Ukubulawa kuka-Osama Bin Laden akubekanga ukwehliswa kwemali esetshenziswa kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke, kodwa impikiswano emayelana nezikweletu yagcina yenzile. Futhi ubumnene njengoba lokho kusikeka okungenzeka kube njalo, ngesonto eledlule uNobhala Wezokuvikela osanda kwenziwa uLeon Panetta wayesevele emba ezithendeni zakhe futhi egxeka ethobekile izinhlelo ezingaba khona zokunciphisa izindleko njengoba a "imishini yosuku lwembubhiso" okwamasosha. Abalingani bePentagon eCapitol Hill nabo bebephakamisa i-alamu njengoba beqhubekela phambili nesabelomali samasosha esikhulu kakhulu salo nyaka.
Akukho kulokhu okufanele kukumangaze. Njengazo zonke izinto eziluthayo, uma usungene emalini enkulu yezempi, kunzima ukucabanga ngokweqiniso noma ukubuza imibuzo esobala. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje lapho ingxoxo mayelana nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezempi empeleni ikhula ngokokuqala ngqรก eminyakeni edlule, ake nginikeze izisekelo ezimbalwa ezaziwayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwemali okukhona kuleli zwe kusukela ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, futhi ngiphakamise ezimbalwa nje. imibuzo elula mayelana nokuthi yonke leyo mali empeleni ithenge abantu baseMelika.
Cabangela lokhu mnikelo wami ohlelweni oluzayo lwezinyathelo ezingu-12 zokulondeka kuzwelonke.
Ake siqale ngezinombolo ezintathu eziyisisekelo ze-post-9/11 imilutha yaseWashington okudingeka zazi:
1. $5.9 trillion: Leso isamba samadola abakhokhi bentela esingene โkusabelomali esiyisisekeloโ sonyaka sePentagon, kusukela ngo-2000 kuze kube namuhla. Qaphela ukuthi isabelomali esiyisisekelo sihlanganisa imisebenzi yezikhali zenuzi, nakuba iqondiswa uMnyango Wezamandla, kodwa - futhi lokhu kubalulekile - hhayi izindleko zezimpi zethu e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nangaphandle kwalezo zindleko zempi, isabelomali sePentagon sikwazile ukukhula sisuka ku-$302.9 billion ngo-2000, saya ku-$545.1 billion ngo-2011. Lokho kungukukhuphuka kwamadola ngezigidigidi ezingama-242.2 noma i-80% yeqa ($ 163.6 billion kanye ne-44% uma ulungisa ukwehla kwamandla emali) . Kwanele ukwenza ikhanda lakho libhukude, futhi asikaqalisi.
2. $1.36 trillion: Lezo yizindleko eziphelele zezimpi zase-Iraq nase-Afghan ngalo mhlaka-30 Septhemba, ukuphela konyaka wezimali wamanje, okuhlanganisa yonke imali esetshenziselwe lezo zimpi yiPentagon, uMnyango Wezwe, i-US Agency for International Development, nezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni. Kulokhu, amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-869 azobe ese-Iraq, amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-487.6 ase-Afghanistan.
Hlanganisa izinombolo zethu zokuqala ezimbili ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke futhi usuvele uku-$7.2 trillion kusukela ngokuhlaselwa kwangomhla ziyi-11 kuSepthemba. Futhi ngisho naleso sibalo esishaqisayo asikutholi ngokugcwele ukusetshenziswa kweWashington kule minyaka. Ngakho qhubekela enombolweni yethu yesithathu:
3. $636 billion: Iningi labantu livamise ukungayinaki le ngxenye yesabelomali sezokuphepha sikazwelonke futhi asivamile ukubona noma yiziphi izibalo zayo, kodwa yinani, elilungiselwe ukwenyuka kwamanani emali, uhulumeni wase-US alichithile kuze kube manje โezokuphepha kwezwe.โ Lesi akusona isibalo esilula ukufika kuso ngoba uxhaso lwezokuvikela lwezwe lugeleza ngokoqobo kuma-ejensi wombuso futhi hhayi nje uMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya (DHS). Kwacelwa imali eyizigidigidi eziyi-16 zamaRandi ukuze kuvikeleke izwe ngo-2001. Ngonyaka ka-2012, isibalo siyizigidigidi ezingama-$71.6, kuphela amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-37 azodlula ku-DHS. Ingxenye enkulu, amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-18.1, izosetshenziswa - ungamangali - uMnyango Wezokuvikela, kanti ezinye izinhlaka ezinjengoMnyango Wezempilo Nezinsizakalo Zabantu (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4.6) kanye noMnyango Wezobulungiswa (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4.1) zithatha i ukuxega.
