okungenani abangu-500. Ngaleso sikhathi ngangingaqondi nokuthi sasisekuqaleni kwempi. Kwaba kubi kakhulu ukuthi abanye osopolitiki bafuna ukwenza umbono womphakathi ngesifiso sethu sokuthi sikhululekile.
Ngicabanga ukuthi uMaidan wayenamaphuzu akhe amathathu ayinhloko [enhlekelele]. Esokuqala kwaba ngobusuku lapho amaphoyisa eshaya itiyela kubafundi. Abanye babo ngabangane bami. Bengilapho kwaze kwaba ngu-8pm futhi kunzima ukukuqonda ukuthi bengisanda kushiya isikwele esikhulu amahora ambalwa ngaphambi kokuthi yonke into iqale. Abantu abaningi bacasulwa yilesi senzo base beya eMaidane beyoveza umbono wabo. Abantu base-Ukraine bahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: labo ababengawasekeli amandla njengoba ayenjalo nalabo abawasekelayo. Kodwa angiyiqondi ingxenye ababengathathi hlangothi. Ngicabanga ukuthi kwakuwububi obukhulu kakhulu.
Ngemva kukaNcibijane, ka-2014, abantu balahlekelwa inkolelo yabo yokuthi kukhona okungashintshwa base bebuyela emakhaya. Ngangingomunye wabo futhi ngangicabanga ukuthi asinalo ithuba lokushintsha isimo. Kodwa izinto ezenzeka phakathi noJanuwari zasishintsha umqondo. Imithetho eyamukelwa yaphoqa abantu abaningi ukuthi babuye. [Le mithetho yenza ababhikishi babe ngobugebengu.โSF ] Bekuyiphuzu [inkinga] yesibili eyinhloko. Sasisaba ukuhlala sodwa; sasihamba ngamaqembu amakhulu kuphela, ngoba sasazi ukuthi asinaso isivikelo. Amandla ethu kwakuyizwi lethu.
Indawo eyashisa kakhulu uMaidan kwaba ngoFebhuwari lapho beqala ukubulala abantu. Ngithe uma ngibheka lezi zindaba angikwazanga nokucabanga ukuthi lezo zigameko zenzeka kubantu bakithi nasezweni lakithi. Ngangingakwazi ukubuka umabonakude ngaphandle kwezinyembezi. Lapho ufika eMaidan, waqonda ukuthi kwakungekho stratification: abantu abacebile babemi eduze kwabampofu futhi babe nenhloso efanayo - babefuna ukuvikela amalungelo abo futhi bamise i-junta yaseYanukovich. Uhlangothi oluhle lwalezi zenzakalo kwaba izinguquko emiqondweni yabantu. Angikaze ngizwe ukuthi lingaba lihle kangakanani iculo elenziwa izigidi zabantu base-Ukraine. Naphezu kwezinkulungwane zabantu abafayo, baningi abantu ababecabanga ukuthi siyahlanya, ikakhulukazi lapho isimo somnotho siwohloka. Abanye babo babengabangane bami. Ngaqale ngaxabana nabo ngashaywa wuvalo, kodwa ngaqonda ukuthi akukho okungashintsha umqondo wabo ngavele ngabacela ukuthi basule inombolo yami yocingo. Babeyizimpumputhe. Babecabanga ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle kanti lezi zinhlanya zibhubhisa izulu labo.
Yiziphi izindlela, uma zikhona, owabamba ngazo iqhaza?
Lapho siwela umugqa wempi [ingxabano enobudlova eMaidan] ngo-February, ngaqonda ukuthi kufanele ngisize labo bantu ababelwela inkululeko yami. Ngangazi ukuthi ngangingeke ngikwazi ukusiza labo bantu abanesibindi ababesempini, kodwa ngaqonda ukuthi kwakufanele ngibenzele okuthile. Sasisebenza ekhishini lasensimini: senze itiye, siphekele amadoda ethu ukudla. Kwangimangaza ukuhlanzeka nokuzithiba. Angizizwanga ukukhathala ekupheleni kosuku injabulo kuphela; kwaba ukwehla kwami โโolwandle lwenkululeko. Futhi, sasiza ekuthatheni isikhokhelo, ukuthenga ukudla nezingubo, imithi nezinto zokusebenza. Lapho ngibuyela ekhaya, ngangilindele usuku olulandelayo lapho ngingenza khona into encane kodwa edingeka kakhulu ezweni lakithi.
Ngabe zikhona izinto obufuna ukuzenza lapho kodwa ongakwazanga ukuzenza ngoba ungumuntu wesifazane? Noma ngezinye izizathu?
Yebo, ngangingeke ngikwazi ukulwa empini. Kodwa futhi angikwazanga ukusiza abantu esibhedlela ngenxa yezizathu ezithile: okokuqala, anginayo imfundo kulo mkhakha; futhi, angikwazanga ukubekezelela ukubona ukuthi bangaki abantu ababefele inkululeko yethu. Kwakuyingozi kakhulu kimi, ikakhulukazi lapho uhlangana nabantu ababecabanga ukuthi sasimosha isikhathi sethu esilahlekile futhi akukho esingakwenza.
Ingabe ikusize ukuthuthukisa amakhono amasha noma izindlela ezintsha zokucabanga?
Ngicabanga ukuthi izenzakalo ezenzeka kuMaidan zangishintsha kakhulu. Ngakhulela emkhayeni okhuluma isiRashiya, ngangingakaze ngishisekele izwe futhi ngingaluthandi kakhulu uphawu lwase-Ukraine. Kodwa manje ngiyazi ukuthi ngingowase-Ukraine futhi ngiyaziqhenya ngakho. Ngiyazi ukuthi uma singazishintshi thina nekusasa lethu, akekho ozosenzela kona. Angesabi ukukhuluma iqiniso. Ngicabanga ukuthi uma sifuna ukuguqula umphakathi, kubalulekile ukuthi uqale ngawe, futhi ungadluliseli umthwalo wamaphutha ethu komunye umuntu. Kuwubuwula ukucabanga ukuthi umuntu omusha uzofika [esikhundleni] futhi aguqule yonke into, futhi uma kungashintshi lutho uyoba necala. Ngiyaqonda ukuthi angingedwa futhi nabantu abangaziwa bangangisiza ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo. Singasishintsha isimo uma silwa ndawonye nsuku zonke. Ngiyaqonda ukuthi siphakathi nendawo, kodwa asinalo ilungelo lokuyeka, ngoba baningi abantu asebebulewe ukuze kusinike ithuba lokujabula.
Kuleli qophelo, ngizoveza izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile kodwa eziphazamisayo kulokho akubhalile. Kuyacaca ukuthi umzabalazo awuzange uphakamise izingqinamba zezigaba emqondweni wakhe, kodwa kunalokho usasho ngembaba ukuthi โkwakungekho ukuhlukaniswaโ phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu emzabalazweni. Kuyacaca futhi ukuthi wakwamukela ukuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi ngokobulili emzabalazweniโamadoda alwa, abesifazane benza umsebenzi wokusekela. Cishe kufanele ukubalula, uma kubhekwa lokho okwabhalwa ngabathile abezindaba kanye nabathuthukayo e-United States mayelana nokubaluleka kwezingxabano phakathi "kwamaRussia" kanye "nama-Ukrainians" kulezi zingxabano, uvela emndenini okhuluma isiRashiya, kodwa izehlakalo azibambe iqhaza. wamenza wazibona njengomuntu wase-Ukraine oshisekela izwe. Ekugcineni, wenza isitatimende esiphikisana ngokuphelele nezimangalo zabaningi โabathuthukayoโ e-US nakwezinye izindawo zokuthi okubambe iqhaza kwaba โukuketula umbuso.โ Ukubeka ngokucacile ukuthi: โAngikaze ngizwe ukuthi iculo eliculwa izigidi zabantu base-Ukraine lingaba lihle kangakanani.โ Noma ubani oke waba yingxenye yezenzo ezinkulu zesixuku uyazi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuthi bangaki abantu abalapho, kodwa futhi uyazi ukuthi isitatimende esifana nesakhe sibonisa iqiniso lomnyakazo omkhulu ngempela. (Ngezansi, ngizohlaziya le nguquko ngokwamaphutha ayo amaningi, kanye nemibuzo ephazamisayo ukwehluleka kwayo ukuba yinhlangano ezama ukuguqula ubudlelwano bomphakathi obuyisisekelo. Kulokhu, ngingangeza, kufana nokwehluleka okufanayo kwemibhikisho yaseTahrir. Isikwele eGibhithe kanye nenguquko yaseTunisia ngaphambi kwayo.)
Incazelo yami elandelayo inikezwa ngowesilisa engimazi kusukela ngo-2010 futhi osephenduke umngane othandekayo ngempela. Ngaxoxisana naye ngesidlo eside se-brunch ngoFebhuwari, 2015, ngathayipha amanothi, futhi ngawathumela kuye ukuze ashintshe. Wengeze imininingwane eminingi ebhalwe phansi. Lapho ngimxoxisana, ngambuza imibuzo evamile (ekubakakeni), futhi izimpendulo zakhe zakhiwe yilokho.
- (Kwakuxhaswa kanjani ngezimali ukudla nezinye izinto ezazisetshenziswa emibukisweni yaseMaidan?)
Iminikelo eminingi yalethwa ngamabhasi namaloli evela eNtshonalanga Ukraine. Abantu babenikela ngokudla, imali, izingubo ezindala emabhokisini enkongozelo. Abanye baphuma emaqenjini ezepolitiki besebenzela abantu bamaqembu abo noma amatende eqembu labo. Iningi labantu eMaidan lalingamavolontiya futhi lingakhokhelwa, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi amaqembu ayenikeza amalungu athile imadlana encane futhi anikeze izinto zokuhamba eziya eKyiv. I-Batkivschina, i-Svoboda (amaqembu aphikisayo) yayinamatende awo futhi kungenzeka ukuthi yayikhokha imali ethile kubantu ababelapho (kodwa mhlawumbe abantu abangu-50 bakhokhelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezazilapho kakhulu) futhi baxhasa ngemali ethile yokuhlinzeka, njengophethiloli. amajeneretha, amajeneretha, ezinye izinkuni. Kwaba nesidingo esincane sokudla namanzi njengoba kulethwa izakhamuzi zaseKyiv njalo ngamanani amakhulu kanye nezingubo ezintsha ezifudumele nezike zasetshenziswa. Izimpahla ezisezingeni eliphezulu - izindlu zangasese, amajeneretha kagesi, uphethiloli, amatende amakhulu ezempi, njll. kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuhlinzekwa amaqembu aphikisayo noma izinhlangano zomphakathi ezinkulu noma izinhlangano zezombusazwe.
