Umbuthano wezintatheli, abagebengu kanye nama-whistleblowers eBerlin kule mpelasonto uzwe owayengusonkontileka we-National Security Agency (NSA), u-Edward Snowden, ekhipha ikhwelo lokuthi izakhamizi zithole izindlela zokulawula ngqo ubuchwepheshe bemininingwane esibusebenzisa nsuku zonke.
I-Logan Symposium, ehlelwe yiCentre for Investigative Journalism (CIJ) ezinze eGoldsmiths University, eLondon, iphinde yezwa kubashicileli be-Wikileaks uJulian Assange, kanye nabe-NSA abashaya amakhwela uThomas Drake noWilliam Binney.
Le ngqungquthela yezinsuku ezimbili isekelwe izinhlangano eziningi ezilwela inkululeko yabezindaba, izingubo ezizimele zobuntatheli, kanye nabezindaba abajwayelekile - okuhlanganisa nephephabhuku laseJalimane. Der Speigel.
Ngibambe iqhaza ochungechungeni njengesikhulumi, lapho mina nabanye abaholi bami okuhlanganisa nentatheli ephenyayo u-Jacob Appelbaum - osebenze nabo bobabili u-Assange kanye no-Snowden, futhi waphula ngokuzimela indaba ye-NSA eyinhloli kuShansela waseJalimane u-Angela Merkel - wachaza. okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kokubika okuphambili.
Futhi kuphaneli yami kwakukhona u-Eveline Lubbers, osungule uphenyo oludalula ukusebenza kwamaphoyisa ase-UK ukuze afake amaqembu ezishoshovu; UMartin Welz, umhleli we Noseweek, umagazini wezobuntatheli ophenyayo kuphela waseNingizimu Afrika; U-Natalia Viana, umqondisi osebenzisana naye wesikhungo sase-Brazil sokuphenya okungenzi inzuzo, i-Agencia Publica; kanye no-Anas Aremeyaw, intatheli engumshoshaphansi ehamba phambili e-Afrika.
Ngesikhathi sakhe esikhethekile ikheli levidiyo ngoMgqibelo kusihlwa, u-Snowden uxwayise ngokubuka intuthuko entsha ekubhaleni ngemfihlo njengendlela kuphela yokubhekana nokubhekwa kwabantu abaningi, esikhundleni salokho egcizelela ukuphuthuma kwezinguquko ezimangalisayo zezepolitiki nezomthetho emhlabeni jikelele.
Lo mbiko uphinde wagxeka indlela uMengameli uBarack Obama abheka ngayo ingxabano phakathi kwe-Apple ne-FBI mayelana nokuthola i-Iphone eyasetshenziswa ezigamekweni zaseSan Bernardino.
"Kube kuningi mayelana nokuthi singabhekana kanjani nezinselele sisebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe," u-Edward Snowden etshela izethameli eBerlin ngesixhumanisi sevidiyo ebukhoma.
“Kumele sicabange ukuthi sifike kanjani lapha. Sikhuluma ngoguquko lwezomthetho, kodwa lokhu akuzange kugunyazwe kwasekuqaleni… Ukulungisa izinto ngaphakathi kohlelo kuyinto enhle, ngaphakathi kohlelo. Yindlela okufanele isebenze ngayo, indlela imiphakathi yethu eklanywe ngayo ukuthi isebenze.
Kwenzekani uma amasistimu ehluleka ukusebenza?
Sinalokhu kuthambekela okungokwemvelo kokucabanga ukuthi lokhu kuwukusuka ekuhlelweni kwemvelo kwezinto, futhi konke kuzoba ngcono futhi, futhi singathembela futhi ohlelweni.
Kodwa, kuvele ukuthi lokho kuhlukumeza kuwumphumela wamandla… Noma nini lapho sinamaqembu amancane akhulayo anamandla, sisebenzisa kabi amandla. Indlela namuhla ubuchwepheshe...
Kukhona ukuphambana kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokufinyelela olwazini emphakathini. I-inthanethi iyisifinyezo sayo… Isiya ngokuya isithinta sonke, kodwa siya ngokuya sincipha ukuyilawula.”
NgoLwesihlanu, umshicileli ongumsunguli we-Wikileaks, uJulian Assange, uzwakalise ukukhathazeka okufanayo ekhelini lakhe levidiyo elivela ehhovisi lenxusa lase-Ecuador eLondon, lapho iphaneli ye-UN isanda kuphetha ngokuthi uboshiwe ngokungekho emthethweni. Leso siphetho kwafinyelelwa kuso, kusho u-Assange, “naphezu kwengcindezi engafanele evela kuhulumeni wase-US nowase-UK nge-UN.”
U-Assange uxwayise ngokwenyuka kwempambanomgwaqo phakathi kwe-Google, manje eyinkampani yezindaba enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kanye nesizinda sezimboni zamasosha ase-US, ikakhulukazi egqamisa ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulayo kwe-Google kubuhlakani bokufakelwa (AI) namarobhothi, ikakhulukazi 'ezokuvikela kuzwelonke' izicelo zamasosha ase-US kanye umphakathi wezobunhloli.