Engeza lezo zibalo ezintathu ndawonye futhi usekupheleni kuka-$8 trillion ekusetshenzisweni kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke kule minyaka eyishumi edlule futhi mhlawumbe uyazibuza ukuthi iqembu eliseduze lokusebenzisa imali ngokuphoqelela lihlanganaphi.
Manje, ngeminye yaleyo mibuzo engiyishilo, ukuze nje ngigcizelele iqiniso:
Ingakanani leyo mali ecishe ibe ngamabhiliyoni angu-8 uma iqhathaniswa nemali esetshenziswe esikhathini esidlule?
Eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwe-9/11, isabelomali sesisekelo se-Pentagon sengeze ku-$ 4.2 trillion ehlaba umxhwele, ingxenye eyodwa kuphela kwezintathu kunale minyaka eyishumi edlule. Kodwa engeza ezindlekweni zezimpi zase-Afghan nase-Iraq kanye nesamba sezindleko ze-Pentagon ngemva kwe-9/11 empeleni yizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ezinkulu kunale minyaka eyishumi edlule. Ukugxuma impela lokho. Mayelana noxhaso lwezimali zokuphepha kwezwe, izibalo zokuchithwa kwemali zeminyaka eyandulela u-2000 kunzima ukuzibona ngenxa yokuthi umkhakha wawungekho (futhi akekho owayebalulekile eWashington owake wacabanga ukusebenzisa lelo gama elithi โizwe lasekhayaโ). Kodwa akungabazeki ukuthi noma ngabe bekuyini, bekuzoba mnyama eduze nokwethula ukusetshenziswa kwemali.
Ingabe lokho cishe ku-$8 trillion inani langempela lale minyaka, noma kungaba ngaphezulu nakakhulu?
Izibalo zezindleko zempi engizisebenzise ngenhla, ezivela enhlanganweni yami,iNational Priorities Project, cabangela kuphela izimali ezicelwe uMongameli futhi zabiwe yiCongress. Lokhu, nokho, kungenye yezindlela zokubheka inkinga yempi nokusetshenziswa kwemali kwezokuphepha kwezwe. Aucwaningo lwamuva eshicilelwe yi-Watson Institute yaseBrown University yathatha indlela ebanzi kakhulu. Kwe isifinyezo somsebenzi wabo, abahlaziyi be-Watson Institute babhala, "Kukhona okungenani izindlela ezintathu zokucabanga ngezindleko zezomnotho zalezi zimpi: yini esetshenzisiwe kakade, yini engase isetshenziswe noma okufanele isetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo, kanye nemiphumela yezomnotho yokuqhathanisa yokusebenzisa imali empini. esikhundleni sokunye."
Ngokufaka uxhaso lwezinto ezifana nezinzuzo zama-veteran, izindleko zesikhathi esizayo zokwelapha abalimele impi, kanye nezinkokhelo zenzalo ekubolekeni okuhlobene nempi, baqhamuke ne- $ 3.2 trillion kuya ku- $ 4 trillion ezindlekweni zempi, ezingabeka lezo zibalo zokuphepha zikazwelonke kusukela. 2001 cishe $11 trillion.
Ngithathe indlela efanayo esiqeshini sangaphambili se-TomDispatch lapho ngibale khona izindleko zangempela zokuphepha kwezwe $ 1.2 trillion minyaka yonke.
Konke lokhu kuletha omunye umbuzo olula, kodwa ongavamile ukubuzwa:
Ingabe siphephe kakhudlwana?