Futhi bekukhona namaqembu amasha azihlelele umphakathi akhiwe enza izinto eziningi ezizungeze uMaidan. Kwakukhona i-hot-line ehlelwe kahle (enabantu abavolontiya ukubiza abantu abahlukene futhi bahlele izimpahla kanye nokulethwa ohlwini abaluqoqile ngezidingo ezivela ku-Maidan. Ngokwesibonelo nsuku zonke babebuyekeza uhlu lwewebhusayithi lwezidingo (izingubo, amasokisi, amatende , imiphongolo, izinkuni zokubasa, amanzi, izifudumezi, izigqoko zokwakha, amafosholo eqhwa, amasaka, ohhavini bamalahle, izinkuni ezinkulu zokuvimbela, ucingo, imithi ebandayo) bese abantu bebeka noma yini abangayithenga noma banikele, balethe noma bacele nje othile ukuba thatha Izinto ezincane zalethwa abantu ngabanye, amanani amakhulu futhi amakhulu ngokweqile ngamaloli afana naleli engangilisebenzisa. Kamuva uphethiloli namafutha (โitiye lama-cocktailsโ) namabhodlela kabhiya angenalutho (โingilaziโ), amathayi (โamabhejiโ) mhlawumbe babengafakwanga ohlwini ngokusemthethweni, kodwa wonke umuntu owayengase azifake engozini wayazi ukuthi yayidingeka futhi buthule wabaletha kuzo zonke izivimbelo zamaphoyisa ezizungeze iMaidan.
Ama-Centurion (ukuzivikela kwe-Maidan) ayevela ezizindeni ezihlukahlukene ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nabambalwa abavela emaphathini. Abanye babeyizisebenzi zasehhovisi zezombangazwe, abanye babengabafundi, inqwaba yezinhlobo ezahlukene zabantu. Lapho "i-radical" kakhulu [engicabanga ukuthi usho ukuthi umlwi, hhayi i-radicalism yezepolitiki] ejoyina amayunithi okulwa omkhakha welungelo ngokwezinga elithile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akekho noyedwa kwababulewe kulezi zenzo obevela ku-Right Sector. Imilando yabafelโ ukholo yaziwa kakhulu. Kwababulewe kwakuhlanganisa abafundi nezisebenzi (abaningi abavela eNtshonalanga Ukraine). Ubani owaphila futhi wafa kwaba ngezindlela eziningi umbuzo wokuthi babekuyiphi ingxenye ye-Maidan ngenkathi abahlaseli beqala ukudubula.
OMakhulu babengenayo iyunifomu. Abantu beza nezigqoko zabo. [Umngane wami] wayenesigqoko sokuzivikela somsebenzi wokwakha, kamuva asithuthukisa ngokuthenga isigqoko sokushushuluza. Abanye abantu babenehokhi yeqhwa noma izigqoko zezithuthuthu. Abantu abaningi babenezigqoko zokuzivikela zezisebenzi zokwakha ezishibhileโezazishibhile futhi abantu babenikela ngobuningi bazo.
Ngokuvamile abantu babeza eMaidan ngemva komsebenzi, bese bebuyela ekhaya phakathi kwamabili. Futhi ekuseni, lapho izitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ziqala ukusebenza, ezinye zazitheleka esigcawini, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona okunye ukuhlasela kwamaphoyisa emigoqweni ebusuku (kwakuvamise ukuthi kube ngu-3-4 ekuseni). Ngokuvamile, amatekisi ayegibela uMaidan mahhala kwabahamba ngezinyawo ababebabona behamba ngalobo busuku bokuhlasela.
Ebusuku, babembalwa ababhikishi, ngakho amaphoyisa ayezama ukuthatha uMaidan ngaleso sikhathi. Ekuseni ngezinsuku ezibalulekile, izixuku ezinkulu zazifika, futhi wawubona amaphoyisa agcwele amabhasi ephuma endaweni (aphinde abuye lapho amandla alinganayo eshintsha futhi ngobusuku obunye.)
Imigoqo yayiyizithiyo ezintathu ezijulile, Ubusuku obuningi amaphoyisa ayebamba futhi acekele phansi umgoqo ongaphandle futhi mhlawumbe nezinye, kodwa ngakusasa izixuku zazizozakhela phezulu nakakhulu. Izithiyo zazivame ukwakhiwa ngezikhwama zikadoti zepulasitiki ezigcwele iqhwa neqhwa, izinkuni ezinkulu, izintambo zensimbi, imiphongolo yensimbi. Kodwa lapho ukudubula sekuqalile, amathayi nama-cocktails kwakubalulekile. Intuthu ivimbe amaphoyisa abedubula nabadubuli. Bekugcwele itende abantu abenza amacocktail eMolotov ngophethiloli namafutha. Abantu beza nophethiloli ngamagabha, mhlawumbe ngamabhulukwe ezimoto ezizimele. Kamuva, bengeza ama-pellets e-Styrofoam futhi lokhu kwenza ingxube inamathele njenge-napalm-okusho ukuthi amaphoyisa manje aqala ukwesaba ama-cocktail akwaMolotov. Ngaphambi kokuba bahleke.
Abantu abanolwazi oluthe xaxa bahlela ukuzivikela kweMaidan.
(Kuleli qophelo, ngike ngasho ukuthi ngike ngezwa i-Independent Trade Unions izama ukuhlela itende kodwa yacindezelwa amabutho afanele. Yaphendula ngokuthi yayingakaze izwe nge-Independent Trade Unions.)
Kube nezimpi phakathi kwamaqembu ezinhlakeni ezifanele mayelana nokuthi ubani ophethe amabhilidi kamasipala noma kahulumeni ngemuva kokuthathwa kwezakhiwo eMaidan.
Umholi Wokuzivikela wayevela eqenjini lika-Tymoshenko (ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ) ngesikhathi se-Orange Revolution ngo-2004. Wayekade engumxhumanisi wokuzivikela ngaleso sikhathi.
Izindlu zangasese eMaidan zahlelwa futhi zakhokhelwa amaqembu (okungenzeka kakhulu). Mhlawumbe ngo-ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ. Ngesinye isikhathi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ngemva kokuvimbezela okukhulu kwamaphoyisa, [umngane wami] waphawula ukuthi izindlu zangasese zazigcwele futhi ziyavuza. Wathola inkampani eyayinakekela lokhu, futhi wahlela ukuba kushintshwe abahle.
Wahlela izinkuni, amathayi, ukudla njll eyedwa futhi ngokubambisana namavolontiya nabaxhumanisi ku-hotline. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zikaMaidan waletha ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-50 kwezingu-4 by 3 izihlangu zokhuni namapulangwe ukuze akhe izinqe zamatende amakhulu, imiphongolo yensimbi engaphezu kuka-30 yomlilo ovuthayo kanye namaveni amathathu agcwele izinkuni, nezikhwama zamalahle ( 250 kg). Ngesinye isikhathi imboni yamapulangwe eduze kwaseKyiv yashayela ucingo i-Maidan Hotline ithi banezinqwaba zensali abazonikela ngayo, futhi i-Hotline yashayela umngane wami ukuthi ayenze. Kwakuyizinqwaba ezinkulu. Yena nabanye balayisha evenini futhi bayithatha zonke izinsuku amasonto ambalwa. Ngezinye izinsuku wayeletha amaveni amabili noma amathathu ezinkuni (isikhathi ngasinye cishe amakhilogremu angu-3,000). Ezinye izinkuni zaziphuma ehlathini [likaMongameli] uYanukovych. (Onogada basehlathini bambiza ngasese futhi bamnikeza uMaidan.) Kwakuyizingodo neziphunzi zekhwalithi enhle, ebanzi kakhulu kodwa futhi yomile.
Ekuqaleni kwe-Maidan, bekunesizindalwazi sokubhalisa ikhono lakho lokusiza (nganoma iyiphi insiza onayo). Wabhalisa ngeloli (iveni elikhulu) ukuze akwazi ukudiliva izimpahla. Washiya inombolo yakhe yocingo futhi wavuma ukuthintwa noma nini emini noma ebusuku ukuze ahambise noma yini kuMaidan.
Kube nezikhathi lapho baba nenani elikhulu lamavolontiya nabahlinzeki bempahla. Ngezinye izikhathi, abantu babesaba kakhulu. Izikhathi ezimbalwa, lapho abantu babenganikezi lutho mahhala, umngane wami wathenga izinkuni ngemali yakhe emalolini ayemi ngaphandle kwaseKyiv, ngoba kwakunesidingo esikhulu eMaidan, ikakhulukazi lapho kubanda kakhulu. futhi kwakungacaci ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngokulandelayo.
Amaloli ayengavunyelwe ukungena edolobheni futhi nakanjani phakathi nedolobha, kodwa amaveni amakhulu emithwalo ayevumelekile. Ngakho kwakudingeka ashayele aphume edolobheni noma ezindaweni ezikude ukuze athole izinto emalolini futhi azilayishe evenini.
Amaphoyisa nawo abenezindawo zokuhlola edolobheni futhi ayemxosha ngezinye izikhathi. Ngokuvamile, wayevele athole enye indlela eya eMaidan. Ibhalansi yamandla yayinjalo kangangokuthi amaphoyisa awakwazanga ukubalekela okuningi kakhulu. Uma eseseduze kwaMaidan, angafonela uMaidan bese kufika oyedwa noma amabili abantu abazozivikela bezovula indlela yeveni.
[Ngisuse ipharagrafu lapha ukuze ngivikele umthombo wami.])
Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho uhulumeni engenise izigebengu ukuba zihlasele abantu balenhlangano emakhaya noma emigwaqweni, i-Auto-Maidan nezakhamuzi eziningi zanquma ukuzivikela, ngakho ngobunye ubusuku kwakunezimoto ezingaba ngu-2,000 50 ezazizulazula emigwaqweni. Bangathola izimoto ezingu-5 ndawana thize emizuzwini emi-10 noma engu-XNUMX besebenzisa isiteshi esivamile kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Zello.
[Uzakwabo] umtshela ukuthi abesifazane benza ukudla nabahlengikazi futhi benza ama-cocktail akwaMolotov. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, uhlelo lomsindo lwasesiteji lwaluqondisa abantu ukuthi benzeni. Abesifazane bebezotshelwa ukuthi badlulele ezindaweni zangaphakathi eduze nesiteji bese kuthi abesilisa baye phambili.