"I-Google ihlanganisa izinhlelo ze-AI nohlelo lwezokuphepha lukazwelonke," kusho u-Assange. “Lokhu kuwusongo esintwini. Kufanele siyeke ukuphakela u-Google.”
Unxuse umphakathi ukuthi uhlole ezinye izinsiza ze-inthanethi ukuze kwehliswe ikhono le-Google lokushanela inqwaba yedatha yomuntu siqu ezinhlelweni ze-AI ezikhethwe yi-Pentagon.
Usongo lwentando yeningi
Bobabili u-Assange kanye no-Snowden baphikisana ngokuthi ukufakwa endaweni eyodwa ngokushesha kokulawulwa kolwazi lobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana ngaphakathi kwemboni yezinkampani ezizimele ngokuya ngokuhlanganyela nombuso wezokuphepha, kumelela usongo olukhulu emibusweni yentando yeningi esebenzayo, ikakhulukazi abezindaba zamahhala.
“Kufanele samukele ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela yokuvikela amalungelo omuntu oyedwa, ukuvikela amalungelo abo bonke abantu,” kusho uSnowden. “Lokhu kubonakala kuwusongo kuhulumeni ngoba kumele isizinda lapho bengeke besakwazi ukungenelela khona.”
Echaza isimo sikaMongameli Obama ngengxabano ye-Apple-FBI “njengokuhlukana okungamanga phakathi kobumfihlo nokuphepha,” wathi “ukudinga kokubili”, futhi awukwazi ukuba nakho ngaphandle kokunye.
U-Snowden wengeze ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemethadatha ukukhomba abantu njengezinsongo kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke kubeka isibonelo esiyingozi, esinobubanzi obubanzi bokuphuphunyelwa kobulungiswa ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke. Umuntu ovele axhumane nentatheli ephula indaba esekelwe olwazini oluvela kumhlebi kahulumeni, isibonelo, angagcina elahlwa icala njengomthombo - ngisho noma bekungewona umthombo - ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwemethadatha ebaxhumanisa ngokwezimo intatheli.
“Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubuwumthombo noma cha, uma uke waxhumana nentatheli, ungagwetshwa,” kusho uSnowden.
EBrithani, uhulumeni we-Tory uzama ukufaka umthetho oqinile, i-Investigatory Powers Bill (IP Bill), ozonikeza umbuso amandla angajwayelekile okuphazamisa ubuntatheli. Lo mthethosivivinywa, ongathi uma uphasiswa ubeka isibonelo kwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga, kulindeleke ukuthi uthole ukufundwa kwesibili ephalamende ngoLwesibili, 15th March.
Ngokusho kweNational Union of Journalists, lo mthethosivivinywa uzonikeza uhulumeni amandla okufinyelela ezokuxhumana nezintatheli futhi agqekeze imishini yazo ye-elekthronikhi, okuhlanganisa nokuvala okuqukethwe kanye nemethadatha yezokuxhumana zazo, ngaphandle kokuzazisa.
Naphezu kokuphikiswa okukhulu kwamakomiti ePhalamende ahlukene, okuhlanganisa ne-Joint Committee on the Investigatory Powers Bill, ukuhlelwa kabusha kukahulumeni okwalandela kuye kwaba kubi kakhulu imibandela yawo.
NgokukaMichelle Stanistreet, unobhala jikelele we-NUJ, uMthethosivivinywa we-IP:
“… kuwusongo ekhonweni lezintatheli ekwenzeni umsebenzi wazo, ukuqinisekisa ukwaziswa kwazo nokuvikela imithombo yazo. Ngaphandle kwaleso sivikelo, ngeke sibe nomshini wokunyathelisa wamahhala osebenzayo… Ukuntuleka kwezivikelo zazo zonke izintatheli kuzoba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu ngelungelo lomphakathi lokwazi e-UK.”
Imethadatha, vele, isivele isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ngumphakathi wezobunhloli ukukhomba hhayi nje abasolwa bobuphekula, kodwa nezishoshovu, amaqembu amalungelo abantu, nabanye abagxeka inqubomgomo kahulumeni.
Kuya ngokwandayo, iziteleka ezisayinwa yizindiza eziya ezindizayo ngokumelene namaqembu angaziwa abasolwa ngokuba ngamaphekula ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi njengeSyria, Yemen, Pakistan kanye ne-Afghanistan zisekelwe kuphela kumethadatha etholwe ngokugadwa komakhalekhukhwini, amaphrofayili ezinkundla zokuxhumana, nezinye izinqolobane zolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezingozini ezingenakubalwa zezakhamuzi.
Imethadatha evela emithonjeni eminingi ye-elekthronikhi, okuhlanganisa nezinkundla zokuxhumana, iya ngokuya ibonwa yiPentagon, kanye nezinhlangano zokuphepha zase-UK kanye ne-EU, njengendawo enkulu yokugcina ubuhlakani 'yomthombo ovulekile' obutholakala kalula wokuzama ukuyifinyelela. ukubikezela, nokulawula, ukuziphatha kwenani labantu.