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izibalo okhetha ukuzisebenzisa, into eyodwa eqinisekile: sikhuluma ngezigidigidi nezigidigidi zamadola. Futhi uma kubhekwa impikiswano eqhubekayo eWashington kuleli hlobo mayelana nendlela yokubuyisela ukushoda kwama-trillion-dollar kanye nesikweletu esikhulayo, kuyamangaza ukuthi akekho ocabanga ukubuza ukuthi i-US ithola imali engakanani yokuphepha kulezo zigidigidi.
Yebo, akuwona umbuzo olula ukuwuphendula, kodwa kukhona amaqiniso akhathazayo okumele anikeze umuntu ikhefu. Ake siqale nge-accounting kahulumeni, okuthi, njengomculo wezempi, into ye-oxymoron. Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka ezikhalazo ezivela eCapitol Hill kanye nemizamo eyahlukene yengqungquthela yokuphoqa izinguquko ngomthetho, uMnyango Wezokuvikela awukakwazi ukudlulisa ucwaningo. Kholwa noma ungakukholwa, akukaze kube njalo.
Amalungu oKhongolose acasuke kakhulu kangangokuthi ambalwa azame (nakuba ahlulekile) ukuvala noma ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kuze kube iPentagon ikwazi ukuphasisa ucwaningo lwaminyaka yonke njengoba kudingwa yiChief Financial Officers Act ka-1990. Ngakho njengoba belwela ukugcina irekhodi. amazinga okusetshenziswa kwezempi, izikhulu zePentagon empeleni azinayo indlela yokutshela abakhokhi bentela baseMelika ukuthi imali yabo isetshenziswa kanjani, noma ukuthi ithenga luphi uhlobo lokuphepha.
Futhi lesi sifo sibonakala sibamba. UMnyango wezokuPhepha kwezwe ube yingxenye ye "ingozi ephezulu" uchungechunge Yehhovisi Likahulumeni Lokuziphendulela (i-GAO) kusukela ngo-2003. Esimeni lapho ukuba โsengozini enkuluโ ngokwemibandela ye-GAO kungeyona ingxenye ye-chitchat yetafula lakho, nansi incazelo: "ama-ejensi nezindawo zohlelo ezisengozini enkulu ngenxa yokuba sengozini ukukhwabanisa, ukumosha, ukuhlukumeza, kanye nokungaphathi kahle, noma okudinga kakhulu ukuguqulwa okubanzi."
Beka ngokwemibandela yabantu abavamile: ayikho inhlangano ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke enombono omningi wokuthi isebenzisa kahle noma kabi kangakanani imali yabakhokhi bentela - futhi okubi nakakhulu, iCongress yazi okuncane nakakhulu.
Okusiholela odabeni olubanzi kanye nomunye umbuzo:
Ingabe sisebenzisa imali ezinhlotsheni ezifanele zokuvikeleka?
NgoJuni, i-Institute for Policy Studies ikhiphe inguqulo yakamuva yalokho ekubiza ngokuthi โIsabelomali Esihlanganisiwe Sokuphepha sase-United Statesโ esingenza izwe liphephe kancane kancane kunesabelomali samanje sezempi. Yaziwa kakhulu njenge-USB, ikhiqizwa minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-2004 yiwebhusayithi Umgomo Wezangaphandle Ekugxiliseni futhi idonsa ithimba lochwepheshe.
Njengaseminyakeni eyedlule, umbiko wathola - futhi ngokwemibandela yabantu - ukuthi i-US itshala amadola ayo okuphepha ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni impi, ibukela phansi ukuphepha kwangempela kwezwe lakubo nanoma yini engase idlulele ekuvimbeni izingxoxo. Kusabelomali esihlongozwayo sika-2012 sokuphatha kuka-Obama, isibonelo, u-85% wezindleko zokuphepha uya empini (futhi uma uhlanganisa izindleko zezimpi zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, lelo phesenti lingakhuphuka kuphela); u-7% nje uya ekuvikelekeni kwezwe langempela kanye no-8% othobekile kulokho okungase kubizwe ngokuthi ukusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe okungezona ezezempi.