Umngani wami akazi ukuthi ubani ohlele futhi wagijima esiteji. Ukulawula kwezombusazwe kwakungaqinile kangako. Noma ubani ovela esixukwini angakhuphuka ayozikhulumela noma okungenani ngokusekelwa umphakathi okuvela kubantu baseMaidan.
Nalapha kuyacaca ukuthi le micimbi ibimikhulu futhi bezihlelele yona. Ngokwezombangazwe, izinhlangano ze-neoliberal pro-European Centre (ezifana ne-ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ) zadlala indima ebalulekile yokuqala, futhi i-Right Sector kanye nezinye zabaluleka njengoba umzabalazo uqhubekaโkodwa asikho isikhathi lapho lamaqembu abe nenani elikhulu lamalungu abuthiwe. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuzihlanganisa ngewebhu kanye nezingcingo zeMaidan Hotline kwadlala indima enkulu, njengoba kwenza izinkumbi zabantu abavele beza ukuzobamba iqhaza. Okuphinde kucace ukuthi bekuncane ukuhleleka kwesakunxeleโokube wumphumela wokungakwazi kweZinyunyana Ezizimele, abalwela amalungelo abesifazane kanye nabanye ukuhlela ngempumelelo ngezinga elikhulu eKyiv. (Inhlangano kaMaidan e-Krivih Rih, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yayizinze ezinyunyaneni zabasebenzi basezimayini.)
Incazelo yami yesithathu ngekadokotela wesifazane esengimazi iminyaka eminingana. Ngambuza ngokubhala imibuzo ethile evela njengezinhlamvu ngezansi. Izimpendulo zakhe ziyabalandela.
Imibuzo engifuna ukuyibuza e-Ukraine esimweni sezepolitiki kabusha
- Kwaxhaswa kanjani ngezimali ukudla nezinye izinto ezazisetshenziswa emibukisweni yaseMaidan?
Ngokuqinisekile, ezigabeni zangaphambili zikaMaidan kwakukhona izimali ezivela emaqenjini ezombusazwe ahlukene (futhi mhlawumbe amanye ama-oligarchs), kodwa ngesikhathi esithile kamuva abantu baqala ukuba namaqembu azihlelele anesibopho sezinsizakalo ezahlukene ezidingekayo eMaidan. Amanethiwekhi omphakathi asetshenziswe njengomthombo oyinhloko wokuxhumanisa. Kwahlelwa izintambo zocingo ezishisayo futhi lolu lwazi lwabiwa nange-inthanethi. Izidingo zangempela zazibuyekezwa nsuku zonke (njengezidingo zabantu, ukudla, izinsiza). Ama-akhawunti asebhange adalwe ukuze noma ubani wase-Ukraine noma ovela kwamanye amazwe akwazi ukunikela ngemali.
Futhi ezinye izinkampani nezikhungo zahlela amaqembu angaphakathi ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuxhasa uMaidan (ukuqoqa imali njll.) Ezinye izinsuku zokusebenza zahoxiswa ukuze abantu bakwazi ukujoyina inhlangano.
- Kuthiwani kwezinye izingxenye zezwe?
Ngokwazi kwami, eNtshonalanga Ukraine nakwezinye Izifunda (ngaphandle kwaseMpumalanga), isimo sasifana neKiev kodwa ngezinga elincane. Futhi abantu abaningi beza eKiev Maidan futhi basekela uMaidan ngemithombo ehlukene.
Imibiko Yabo Ngezabalaza Eziphikisana NoMaidan Ngaphandle Kwe-Kyiv
Ngacela ababili balaba bangane ukuba baphendule imibuzo ethile mayelana nemizabalazo kwezinye izingxenye ze-Ukraine ngokumelene nenguquko yaseMaidan. Izimpendulo zabo zivela ngezansi. Isethi yokuqala isuka kowesifazane izincazelo zakhe zomzabalazo kaMaidan zivela ngqo ngenhla.
(Imibuzo ephakamisa abanye engikuthola kunzima ukuyiphendula)
- Inhlangano yokuqala emelene noMaidan eMpumalanga ye-Ukraine yayiwumdabu kangakanani? Sazi kanjani? Ingabe siyayethemba le mithombo ukuthi ithembekile futhi yazi ukuthi ikhuluma ngani? Uma kunjalo, kungani?
Angicabangi ukuthi umnyakazo wokuqala eMpumalanga Yurophu wawungowomdabu ngempela. Kulesi sifunda abantu abaningi basekela iRussia uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifunda e-Ukraine. Kodwa ukuqonda kwami โโโโukuthi le nhlangano ihlelwe osopolitiki base-Ukraine abasekela iRussia abavela eqenjini likaYanukovych nakubantu ababexhaswe uhulumeni waseRussia. Kusukela ekuqaleni bahlela izinhlangano ezithile ezikhokha imali kubantu baseMpumalanga ye-Ukraine ukuba beze eKiev [ukuzomelana] noMaidan, base behlela nokunyakaza emadolobheni aseMpumalanga ye-Ukraine besebenzisa indlela efanayo โyokuthenga abantu.โ Kwakulula futhi ukwenza ngoba (njengoba ngabhala ngaphambili) ekuqaleni iRussia neYanukovych babenokusekelwa okwengeziwe kulesi sifunda.
Futhi abantu ababevame ukuhlanganyela emihlanganweni enjalo (anti-Maidans) ngokuyinhloko babevela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi โisibalo sabantu abangaphansi kwesigaba esiphansiโ [sic] esasisabalala empumalanga ye-Ukraine ngenxa yezici zezomnotho nezamasiko.
- Labo abalwayo manje bangabezizwe ezingakanani? IsiRashiya? Sazi kanjani? Ingabe siyayethemba le mithombo ukuthi ithembekile futhi yazi ukuthi ikhuluma ngani? Uma kunjalo, kungani?
Kukhona abantu base-Ukrainian bendawo ababambe iqhaza ekulweni, inqwaba yabo bekuyizigelekeqe futhi isibalo sabantu esingabaliwe ngesikhathi sokuthula. (Manje bathola indima yabo emphakathini omusha owakhiwe). Kukhona futhi amasosha amaningi aseRussia esifundeni. Ngikwazi kubantu abasuke eMpumalanga ye-Ukraine, futhi kunemibiko eminingi yemibhalo yesiRashiya etholwe lapho. Abantu baseRussia kanye nabantu bendawo abasekela iRussia bayalwa lapho).
Nakulokhu okucashuniwe, kusobala ukuthi umuzwa wombhali (onelungelo elilinganiselwe) wesakhiwo sekilasi kanye nencazelo yokwehluka kwezigaba awuzange uguqulwe ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe enhlanganweni. Incazelo yakhe iphinde ifane neyabanye abangani bami ababili ngokuthi inhlangano yaqala ngezinga elithile njengesinyathelo esisekelwa amaqembu akhona kanye nama-oligarchs athile, kodwa ukuthi ngesikhathi somzabalazo le nhlangano yaphunyula ekulawuleni kwabo futhi yaba inhlangano enkulu uguquko.
Ngingengeza incazelo ebalulekile kulokhu. Ngokwezinga elithile, okungenani, ama-oligarchs abusayo ase-Ukraine aye asizwa ukuba athole lokhu kuguquguquka ngaphansi kokulawula ukuthunjwa kweRussia eCrimea kanye nokubhalwa phansi kokulwa ezindaweni zaseDonetsk naseLuhansk.
Ngokulandelayo, ngethula izimpendulo zemibuzo yami evela endodeni engenhla echaze imisebenzi yayo yokuletha izinto eKyiv Maidan evenini yayo. Ifomethi ukuthi ngimbuze le mibuzo ngesikhathi senhlolokhono ye-brunch, ngiyibhale phansi, futhi ngiyithumele kuye. Ube esengeza imininingwane nezilungiso wase ekubuyisela emuva. Futhi, ngihlele lokhu ukuze ngicaciselwe kuphela.
Imibuzo ephakanyiswa abanye engikuthola kunzima ukuyiphendula
- Inhlangano yokuqala yaseMpumalanga ye-Ukraine yayingowomdabu ngezinga elingakanani? Sazi kanjani? Ingabe siyayethemba le mithombo ukuthi ithembekile futhi yazi ukuthi ikhuluma ngani? Uma kunjalo, kungani?
- Labo abalwayo manje bangabezizwe ezingakanani? IsiRashiya? Sazi kanjani? Ingabe siyayethemba le mithombo ukuthi ithembekile futhi yazi ukuthi ikhuluma ngani? Uma kunjalo, kungani?
Ukunyakaza eMpumalanga kusekelwa kakhulu yiRussia. Ekuqaleni, ama-oligarchs endawo azama ezinye izinhlelo zokuzama ukulawula isifunda (yize ayelahlekelwe ukulawula kukahulumeni kazwelonke) ngokuzama ukuhlela i-federalism. Kodwa abashisekeli bobuzwe baseRussia abangama-czarist abavuna iRussia ukusuka olwandle kuye olwandle beza phezu komngcele ukuze baqhubekisele phambili injongo yabo. Babezimele kuma-oligarchs. UPhuthini abavumele bakwenze. Babenayo imali, Umngane wami akazi ukuthi uvelaphi.
(SRF: Yilokhu okushilo noma awuzange usho ukuthi usukaphi?)
KONKE lokhu akulona ulwazi olufakazelwe oluvela emithonjeni eminingi. Abanye babengama-KGB. U-Igor Strelkov wayeshintsha kakhulu umdlalo kulokhu. Wahlela phakathi kwabafana be-Fundamentalist Russian Orthodox Church, abanemibono efana naleyo ye-White Army. Bathola izikhali kanye nabanye ochwepheshe bezempi futhi bathatha izakhiwo zokuphatha nezamaphoyisa emadolobheni. Kwakuyi-a Ukukhishwa ngokumelene nama-oligarchs ahlelwe amaRussia aseRussia. Abazange balalele. oligarchsBabe sebethatha abezindaba zendawo kanye nenkulumo-ze futhi babiza uMaidan njll. Bafuna ukwenza i-Ukraine neYurophu ingxenye yeRussia.
Bayiqala le mpi. Khona-ke uhulumeni wase-Ukraine waqaphela ukuthi kwakuyimpi futhi wahlanganisa amasosha waqala ukulwa.
U-Strelkov ubuyele eRussia ngemuva kokudutshulwa kwendiza. Khona-ke amandla aya kohulumeni bezempi bendawo. Imizi yomibili [iDonetsk neLuhansk] yahlukana phakathi.
(SRF; Ukwazi kanjani konke lokhu?)