Izingxenye ezibalulekile zokusungulwa kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle sezikwamukela lokhu kugxeka - okungenani ngezinye izikhathi kuzwakala sengathi zenza. Njengoba uRobert Gates beka udaba ngenkathi kusenguNobhala Wezokuvikela, "Uxhaso lwezimali lwezinhlelo zezindaba zangaphandle okungezona ezempi ... luhlala luncane ngokulinganayo uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho esikuchitha kwezempi ... [T] nasi isidingo sokwenyuka okumangazayo kokusetshenziswa kwemali kumathuluzi omphakathi wezokuphepha kwezwe." Kodwa uma bekhuluma inkulumo, lapho kufika isikhathi sokwenza imali yonyaka, bambalwa kubo abasahamba ngezinyawo.
Ngakho-ke ake sibuze omunye umbuzo oyisisekelo:
Ingabe imali yakho, efakwe ezweni elikhulu nelinothunzi lokusebenzisa imali kwezempi nezokuphepha kwezwe, ikwenze waphepheka?
Izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nochwepheshe bokulwa nobushokobezi bavame ukusho ukuthi umphakathi awukwazi "ukunqoba" kwabo okuningi "empini yobushokobezi." Lokhu, baphikelela ngokuthi, kuhlala kufihliwe ngenxa yezizathu ezibandakanya ukuvikela imithombo yezobunhloli kanye namasu okugcina umthetho. Baphinde bagcizelele ukuthi i-United States kanye nabalingani bayo baphazamise noma yiliphi inani lezinhlelo zobushokobezi kusukela ngo-9/11 nokuthi lokhu kuqinisekisa amazinga amangalisayo amanje okusetshenziswa kwemali kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke.
Ngokungangabazeki izibonelo zezenzo zobushokobezi ezibhuntshiwe, ezingadalulwanga ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha, zikhona (nakuba isifiso sokuziqhayisa akufanele sithathwe kancane, njengasendabeni yomkhankaso wokucasha wokubulala u-Osama bin Laden). Cabanga ngalokhu njengokuthi "Bengingakutshela, kodwa-ke kuzomele ngikubulale" ekubhekeni impumelelo yezokuphepha kazwelonke. Ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izicelo zokusebenzisa imali ephezulu zokuphepha kwezwe. Kodwa-ke, kunezinkinga ezimbili ezisobala nezisheshayo zokuyithatha ngokungathi sรญna.
Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuntula obala, ayikho indlela yokuhlola ukufaneleka kwayo. Zazibucayi kangakanani lezi zinsongo? Ibhomu lezingubo zangaphansi elibi noma isikhali esibhubhisayo esingafikanga edolobheni laseMelika? Kwazi bani? Okuwukuphela kwento ecacile ukuthi lena yi- i-lophole lapho ungakwazi ukushayela imoto yakho yezikhali evikelekile evikela imayini.
Okwesibili, yabhuntshiwa kanjani ngempela le mizamo? Ingabe baphazanyiswa izinhlelo ezixhaswe njengengxenye yezigidigidi ezingu-7.2 zamaRandi ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi, noma ngisho namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-636 ekusetshenzisweni kwezokuphepha kwezwe?
Ngo-Ephreli 2010 Umbiko weHeritage Foundation, "Iziqhingi Zobuphekula Ezingu-30 Ziye Zabhuntsha: Indlela Uhlelo Olusebenza Ngayo," kubheke izigameko ezaziwayo lapho ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kwabhuntshiwa khona ngempela futhi kunikeza isiqondiso esithile. Ochwepheshe bezamaGugu babhala, "Kusukela ngo-September 11, 2001, okungenani ukuhlasela kwamaphekula okwakuhleliwe okungu-30 kuye kwavinjwa, konke kwavinjwa abomthetho ngaphandle kwezimbili. Okubili okuhlukile okuphawulekayo ngabagibeli nabasebenzi basendizeni abanqoba 'ibhomu lezicathulo' 2001 kanye 'nebhomu yezingubo zangaphansi' ngoSuku lukaKhisimusi ngo-2009."