Ngifunde izintatheli ezibika khona. Futhi imibhalo nezinkulumo zikaStrelkov. Nemibiko esemthethweni yase-Ukraine.
(SRF: Bakutshelani abantu baseMpumalanga obaziyo?)
Abantu engibaziyo abahlanganyeli kunoma yikuphi kwalokhu. Bamane bafuna ukuphila izimpilo zabo. "Ohulumeni abasha" bakhuluma namaqembu okunciphisa ukulimala futhi bawayeke aqhubeke.
Amasosha namaphoyisa namajaji aholwa abantu abavela eRussia. Bakusho lokhu ngokukhululekile ezintathelini nakuvidiyo, ukuthi beze ukuzosiza abantu baseRussia abakanye nabo ngesikhathi sesidingo futhi baseholidini emsebenzini wabo/inkonzo yezempi/noma yini emuva eRussia. Amanye โamaqembu ezigelekeqeโ abalweli awawona awaseRussia, amanye avela eRussia, eChechnya nase-Abkhazia (lapho ungekho umsebenzi omningi ngakho ngicabanga ukuthi abaningi beza ukuzohola imali noma ukuthola imali ngenkani) kodwa baxhumanisa imisebenzi yezempi nayo. amasosha aholwa yiRussia. Amayunithi ezempi aseRussia anamaqembu ezigelekeqe endawo athatha izikhundla eziphambili ekuxoxisaneni. Ngakho-ke ingxenye enkulu yabashonile yila maqembu ezigelekeqe endawo. Kula maqembu kunenqwaba โyohlanya bendawo abaphethe izibhamu.โ Lokho kuzoba yinkinga. Kodwa abaningi babo babulawa ngokusebenza njengegagasi lokuqala noma ngaphansi komlilo wezikhali (okungenzeka uvela ezinhlangothini zombili).
Abaholi bohulumeni baseMpumalanga nabezempi baye bakhipha umyalo wokuba kubulawe inqwaba yabantu. Kufanele babhekane nezigwebo zodilikajele lapho impi iphela.
(SRF: Ubani olwa ohlangothini lwase-Ukraine?)
Amasosha, amaphoyisa, nezimpi zokuzithandela.
(SRF: Abanye "abathuthukile" base-US bathi amanye alawa ma-fascists.)
Umngane wami akakuzwanga lokhu. Enye yama-battalion i-Right Sector, kodwa lelo ibutho elilodwa kwayi-10 noma angu-15. Futhi umngane wami uzwe abantu be-Right Sector bekhuluma, futhi uthi okungenani esidlangalaleni bakhuluma ubuzwe kodwa abakhulumi ubufascist.
Lapho ngibhala amanothi engxoxo yethu, ngabona ukuthi ngehlulekile ukumbuza ngomcimbi obalulekile e-Odessa. Ngakho ngambuza ngalokhu kumanothi engangimthumelela wona. Izimpendulo zakhe zilandela umbuzo.
- Ithini incazelo yakho yamanje yezehlakalo zase-Odessa ngisho noChomsky azibize ngokuthi โisibhicongo sase-Odessaโ?
Kwakukhona iqembu lama-pro-Russian ahlelwe e-Odessa ku-anti-Maidan encane izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kukaMeyi 2nd. Ngicabanga ukuthi bebenethemba lokuthi kuzoba nokusekelwa okuningi komphakathi kwe-pro-Russian noma okungenani isimo se-pro-Russian esingenzi lutho njengaseCrimea. Ukugqugquzelwa okufanayo kwe-Russian kwakukwamanye amadolobha - i-Donetsk, i-Kharkiv ... ngakho-ke ngicabanga ukuthi kwakukhona isimo sokuqala inhlangano emelene ne-Maidan ne-pro-Russian kuwo wonke amadolobha aseningizimu nasempumalanga. Yehlulekile e-Kharkiv futhi yehluleka e-Odessa - yaphumelela eDonetsk naseLuhansk kuphela - ngicabanga ukuthi ngemuva kwe-Odessa kwaba khona ukusebenza kwezempi empumalanga.
Ngokukhethekile e-Odessa - bekukhona umdlalo webhola kanye namaqembu amabili abalandeli bebhola i-Ultras (i-pro-Ukrainian kakhulu) eyayifuna ukumasha ukuya emdlalweni ngemashi yase-United Ukraine. Bekukhona abalandeli bakaMaidan. Ngicabanga ukuthi isimo ebesihlosiwe bekuwukuthi (njengangaphambilini eDonetsk) ukujezisa abalandeli bakaMaidan ngodlame "ngamaqembu angochwepheshe be-Russian" ngokwesekwa amaphoyisa endawo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngempumelelo eDonetsk - inhloso kwakuwukwenza abantu besabe ukweseka uMaidan kulawo madolobha amakhulu. Kodwa kulokhu akuzange kuphumelele ngenxa yabalandeli bebhola kanye nokuzivikela okuthile okuvela ku-Odesa Maidan ababekulungele kangcono ukuphendula ekuhlaselweni okunobudlova. Ngesikhathi behlaselwa baphindela emuva - amaphoyisa ayemboza [evikela] abantu abasekela iRussia. Kube nokudubulana kwabulawa abanye abantu emigwaqweni - kwashubisa isimo futhi abasekeli baseRussia bahlehliswa namaphoyisa ezama ukuvala ukuhlehla kwabo. Abalandeli badinwe kakhulu bebulawa abanye babo. Ikamu elimelene noMaidan lashiswa laphela kanjalo nesakhiwo lapho ababevinjwe khona abasekeli baseRussia, nakuba ngicabanga ukuthi ukubulawa kwabantu esakhiweni kwakuyingozi embi futhi igesi noma amakhemikhali athile ayehilelekile - angicaci kahle kule ngxenye.
Ngokuvamile ngicabanga ukuthi ukube bebengekho abalandeli bebhola bekungaba nezisulu eziningi phakathi kwabantu baseMaidan abanokuthula e-Odessa abebehlelelwe ukuthi bajeziswe ngabasekeli baseRussia ngokwesekwa amaphoyisa endawo.
Ngifuna nje ukwengeza amasethi amabili okuphawula ngalokho akusho ngenhla. Isethi yokuqala iphathelene nemicimbi yase-Odessa. Abantu abaningi e-US kwesokunxele bahumushe izehlakalo zase-Odessa njengesibhicongo samabutho ama-fascist alabo ababephikisana nabo. Ngikhumbula ngizwa mayelana nokwenzeka kokungqubuzana ngoMeyi 2 kumngane wami owayesebenza kuphrojekthi yethu yocwaningo e-Odessa. Wakhulela e-Odessa ngaphambi kokuya esikoleni sezempilo sikahulumeni e-Kyiv, futhi ngangivakashele efulethini likanina e-Odessa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwalezi zenzakalo. Ubekhathazekile ngokuthi bazobulawa yini ababhikishi baseMaidan abanokuthula. Kwenzeka lokhu nje, kwaba nokungqubuzana, futhi kwaba amabutho aphikisana noMaidan alahlekelwa. Ezinsukwini ezalandela umcimbi, ngafunda kabanzi kuwebhu ukuze ngizame ukuthola umnyombo walokho okwenzekile. Ngahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu ngemibhalo yabanye base-Ukraine abangama-anarcho-syndicalist (njenge-Autonomous Workers' Unionโbheka http://avtonomia.net/2014/05/05/awu-kiev-statement-odessa-tragedy/#comments. Bheka futhi umbiko wofakazi bokuzibonela ophrintwe kabusha ovela ku-โSergeiโ in Abantu Nemvelohttps://peopleandnature.wordpress.com/?s=Ubumnyama+ngoMeyi+Ufakazi+ngamehlo+wezenhlalakahle+e-Odessa.) ophethe ngokuthi amaphoyisa abeseka amabutho alwa noMaidan ngokwezinga elithile, nokuthe uma kusha ibhilidi abantu bebalekela kulo, abanye abasekeli bakaMaidan babasiza. (Kodwa abanyeโfuthi angazi ukuthi bangakiโbadutshulwa izishoshovu ezisekela uMaidan.) Ngakho ngibheka lezi zenzakalo njengenhlekeleleโfuthi eyaba nengxenye odlameni lwaseMpumalanga ye-Ukraineโhhayi njengesibhicongo. Ngiphinde futhi ngicabange ukuthi abaningi emazweni angakwesokunxele abakubiza ngesibhicongo baye bakwamukela ngokungagxeki ukusakazwa kwezindaba futhi mhlawumbe izimpikiswano zomshini wenkulumo-ze waseRussia, kuyilapho bebona lokhu (njengoba ngisola ukuthi uChomsky wenza) njengombono onembe kakhudlwana kunamanga kanye nezingxabano. ekhishwe uhlelo lwenkulumo-ze lwase-US. (Incazelo yami ngoChomsky kulokhu ukuthi ubegxile kakhulu ohlelweni lwenkulumo-ze yaseMelika eminyakeni yamuva waze walahlekelwa umbono wokuba khona kwamazwe ombuso ayizimbangi anezinhlelo zawo zenkulumo-ze. UPutin, njengesikhulu emaphoyiseni aseRussia omshoshaphansi kanye ne-oligarch ngokwayo, ijwayele kakhulu ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwaseRussia.)
Kodwa ngifuna ukugcizelela iphuzu elilodwa mayelana ne-Odessa abantu abaningi ababonakala bengaliqondi: Ukube amabutho ase-Odessa anti-Maidan aphumelele ezingxabanweni zangoMeyi 2, 2014, kungenzeka ukuthi i-Odessa yayizocekelwa phansi yimpi eyaqubuka njenge izifunda zaseMpumalanga. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane ezengeziwe zababaleki, kanye nezinkulungwane zokufa, bekungaba umphumela.
Iphuzu lesibili engifuna ukulenza ngokusekelwe kulokho umngane wami akusho ngenhla ukubiza ukunakekelwa ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe indima kaStrelkov ekuhleleni impi eMpumalanga. U-Strelkov uphiko lwesokudla umshisekeli wobuzwe waseRussia onezimpande eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia kanye naseButhweni Lamasosha LaseRussia kanye nokucindezelwa kwawo abazimele kanye nabalwela inkululeko eChechnya. Ngakho, umhleli oyinhloko wale mpi kwakuyindoda enezimpande ezijulile ebuthweni lombuso waseRussia. (Njengoba kugcizelelwa ukuthi abanye ngakwesobunxele babeke ubukhona bamafascists kuhulumeni wase-Ukraine ngemuva kokuba uguquko lwaxosha uhulumeni ngoFebhuwari, 2014, ngingangeza ukuthi kunemibiko ethembekile mayelana nama-fascists ngakolunye uhlangothi lwale mpi njengoba Laba bahlanganisa u-Oleg Tsarev; u-Pavlo Gubarev, owayeyinhloko yamasosha ase-Donbass futhi eyilungu leqembu lamasosha aseRussia lobufascist, i-Russian National Unity kanye ne-Progressive Socialist Party yase-Ukraine [ekleliswe emaqenjini ama-fascist aseRussia]; kanye noValeriy Bolotov.)
Eminye imicabango yokuphetha
Isizathu esiyinhloko saleli phepha ukwenza kutholakale ku-international kwesokunxele amaqiniso enguquko kaMaidan e-Ukraine njengoba yatholwa ngabanye babahlanganyeli bayo. Emqondweni wami, bakwenza kucace ukuthi okwenzekile kwaba uguquko lwezepolitiki olwenziwa yiqembu elikhulu lezepolitiki nezenhlalo-mpilo elaxosha ngempumelelo uhulumeni emandleni.
Emazwini ami okuphetha, ngifuna ukuphendula imibuzo emithathu, yonke edinga ukwelashwa okugcwele. Okokuqala, kungani uhulumeni owathuthukiswa kusukela kuNguquko yaseMaidan waba uphiko olufanele kangaka? Okwesibili, kungani i-Maidan Revolution ingazange ithuthuke ibe yinguquko yezenhlalakahle noma ize ibe ukungqubuzana okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle phakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi (noma kunjalo sakhulelwa) kanye nophiko olufanele lwama-capitalist "ama-oligarchs" aphethe izwe lamanje lase-Ukraine? Okwesithathu, kungani iningi lamazwe angakwesokunxele libheka lokhu kuguquguquka njengokugumbuqelwa umbuso futhi ngaleyo ndlela kugeje imithelela yalo ejulile yesu lenguquko nemibono namuhla?
Kungani uhulumeni owasungulwa kusukela ku-Maidan Revolution waba uphiko olufanele?
Akufanele simangale ukuthi iMaidan Revolution yaphumela kuhulumeni ophiko olufanele. Lokhu cishe kwenzeka njalo lapho umzabalazo wokuvukela umbuso ukhipha uhulumeni esikhundleni. Ngaleso sikhathi, izigaba zezigaba ezibusayo cishe njalo zibusa uhulumeni wesikhashana ofikayo ophethe. Lokhu kwenzeka e-Egypt ekuqaleni kwale minyaka eyishumi, kwenzeka e-Argentina ngo-2003, futhi kwenzeka nasemizabalazweni yakudala eMbusweni WaseRussia ngoFebhuwari 1917 naseJalimane ngoNovemba 1918. I-Moslem Brotherhood e-Egypt-futhi e-Ukraine, yayihlanganisa abashisekeli bezwe abaphiko lwesokudla kanye nama-fascists ambalwa. Ngenxa yobuthakathaka obukhulu benxele ehleliwe emizabalazweni yaseMaidan-yize kwakukhona isibalo esikhulu sabahlanganyeli abashiywe ngokungacacile, futhi nakuba inqwaba yayiyintando yeningi kakhulu, i-imperialist emelene namaRussia, futhi ifisa izinguquko zezomnotho kanye nokuphela kwenkohlakalo. โokusho ukuthi, kuvuleke ukuya kwesokunxeleโamandla emali abusayo. Futhi, njengoba kuhlale kuyiqiniso, ngezinga abangakwazi ngalo, abameleli kanye/noma ama-agent ayimfihlo ohlu lwamandla ama-imperialism azame ukuthonya ukwakheka kukahulumeni wesikhashana owaba umphumela. Kulokhu, abaningi bakhomba iqhaza le-US ekusekeleni u-Yatsenyuk ukuba abe yindoda eyagcina engundunankulu wesikhashana. Abanye ngakwesobunxele baye bakubiza lokhu โngokuketulwa umbuso,โ kodwa kunembe kakhulu ukukubiza ngokuthi inqubo ama-imperialists kanye nezigaba ezibusayo ezisabela ezinguqukweni ezinkulu eziyimpumelelo uma bekwazi. Ngalo mqondo, inqubo yase-Ukraine ngoFebhuwari, 2014, ayizange iphinde ibe ukuketulwa umbuso kunalokho okwaholela kuhulumeni wesikhashana embusweni waseRussia ngoFebhuwari, 1917, noma lokho okwaholela kuhulumeni wesikhashana eGibhithe ngoFebhuwari, 2011.
Kungani iNguquko yaseMaidan ingakathutha ukuze ibe uguquko lwezenhlalo?
Ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele sibheke emlandweni we-USSR kanye neminyaka kusukela ukuwa kwayo ukuze siqale ukuqonda lokhu. UbuStalin kwakuyisenzakalo esibi e-Ukraine, njengoba kwakunjalo ngeMpi Yezwe II. Izigidi zabantu base-Ukraine zabulawa kuzo zombili. Iminyaka ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwakuyiminyaka yokuqhubeka kwesihluku sikaStalinist e-Ukraine njengakwezinye izindawo, kwalandelwa ukukhula komnotho okuqhubekayo, ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kwezinguquko zezomnotho nezombusazwe, bese ukuwa kwe-USSR kanye nokudangala okumangalisayo kwezomnotho kanye nokudangala komphakathi. 1990s. Kodwa ngandlela-thile, ubuStalin yaba yimpumelelo: Yaqinisekisa iningi labantu base-Ukrainian (nabaseRussia kanye nomhlaba wonke) ukuthi ubuStalin kwakuyincazelo yangempela yeMarxism ngisho neyobusoshiyali. Ngokwengqikithi yeNguquko kaMaidan, lokhu kwabeka umgoqo omkhulu wemibono kule nhlangano. Ngokusekelwe engxoxweni yobuso nobuso enganginayo nomngane wami wase-Ukraine kwelinye izwe ngoJanuwari, 2014, ngicabanga ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi abaningi enhlanganweni babesekela amafomu entando yeningi aqinile afana nalokho esasikubiza ngokuthi ""intando yeningi yokubamba iqhaza" emikhankasweni yase-US. cishe ngo-1963. Kodwa bama ngaleso sikhathi. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yobuthakathaka benhlangano ye-Independent Trade Union ezweni (yona ngokwayo ekhombisa ingxenye yalo mgoqo wombono ofanayo), izishoshovu zaqhubeka nokubona zonke izigaba njengabahlanganyeli emzabalazweni, futhi bengenawo umuzwa wokuba yinhlangano yesigaba sabasebenzi noma I-socialism esekelwe kuyo yaba yigagasi elikhulu eMaidan eKyiv. Ngokubona kwami, ukwehluleka kwezishoshovu zesokunxele nezinyunyana ukukwazi ukusungula ubukhona obuqhubekayo eMaidan eKyiv nakwamanye amadolobha amakhulu kukhombisa ubuthakathaka obukhulu bakwesokunxele emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi kulawo mazwe ube yingxenye โyeqembu lamaKhomanisi.โ
Ukuxazulula le nkinga, okuyingxenye ngenxa yezibalo ezidumile zokuthi "kwesokunxele" ne-Stalinism nezinye izinhlobo zokuzimela kwezibalo, kuyinkinga ebalulekile kwesokunxele kanye nesintu sisonke. Ukuthola izixazululo zalokhu kungavinjelwa kuphela ukuhumusha nezenzo zeningi lase-US elisele ekuchazeni inkinga yase-Ukraine njengodaba lobufascism e-Ukraine kanye/noma ngokwelungelo โelisemthethweniโ leRussia lokulawula ezombangazwe emazweni ahambisana nawo. imingcele yawo. (Kuyashaqisa ukuzwa abanye kwesokunxele benqaba i-US ukuvumela iCuba ukuthi ibambe imicibisholo yaseRussia njengesizathu esifanayo sokungenelela kweRussia eMpumalanga ye-Ukraine. Kodwa abashisekeli kufanele bavikele ilungelo lanoma yiliphi izwe elincane ukunquma inqubomgomo yalo yezangaphandle. kungakhathaliseki izifiso zomakhelwane wayo omkhulu, noma ngabe i-US noma i-Russia - ngisho noma singavumelani nezinqumo ezithathwa yisizwe esincane.) Zombili lezi zincazelo zisiza ukukholisa izisebenzi nezishoshovu eziningi ezicabanga kwesokunxele e-Ukraine, eRussia nakwezinye izindawo โ amazwe angemva kobuKhomanisiโ lapho inxele likhohliswa noma isitha sawo.
Naphezu kwalezi zinkinga, ngesikhathi se-Maidan Revolution, ukunyakaza kwakunamandla amakhulu okuhamba ngokushelela kwesokunxele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uhulumeni ongenayo bekungomunye uhulumeni wenkohlakalo futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba uye wasekela futhi uye wazamukela ngempela izimfuno ze-IMF/US/European zokulungisa nokuncishiswa kwesakhiwo. Lokhu kuholele ezitelekeni eziningi kanye neminye imizabalazo esekelwe ngokwezigabaโkodwa ithulisiwe futhi yaba buthaka ngenxa yokungenelela kweRussia nokuthatha iCrimea kanye nemizabalazo eyalandela yaseMpumalanga.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda umthelela ongaba khona kwamanye amazwe kanye nomhlaba ukube inguquko yase-Ukraine yayiguquke yaba inhlangano yesokunxele kanye nenhlangano yabasebenzi ngesikhathi seNtwasahlobo, 2014. Kube khona ithuba langempelaโkodwa okunzima ukulilinganisaโokungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwasakazekela kulo. amanye amazwe. Kwakukhonaโfuthi mhlawumbe kusaseleโithuba lokuthi lisakazekele eBosnia, eGreece, e-Italy, eSpainโikakhulukazi eRussia. Wonke la mazwe abenokungathandisisi okukhulu kohulumeni bawo futhi kungenzeka ukuthi alandele ukuhola kwe-Ukraine noma enye inguquko yezenhlalo noma inhlangano yezinguquko. Yiqiniso, ukunyakaza ezweni ngalinye kunobuthakathaka bawo kanye nokungacaci mayelana nezikhombisi-ndlela nemigomo yezombangazwe, obekungabumba izimpendulo zabo-kodwa njengoba izehlakalo ngemva koguquko lwaseTunisia zibonisile, ukunyakaza kwezinguquko ngezinye izikhathi kungasakazeka ngaphezu kwalokho ebesikulindele.