Ngamanye amazwi, ezikhathini eziningi, amacebo esiwaziyo ahlakazwa "iziphathimandla zomthetho" noma izakhamuzi, azizange zisizwe yi- $ 7.2 trillion eyayitshalwe kwezempi - noma ezimweni eziningi ngisho nama- $ 636 billion. lokho kwangena kwezokuphepha kwezwe. Futhi ngenkathi iningi lalawo macala ehilela iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, okungenani amathathu amiswa isenzo somthetho wendawo.
Eqinisweni, uma kubhekwa ukushoda kwamanje kwamathuluzi okuhlola, cishe akunakwenzeka ngabantu bangaphandle - futhi mhlawumbe nabangaphakathi - ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo eziningi zezwe ezihlobene nezokuphepha. Futhi lokhu kuphazamisa ikhono lethu lokunquma kahle ukwabiwa kwezinsiza zikahulumeni ngesisekelo sokusebenza kahle kohlelo kanye namazinga ahlobene wezinsongo okukhulunywa ngazo.
Ngakho-ke nawu umbuzo wokugcina ongabuzwa muntu:
Ingabe singaphepheka kancane?
Kungenzeka ukuthi yonke leyo mali, ikakhulukazi imali eye yangena ezimpini nasezingxabanweni zethu ezahlukahlukene, imikhankaso yethu ye-drone eyimfihlo kanye โnezindawo ezimnyama,โ ukungenela kwethu okuhlukahlukene ePakistan, eLibya, eYemen, eSomalia nakwezinye izindawo kungenzeka ukuthi kusenze ephephile kancane. Impela, ziye zabhebhethekisa ukungezwani okukhona futhi zadala ezintsha, zacekela phansi ukuma kwethu kwezinye zezifunda eziguquguqukayo kakhulu emhlabeni, kwaholela ekufeni kwezinkulungwane zezinkulungwane kanye nosizi lwabanye abaningi, futhi kwenza i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan, phakathi kwezinye izindawo. , izindawo ezingase zibuthe futhi zoqeqeshelwe izizukulwane ezizayo zamavukela-mbuso namaphekula. Ingabe kukhona okusele ekuthakazelweni kwamazwe ngamazwe ngezwe lethu okwakuyifa elilodwa elihle lokuhlasela okunedumela elibi kwangoSepthemba 11, 2001? Akunakwenzeka.
Manje, akusona yini isikhathi salezo zinyathelo eziyi-12?
UChris Hellman, a I-TomDispatch.com ejwayelekile, unguMhlaziyi Omkhulu Wocwaningo e- Iprojekthi Eyisisekelo Yezwe (NPP). Uyilungu leButho eliSebenzayo leSabelomali Sokuvikeleka Elihlanganisiwe kanye Nombutho Wezokuvikela Oqhubekayo. Ngaphambi kokujoyina i-NPP, wasebenza ngesabelomali sezempi kanye nezindaba zenqubomgomo yeSikhungo Sokulawulwa Kwezikhali Nokungathuthuki kanye Nesikhungo Solwazi Lwezokuvikela. Uphinde abe umakadebona weminyaka eyishumi waseCapitol Hill, lapho njengomsebenzi wekhongolose asebenza khona ezindabeni zezokuvikela kanye nenqubomgomo yangaphandle.
[Qaphela ngokufunda okwengeziwe: Bheka Umbiko Wephrojekthi Kazwelonke Yakamuva, "Ukusetshenziswa Kwezokuphepha kwase-U.S. Kusukela ngomhlaka-9/11." Ukuze uthole imininingwane egcwele yesicelo sokuphepha sezwe sango-2012, bheka "Uxhaso Lwemisebenzi Yezokuphepha Kwezwe Nge-Ejensi Ne-Akhawunti Yesabelomaliโ isithasiselo sesabelomali se-FY2012 (.pdf file); ochungechungeni lweHhovisi Lokuphendula Kahulumeni elithi "Ingozi Ephezulu", Chofoza lapha; nokufunda I-Institute of Policy Studies' โA Unified Security Budget (USB) yase-United States,โ Chofoza lapha (.ifayela le-pdf).]
Lesi sihloko sivele okokuqala ku-TomDispatch.com, i-weblog ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we-American Empire Project, umbhali we Ukuphela Kwesiko Lokunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Became Obama's (Haymarket Books).
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