U-Putin akayena u-dummy. Yena kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nonxiwankulu baseRussia (futhi mhlawumbe bakwamanye amazwe) ababemzungezile babona lokhu okungaba usongo emandleni abo futhi ngempela, mhlawumbe, konxiwankulu. Bahamba ngokuhlakaniphaโkodwa besengozini yokubangela impi yezweโukuze bayivimbe ukudala usongo ekuzimeleni kwezwe lase-Ukraine yinkosi yayo yangaphambili yombuso. Bathatha iCrimea, futhi basekela imizamo yokuvukela ngamaqembu e-East Ukraine nase-Odessa. E-Odessa, banqotshwa ngokushesha, kodwa umshini we-propaganda waseRussia wahlanekezela okwenzeka njengoba kuxoxwe ngenhla. EMpumalanga ye-Ukraine, baba nempumelelo eyengeziwe. Lokhu, njengoba ngicabanga ukuthi babazi ukuthi kuzokwenzeka, kwaqinisa amabutho ezwe kanye nezempi ngaphakathi kwe-Ukraine, ngakho-ke kwenza buthaka amathuba okulwa nokunciphisa ukuthatha amafomu angasongela ukubusa kukaPutin eRussia, ukubusa kwe-oligarch e-Ukraine, futhi, ngokujwayelekile, lokho kwe-capitalism kanye nawo wonke ama-imperialism.
Ingxenye yempumelelo yabo yayisekelwe emgqeni owahlanekezela usongo lwama-fascist ngayo yonke ingxenye. Inani elifanelekile labantu base-Ukrainian, mhlawumbe ikakhulukazi labo abangayiqondi kahle iRussia njenge-impiriyali, bakholelwa le ncazelo kaMaidan noma uhulumeni omusha njengobufascist. Abanye babedidekile futhi bengakwazi ukuhamba, noma babemelene noMaidan ngenxa yezinye izizathu. (Ukusabela okumelene noMaidan kwasizwa ubuwulaโobuhlehliswa ngokusheshaโbalabo abakuhulumeni wesikhashana wase-Kyiv abaphasise umthetho owenza isi-Ukraine kube ukuphela kolimi olusemthethweni.) Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi okhethweni ngesikhathi sekwindla, 2014, akukho I-Right Bloc noma uSvoboda bathole amavoti angu-5% adingekayo ukuze bangene ephalamende.
Kungani ingxenye enkulu kangaka yamazwe ngamazwe engakwesokunxele ibheka lokhu kuguquguquka njengokugumbuqela umbuso futhi ngaleyo ndlela kugeje imithelela yako ejulile yesu lenguquko kanye nemibono namuhla?
Anginaso isikhala lapha sokwenza umsebenzi ofanele wokwethula izitatimende ezehlukene zamaqembu abuka le nguquko njengokuketula umbuso futhi asekele ngokungagunci noma ngokusobala izenzo zeRussia ekuthatheni iCrimea futhi yeseke imizabalazo yaseMpumalanga ye-Ukraine. Kunalokho, ngizokwethula kafushane imibono yabo ngesenzo esinjalo bese ngisigxeka kafushane.
Ngokuyisisekelo, bakwethula lokhu ngokwemigomo ye-imperialism yaseMelika (kanye ne-European Union) njengomhlaseli omkhulu wodlame emhlabeni (okuyibo) kanye namandla ama-imperialist abusa kakhulu. Babona izenzo zeRussia ekuphikisaneni nanoma yikuphi ukukhushulwa kwamandla e-US/EU e-Ukraine noma kwamanye amazwe eduze nemingcele yase-Russia njengezenzo zokuzivikela โezisemthethweniโ zokulwa nama impiriyali. Abanye babo basawubona umhlaba ngombono abaningi e-US abawushiya ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 njengomhlaba lapho abalingisi abakhulu kuyizwe lama-imperialist (i-US namadlelandawonye ayo) kanye nalezo zifunda eziphikisana ne-imperialism-okuhlanganisa, kwabanye babo, iLibya kaGaddafi, iSyria, iChina, neRussia, phakathi kwabanye.
Ezingxoxweni zami nabo, ngaphezu kwalokho, bamemezela ngokuziqhenya ukuthi baphikisana ne-US imperialism futhi babona lawa amanye amazwe njengabangane babo. Uma kubekwe amagama uLenin noma uMarx okungenzeka ukuthi wawasebenzisa, ngaleyo ndlela bacheme nababusi bonxiwankulu balawa amanye amazwe futhi bemelene nababusi bonxiwankulu bezwe labo. Ngandlela thize, lokhu kunanela ikhwelo lika-Lenin lokudala izinguquko ezweni lakini njengoba ababusi bakho beyisitha sakho esikhulu-kodwa udebesela ukusho ukuthi uLenin wabona lokhu njengesu elifanele lesobunxele emhlabeni futhi ngaleyo ndlela wayezogxeka ngokukhululekile futhi enze ngokumelene nababusi. yaseJalimane noma yase-USA noma isangene emzabalazweni wokulwa nobuCzarism kanye ne-Russian imperialism.
Esikhathini sokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu somhlaba, ingasaphathwa eyezinkinga ezinzima phakathi kwezifundazwe ezihlome ngezikhali zenuzi njenge-US, iRussia neChina, nginenkinga yokubona ukuthi ukuhlaziya okunjalo kwababusi bezifundazwe ezithile ezinamandla njengabambisene kunikeza kanjani isisekelo esikhulu sethemba noma isu. I-Petro-state Russia (esanda kuthumba iCrimea nezisetshenziswa zayo eziseduze zikaphethiloli wekhabhoni yoLwandle Olumnyama) ngeke ihambe ukuze iqede ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokushesha kune-USA.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuhlaziya akuwaziki nhlobo amalungelo entando yeningi abantu base-Ukrainian abayizigidi ezingu-45 kanye nawamanye amazwe asemngceleni weRussia. Ngaphakathi e-US, kuqubuka ebusweni bethu lapho abantu bebona imibuso โengakwesokunxeleโ isekela imibuso efana neka-Assad noma ekaPutin.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ngezinga abantu base-Ukraine nakwamanye amazwe abaqonda ngalo ukuthi iRussia ibiyi-imperialism futhi iyi-imperialism-okuhlanganisa nabanye kwesokunxele saseRussia-bona "kwesokunxele" besekela ama-imperialist aseduze nabo, bazobona kwesokunxele. njengesitha noma onomqondo obuthakathaka. Kuyoba nzima ngokwanele ukuthi kwesokunxele kulawa mazwe (kanye neRussia futhi, ngaleyo ndaba) ukukhulula izifundo ze-USSR ezilinganisa uhlelo ababephila ngaphansi kwalo ngaleso sikhathi neMarxism kanye ne-socialism. Ukwengeza kulokho ukusekelwa kwezingxenye ezinkulu zaseNtshonalanga kushiyelwe umbuso wamaRussia, futhi umsebenzi uba nzima kakhulu.
Ekugcineni, ake ngicacise. Angikholwa ukuthi imibuso yonxiwankulu inamandla okwenza okuhle. Bakha isisekelo se-imperialism, izimpi, ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi, kanye nenqwaba yengcindezelo mayelana nobuhlanga, inkolo, ubuzwe kanye nobulili. Engikufundile ekushisekeleni kwami โโnasekufundeni umlando ukuthi uguquko luqhamuka ngaphansi. Noma yiliphi ithemba lenkululeko noma ngempela lokusinda kwempucuko yabantu esikhathini sokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuncike kubasebenzi nabalingani babo ukuhlanganisa nokuthatha amandla okubhubhisa iplanethi nezimpilo zethu kanye nenjabulo kude nenhloko-dolobha kanye nezifunda zayo. Ukuzibophezela kwethu ngaphakathi e-US nasemhlabeni wonke kufanele kube nezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abasebenzi namandla, intando yeningi, ukusimama, ukuphela kwawo wonke ama-imperialism, kanye nokuphela kwakho konke ukucindezelwa. Mayelana ne-Ukraine, lokhu kuzosho ukuchema nalabo abalwela amalungelo nezidingo zabo, njengabasebenzi baseKrivih Rih ababeyinqwaba yenhlangano yasendaweni yaseMaidan lapho, futhi kamuva bashaya iziteleka ezinkulu ezindabeni zezomnotho, noma njengabashayeli bamathilamu. e-Kyiv owahlasela ngokumelene nokunciphisa okusungulwe uhulumeni omusha lapho. Kuzophinde kusho ukuphikisana ngokujwayelekile nombuso waseKyiv, i-US/Western imperialism โ kanye ne-Russian imperialism. Futhi njengoba nje ngifisa ukuthi i-US emelene nempi kanye nabamelene nama impiriyali bangasekela umbutho wabasebenzi, wentando yeningi kanye ne-anti-Russian imperialist e-Ukraine, ngifisa nokuthi amademokhrasi amaningi ase-Ukraine nezishoshovu zingaphikisani kuphela nama-imperialism aseRussia kodwa ase-US/EU. .
Okubhekwayo
Dzarasov, Ruslan. 2013. I-Conundrum ye-Russian Capitalism: Umnotho Wangemva KweSoviet Ohlelweni Lomhlaba. London: Pluto Press
Pinkham, Sophie
- We Dream of Europe, Disemba 3, 2013. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/we-dream-of-europe/
- I-Maidan Stories, Disemba 17, 2013. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/maidan-stories/
- Uyaphila mfowethu? February 23, 2014. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/are-you-alive-brother/
- I-Ukraine ku-Flames, Julayi 22, 2014. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/ukraine-in-flames/
- Iyiphi i-Ukraine? New Yorker, February 12, 2015. http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ukraine
Isithasiselo:
Umugqa wesikhathi: Inkinga yezepolitiki yase-Ukraine
(Umthombo: Al Jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/timeline-ukraine-political-crisis-201431143722854652.html 20 Sep 2014 05:48 GMT) ilandwe ngo-4/15/2015
Ngichibiyele umugqa wesikhathi we-Al Jazeera ngokususa okuningi okufakiwe okungabalulekile kulesi sihloko nangokuhlela umbhalo owodwa ukuze kube mfushane nokucaca. Noma ubani ofisa ukubona okwangempela angabheka i-URL ecashunwe ngenhla.
Amadethi ohambo lwami lokuya e-Ukraine avela kwesokudla
Septhemba 2010 Kyiv
May/June 2011 Kyiv
Okthoba 2011 Kyiv, Kriviy Rih, Lviv
Meyi 2012, Kyiv, eCrimea
Okthoba 2012 Kyiv, Odessa
Meyi 2013, Kyiv, Odessa
Okthoba 31/Novemba 14, 2013 Kyiv, Odessa
Nov 21, 2013: UMongameli Yanukovich ushiya isivumelwano sohwebo ne-EU, ufuna ubudlelwano obuseduze neMoscow.
Nov 30: Ukwesekwa komphakathi kuyakhula kubabhikishi abamelene nohulumeni abasekela i-EU njengoba izithombe zabo zichithwe yimpi yamaphoyisa zisabalala ku-inthanethi nakwabezindaba.
Disemba 1: Babalelwa ku-300,000 abantu ababhikisha e-Independence Square eKiev. I-City Hall ibanjwe yizishoshovu.
Disemba 17: UMongameli waseRussia u-Putin umemezela izinhlelo zokuthenga u-$15bn wamabhondi kahulumeni wase-Ukraine kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko zegesi yemvelo yaseRussia e-Ukraine.
UJan 16 2014: Imithetho emelene nokubhikisha iyaphasiswa futhi isheshe igwetshwe ngokuthi "i-draconian".
Jan 22: Ababhikishi ababili bashonile ngemuva kokudutshulwa. Owesithathu ushonile kulandela ukuwa ngesikhathi ebhekene namaphoyisa.
Jan 28: UMykola Azarov wesula njengondunankulu wase-Ukraine; iphalamende lichitha imithetho emelene nokubhikisha okudale ukuthi imibhikisho inyuke kwasekuqaleni.
Jan 29: Kuphasiswe umthethosivivinywa, othembisa ushwele kubabhikishi ababoshiwe uma izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezishaqwe zihoxiswa.
Jan 31: Isishoshovu esiphikisayo uDmytro Bulatov utholwe ngaphandle kwaseKiev ngemuva kokuboshwa nokuhlukunyezwa izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili, ngokusobala ezandleni zeqembu elisekela iRussia.
Februwari 4 - 8, 2014 Odessa
Febhuwari 16: Izishoshovu eziphikisayo ziqeda ukuhlala eKiev City Hall. Ngokushintshana ababhikishi abangu-234 ababoshiwe bayakhululwa.
Febhuwari 18: Izingxabano zasemgwaqweni zishiya okungenani kushone abantu abangu-18 kwathi ababalelwa ekhulwini balimala. Udlame luqala lapho ababhikishi behlasela imigqa yamaphoyisa ngemuva kokuthi iphalamende limile ekuphasiseni ukuguqulwa komthethosisekelo ukuze kuncishiswe amandla kamongameli. Ababhikishi babuyisela emuva izakhiwo zikahulumeni.
Febhuwari 20: I-Kiev ibona usuku lwayo olubi kakhulu lodlame cishe iminyaka engama-70. Okungenani abantu abangama-88 babulawa emahoreni angama-48. Izithombe zikhombisa abahlaseli bakahulumeni bedubula ababhikishi bephezu kophahla.
Febhuwari 21: Abaholi bemibhikisho, amaqembu aphikisayo ezombusazwe kanye noYanukovich bayavuma ukusungula uhulumeni omusha futhi babambe ukhetho ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Amandla kaYanukovich ayancipha. Iphalamende ivotela ukukhulula u-Yulia Tymoshenko, owayengundunankulu ejele. UYanukovich ubalekela eKiev ngemuva kokuthi ababhikishi belawule inhloko-dolobha.
Febhuwari 22: Osopolitiki base-Ukraine bavotela ukususa uYanukovich. UTymoshenko ukhululiwe ejele futhi ukhuluma nalabo ababuthene eKiev. Umhla zingama-25 kuNhlaba uhlelelwe ukhetho lukamongameli olusha.
Febhuwari 23: Iphalamende lase-Ukraine linikeza amandla kamongameli kuSomlomo walo omusha, u-Oleksandr Turchinov, ongumlingani weTymoshenko. Ababhikishi bePro-Russian bahlangana eCrimea bephikisana nokuphatha okusha kweKiev.
Febhuwari 24: Uhulumeni wesikhashana wase-Ukraine ukhipha incwadi egunyaza ukuboshwa kukaYanukovich.
Febhuwari 25: U-Pro-Russian u-Aleksey Chaly uqokwe njengemeya yaseSevastopol njengoba kuqhubeka imibuthano eCrimea.
Febhuwari 26: AmaTartar aseCrimea asekela ukungqubuzana okusha kokuphatha kweKiev nababhikishi abasekela iRussia esifundeni.
Febhuwari 27: Amadoda ahlomile e-Pro-Kremlin ashaqa izakhiwo zikahulumeni eCrimea. Uhulumeni wase-Ukraine ufunga ukuthi uzovimbela ukuhlukana kwezwe njengoba iphalamende laseCrimea libeka uMeyi 25 njengosuku lwenhlolovo mayelana nesimo sesifunda. U-Yanukovich unikezwe isiphephelo eRussia.
Febhuwari 28: Amadoda ahlomile agqoke ukukhathala okungamakiwe ashaqa isikhumulo sezindiza samazwe ngamazwe saseSimferopol kanye nenkundla yezindiza yezempi eSevestopol. UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ubambe umhlangano ophuthumayo wokuvala umnyango ukudingida isimo eCrimea.
IMoscow ithi ukunyakaza kwamasosha eCrimea kuhambisana nezivumelwano zangaphambili zokuvikela indawo yayo yemikhumbi oLwandle Olumnyama. U-Yanukovich ubonakala okokuqala emphakathini, eningizimu yeRussia.
March 1: Indlu engaphezulu yaseRussia yephalamende ivuma isicelo sikaPutin sokusebenzisa amandla ezempi e-Ukraine.
March 2: Uhide lwezinkulungwane zamasosha aseRussia alibangise enhlokodolobha yesifunda iCrimea. U-Arseny Yatsenyuk, undunankulu omusha wase-Ukraine, usola iRussia ngokumemezela impi ezweni lakhe.
March 3: I-Black Sea Fleet yaseRussia itshela ibutho lasolwandle lase-Ukraine eSevastopol eCrimea ukuthi lizinikele noma libhekane nokuhlaselwa ngamasosha.
Mashi 4 : Ekuphenduleni kwakhe kokuqala komphakathi enkingeni yase-Ukraine, uPutin uthi izwe lakhe unelungelo lokusebenzisa zonke izindlela ukuvikela izakhamuzi zayo empumalanga ye-Ukraine. Amasosha aseRussia adubula exwayisa amasosha ase-Ukraine angahlomile ebemasha ebheke endaweni yezindiza eSevastopol.
March 6: Iphalamende laseCrimea ivota ngazwi linye ekujoyineni iRussia. Ngemva kwamahora, umkhandlu wedolobha laseSevastopol eCrimea umemezela ukujoyina iRussia ngokushesha.
March 11: I-EU iphakamisa iphakethe lezinyathelo zokukhulula ezohwebo ukusekela umnotho wase-Ukraine. Iphalamende lesifunda saseCrimea lamukela "isimemezelo sokuzimela".
March 12: U-Obama uhlangana no-Yatsenyuk e-White House ukukhombisa ukweseka uhulumeni omusha wase-Ukraine futhi uthi i-US "izoyenqaba ngokuphelele" inhlolovo yaseCrimea.
March 13: Iphalamende lase-Ukraine ivotela ukwakha iNational Guard enamasosha angama-60,000 ezovikela izwe.
March 15: Amalungu oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN avota kakhulu ngokweseka isinqumo esisalungiswa esigxeka inhlolovo ezayo ngekusasa laseCrimea njengengekho emthethweni. IRussia yasivala lesi senzo futhi iChina yagodla.
March 16: Imiphumela esemthethweni yereferendamu yaseCrimea ithi okungenani amaphesenti angama-95 abavoti asekela inyunyana neRussia.
March 17: I-US kanye ne-Europe zibeka ukumiswa kwempahla kanye nokuvinjelwa kwama-visa kubantu abahilelekile ekuhlukaneni kweCrimea.
March 18: UPutin usayina isivumelwano esingenisa iCrimea eRussia, okokuqala ngqa iKremlin inweba imingcele yezwe kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II. UKiev uthi udweshu selufinyelele โesigabeni sezempiโ ngemuva kokuba isosha lase-Ukraine lidutshulwe labulawa oshayasibhamu abagasele esikhungweni samasosha eSimferopol, nokungokokuqala ngqa ukushona kulesi sifunda selokhu amasosha asekela iRussia athatha izintambo ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari.
March 19: Izishoshovu zePro-Russian, ngokusobala amabutho okuzivikela aseCrimea, adlula isizinda saseSevastopol ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udlame.
March 20: Abaholi be-EU bayakugxeka ukuthathwa kweRussia eCrimea. I-EU ne-US banweba uhlu lwabantu abahloselwe unswinyo.
March 21: I-Russia ihoxile ekujezisweni kwe-tit-for-tat ngemuva kokuthi i-US ihlose umbuthano wangaphakathi kaPutin kanye ne-EU yengeza amagama angu-12 ohlwini lwezonswinyo. I-Ukraine ithi ayisoze yakwamukela ukulahlekelwa yiCrimea ngenkathi iMoscow isayina umthethosivivinywa wokuthatha ngokusemthethweni inhlonhlo.
March 29: Umjaho wobumengameli e-Ukraine uqala ngokuthi owayenguNdunankulu u-Yulia Tymoshenko kanye nenjinga yamaswidi uPetro Poroshenko babhalisa njengabantu abanethemba.
March 31: Amasosha aseRussia ngokwengxenye ahoxile emngceleni wase-Ukraine esifundeni esiseningizimu neRostov eRussia, kulandela izingxoxo phakathi kukangqongqoshe wezangaphandle waseRussia nozakwabo wase-US.
April 2: Umongameli wase-Ukraine oxoshiwe uyavuma โwayenephuthaโ ngokumemela amasosha aseRussia eCrimea futhi wenza isifungo sokuzama ukunxenxa iMoscow ukuba ibuyisele inhlonhlo.
April 6: Izishoshovu ezisekela iRussia zithatha izintambo zokulawula izakhiwo zikahulumeni emadolobheni asempumalanga iDonetsk, Luhansk kanye neKharkiv, zifuna kube nenhlolovo mayelana nenkululeko. Iziphathimandla zase-Ukraine ziphinde zalawula izakhiwo zaseKharkiv ngo-Ephreli 8 ngemuva kokwethula โumsebenzi wokulwa nobushokobeziโ.
April 11: Undunankulu wesikhashana wase-Ukraine okunikezwayo ukunikeza amandla engeziwe ezifundeni ezisempumalanga, njengoba abahlukanisi be-pro-Russia beqhubeka nokuhlala emabhilidini aseDonetsk naseLuhansk.
April 12: Oshayasibhamu abasekela iRussia bathathe izintambo esiteshini samaphoyisa kanye nebhilidi lezokuphepha edolobheni laseSloyansk, eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-60 ukusuka eDonetsk lapho amavukelambuso asekela iRussia ethatha khona ikomkhulu lamaphoyisa. Abahlukanisi baphinde bashaqa iHQ yamaphoyisa eKramatorsk.
April 13: Amasosha akhethekile ase-Ukraine ayahluleka ukukhipha oshayasibhamu abasekela iRussia eSloyansk. Kubulawe iphoyisa elilodwa lase-Ukraine kanye nesishoshovu esisekela iRussia. Khonamanjalo, abahlukanisi bashaqa izakhiwo zomkhandlu wedolobha eMariupol naseKhartsyzsk.
April 16: Amasosha ase-Ukraine abuyela emuva esuka eSloyansk ngenkathi iqembu elisekela iRussia lithatha ihholo ledolobha eDonetsk.
April 17: Amasosha ase-Ukraine ahoxise ukuhlasela kwasebusuku eMariupol, kwashona abahlaseli abathathu. Cishe abantu abangu-200 babe sebebhikisha edolobheni bephikisana neKiev. UPutin uyavuma ukuthi amasosha aseRussia atshalwa eCrimea ngesikhathi sereferendamu kaMashi yokujoyina iRussia, kodwa uthi unethemba lokuthi ngeke asebenzise "ilungelo" lakhe ukuthumela amasosha aseRussia e-Ukraine.
April 18: Amaqembu asekela iRussia athi ngeke asuswe emabhilidini ahlala abantu kuze kube uhulumeni waseKiev, ababona njengongekho emthethweni, naye uyasuswa. Izwe laseRussia liyazigxeka izinkulumo zokuthi unswinyo oluningi. Uhulumeni wesikhashana wase-Ukraine uthembisa ukubusa okuzimele okubanzi futhi uthi ulimi lwesiRashiya luzonikezwa "isikhundla esikhethekile" ezweni.
April 20: Ukudubulana okubulalayo edolobheni elisempumalanga ye-Ukraine kubhidliza isivumelwano esintekenteke se-Easter.
April 21: Ababhikishi eLuhansk bazibophezela ekubambeni eyabo inhlolovo yendawo mayelana nokuzimela ngoMeyi 11.
Kwangathi i-1: Cishe amasosha angu-300 asekela iRussia ashaqa ihhovisi lomshushisi eDonetsk. Ukubuthwa kubuyiselwa kuwo wonke amadoda ase-Ukraine aneminyaka engu-18-25.
Kwangathi i-2: Usuku olwachitha igazi ukwedlula zonke kusukela kwangena uhulumeni omusha. Okungenani abangu-10 bafa ekuhlaselweni kwamasosha okusha eSloyansk. Edolobheni eliseningizimu ne-Odessa, kushone abantu abangu-42 ngesikhathi izingxabano phakathi kwamasosha asekela iRussia kanye nabalandeli be-Ukraine ziphetha ngokuqubuka komlilo omkhulu.
Kwangathi i-9: UPutin undizela eCrimea esesithathiwe ngemuva kokwengamela umbukiso wamandla ezempi eRed Square lapho ahlonipha khona โamandla okushisekela izweโ aseRussia. Kuqubuke izingxabano eMariupol lapho ungqongqoshe wezangaphakathi ethi kushiye abangu-21 beshonile.
Kwangathi 12 : Izishoshovu ze-Pro-Russia zimemezela ukunqoba okumangalisayo kunhlolovo emibili yobukhosi bempumalanga ye-Ukraine. Izifundazwe zaseDonetsk naseLuhansk zivotele ukuhlukana ne-Ukraine ngeSonto. Isikhondlakhondla segesi yaseRussia iGazprom inika i-Ukraine kuze kube uJuni 3 ukuthi ikhokhe u-$1.6bn ngegesi yemvelo. I-EU inyusa unswinyo eMoscow.
Kwangathi i-25: UPetro Poroshenko uwina ukhetho lukamongameli wase-Ukraine, kodwa imibiko ikhombisa ukuthi ukufinyelela ekuvoteni bekuvinjiwe noma kuvinjwe kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi eziphethwe amavukelambuso empumalanga ye-Ukraine.
Juni 16: I-Russia imisa ukulethwa kwegesi e-Ukraine, naphezu kwesiphakamiso esivela kubaxoxisana base-Ukraine nabaseYurophu ngesivumelwano sesikhashana. I-Gazprom imemezela ukuthi i-Ukraine izothola kuphela igesi eyikhokhela kusengaphambili.
Juni 27: UPoroshenko usayine isivumelwano senhlangano ye-EU, ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili kuqale imibhikisho yokuhoxiswa kwesivumelwano.
Julayi 5: Amasosha ase-Ukraine aphinde athumba iSloyansk, eyake yaba isizinda esikhulu sabavukeli. Ukusebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa eKramatorsk nakho kwaphoqa amavukela-mbuso ukuba aphume edolobheni.
Julayi 17: Indiza i-Malaysian Airlines i-MH17 idutshulwe yashona empumalanga ye-Ukraine, kwashona bonke abantu abangu-298 ababekuyo. Umeluleki womnyango wezangaphakathi e-Ukraine uthi indiza idutshulwe yisiqhumane esisuka phezulu siye emoyeni iBuk.
Julayi 18: U-Obama uyakuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuqala kusikisela ukuthi i-MH17 idutshulwe yisicibisholo se-BUK-M1 esivela phezulu siye emoyeni sisendaweni elawulwa amavukelambuso asekela iRussia.
Julayi 19: I-Kiev isola amasosha ngokuphazamisa ubufakazi endaweni yengozi, ithi amaqembu abehlomile abenyakaza futhi acekela phansi ubufakazi. Eminye imibiko ikhombisa ukuthi iqembu lokuqapha le-OSCE elithunyelwe kusayithi linikezwe ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe kuphela.
Julayi 20: Abaholi abaningi be-EU basabisa ngokufaka unswinyo eRussia uma i-Kremlin ingacindezeli amavukelambuso okucatshangwa ukuthi adubule indiza egibele i-MH17 ukuze inikeze ukufinyelela okwengeziwe endaweni yengozi.
Julayi 23: Izikhulu zezobunhloli zaseMelika zithi zikholelwa ukuthi indiza idutshulwe โngephuthaโ ngabashisekeli bokwehlukana kweRussia.
Julayi 24: I-Us isola iRussia ngokudubula izikhali zeqa umngcele ingene e-Ukraine, kodwa ayihlanganyeli nobufakazi bayo. Umkhulumeli wePentagon ukuchaze ngokuthi "ukukhuphuka kwezempi." ngosuku olufanayo, uhulumeni womfelandawonye e-Ukraine uyawa, futhi uNdunankulu u-Arseniy Yatsenyuk wesula esikhundleni kulandela ukuhoxiswa kwamaqembu e-Svoboda ne-UDAR.
Agasti 1: Uhulumeni wase-Ukraine uvotela ukwenqaba ukwesula kukaNdunankulu u-Arseniy Yatsenyuk. Iziphakamiso zesabelomali zikaYatsenyuk, ezavinjwa ngaphambili yiphalamende, ziphoqa ukuthi ashiye phansi kanye nokuwa komfelandawonye, โโzigunyazwe ngokugcwele. Khonamanjalo, abaphenyi baseHolland nase-Australia baqala ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kwendawo yengozi ye-MH17.
Agasti 13: Okungenani amasosha esizwe ase-Ukraine angu-12 aphuma eqenjini le-Right Sector ashonile kwathi isibalo esingaziwa sathunjwa ngesikhathi kuvinjwa ibhasi empumalanga ye-Ukraine.
Agasti 26: I-Ukraine ithi amasosha ayo abambe ithimba lamasosha aseRussia abeqe umngcele angena empumalanga ye-Ukraine. Omongameli baseRussia nabase-Ukraine bahlangana ubuso nobuso eMinsk okokuqala ngqa kusukela ngoJuni.
Agasti 30: I-Ukraine imemezela ukuthi isilishiyile idolobha elisempumalanga i-Ilovaisk ngephaseji ngemuva kwezinsuku zokuvinjezelwa amavukelambuso.
Umthombo: Al Jazeera nama-ejensi
NgoJanuwari/Februwari 2015 Kyiv, Odessa
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 Amazwana
Njengombhali wale ndatshana ethi "Kwenzekeni e-Ukraine?" Ngithanda ukubikela wonke umuntu ukuthi anake izinkinga ezithile ngendlela udaba olufakwe ngayo kuZNet. Isoftware yabo isuse konke ukufometha kwe-athikili ngokungaqondile.
Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi abafundi babengakwazi ukusho lapho ngicaphuna amazwi abahlanganyeli base-Ukraine kule micimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, angizange ngibone ukuthi iZNet ayifaki imibhalo yaphansi-okuyinto ngempela iphutha lami. Ngakho, amanye amazwi agxekayo ashiywa, kuhlanganise nombhalo waphansi othi ngalezi ngcaphuno โLokhu kusho, kwezinye izimo, ukuthi amanye amagama abawasebenzisayo angase abonakale engalingani noma engacacile. Ngalokhu ngiyaxolisa, kodwa ngibona kungcono ukwethula abakushoyo futhi ngishiye imibuzo emiqondweni yabafundi kunokuba ngibacele ukuba bachaze futhi mhlawumbe bathole izincazelo ezihlanzekile.โ
Omunye umphumela walezi zinkinga wawuwukuthi uPeter Meylakhs, umngane othandekayo osenesikhathi eside, wasabela ngokucasuka kakhulu kulokho ayecabanga ukuthi ngangikusho esihlokweni. (Kungenzeka ukuthi usenokungaboni ngaso linye, kunjalo! Futhi lokhu kulungile kimi.)
Lapho ngiletha lezi zindaba ku-ZNet, bavele bazihlela kabusha ukuze kucace lapho ngicaphuna. Kwangihlaba umxhwele kakhulu indlela abakwenza ngayo ngokushesha lokhu nangendlela ababenobungane ngayo kulo msebenzi.
Uma noma yimuphi umfundi efuna ngikuthumelele i-athikili yami yangempela kuhlanganise nemibhalo yaphansi, ngicela ungithumele i-imeyili kokuthi [i-imeyili ivikelwe].
Khipha ku-internet
USam Friedman