Njengoba ngabika ngoFebhuwari, imibhalo esemthethweni engacacisiwe kusukela eHhovisi Lase-US Lokucwaninga Ngemikhumbi phakathi kwezinye izinhlelo zocwaningo ze-Pentagon zisikhanyisela ngezifiso ezithusayo 'zombiko omncane' wezikhulu zikahulumeni wase-US mayelana nokufuna ukulindela ngokunembile nokubikezela izishoshovu zesikhathi esizayo, imibhikisho, ubugebengu, ubuphekula, izingxabano kanye nombuso- ukwehluleka. Nokho ochwepheshe abazimele bayaqaphela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bungase bukhiqize amanga nama-red-herrings, kunokubikezela inani langempela lokubikezela.
Ukubethela?
U-Edward Snowden ukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa ngokucophelela nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokubethela yizintatheli ukusiza ukuvikela imithombo, kodwa waphawula ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bubodwa abuyimpendulo.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha obusha obunamandla, isistimu yokusebenza ephelele eyaziwa ngokuthi i-SubGraph OS engafakwa ku-PC noma i-Mac ukuze inikeze uhla olugcwele lwamathuluzi okuxhumana abethelwe, yethulwe engqungqutheleni. I-SubGraph ingeyakamuva kumathuluzi amaningana ahlukene kodwa afanayo, njenge-Tails - isistimu yokusebenza engaqalwa kabusha kunoma iyiphi ikhompuyutha ngedrayivu ye-USB - kanye ne-Qubes, enye isistimu edinga ukufakwa kumakhompuyutha aqinile okuphepha aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile.
Abaklami bala maphrojekthi engqungqutheleni baxwayise, nokho, ukuthi nakuba la mathuluzi enamandla, awanikezi iziqinisekiso ngokumelene nokugadwa kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi 'izicabha ezingemuva' ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezingakaziwa kukho kokubili isofthiwe nezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezivamile.
"Amaphrojekthi amahle ngempela," kusho u-Snowden, eqokomisa i-SubGraph OS ikakhulukazi: "Ngihlela ukukusebenzisa lokhu ngokwami. Kodwa kufanele sazi ukuthi lezi azifinyeleleki iningi labasebenzisi, ezintathelini, ezingebona ochwepheshe.”
Inselele yochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe ukuthuthukisa izixhumanisi zabasebenzisi ezinobungane nezifinyeleleka kalula ezingafundwa abantu abavamile njengoba uhamba. U-Snowden uphakamise ukuhlola 'ukwenziwa kwegeyimu' kwejika lokufunda kumathuluzi anjalo ukuze kwenziwe ukuzizwisa kokuwaqonda kube lula.
“Singakwazi ukunikeza abantu amakhono ayisisekelo, ukuqonda, ngokubafundisa njengoba behamba - ukuguqulwa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo, esifundisa abantu njengoba besisebenzisa, ngendlela ejabulisayo, hhayi umthwalo, futhi ejabulisayo. Lokhu yinto okumele sisebenzele phezu kwayo kakhulu.”
U-Snowden uphinde wakhuthaza ochwepheshe ukuthi “baqhudelane ngokuqondile nalezi zinzuzo zebhizinisi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane” njenge-Google, i-Facebook ne-Apple. Uthe kukhona ithuba lokuthi ukuhweba okuholwa yizakhamuzi “kuphumelele kakhudlwana, kudale imikhiqizo ekhangayo, esebenziseka kalula, kodwa engeyona ingozi emalungelweni omuntu okukhululeka futhi azihlanganise nabantu abakhululekile futhi abakhululekile. indlela ephephile.”
Uguquko olukhulu
U-Edward Snowden uphinde waxwayisa ngokucabanga ukuthi ukuzama ukulwa nokubhekwa kombuso ngokubhala ngemfihlo kukodwa kungaba yisixazululo, ekhuthaza isidingo sokuphonsela inselelo indawo eyodwa kwamandla phezu kobuchwepheshe bolwazi ezandleni zezinkampani zikahulumeni.
“Sithembele ezinkampanini zamaqembu enza inzuzo njenge-Apple ukuvikela amalungelo ethu. Kufanele sithembele kumaphrothokholi namasistimu ayisisekelo sokuxhumana kwethu.
Sidinga ukuqina njengochwepheshe kanye nezintatheli…
Kube nokungalingani okumangalisayo kwamandla kuwo wonke umlando. Angilona iKhomanisi, kodwa kwakukhona abantu ababephikisana ngokuthi kufanele sibambe izindlela zokukhiqiza. Sisondela ngokushesha lapho kudingeka sibambe izindlela zethu zokuxhumana.”
Isizathu?
"Sibona ukulawula ngokweqile izikhungo okufanele sikwazi ukuzethemba, kodwa ngeke sizethembe," esho. "Ngasikhathi sinye, sibona izinkampani zithola ukufinyelela ezimpilweni zethu zangasese, ngezindlela ebesingazilindele futhi asazi ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani."
Ubumfihlo noma ukuphepha?
U-Snowden uwuchithile umbono wokuthi ubumfihlo noma inkululeko ime ngandlela thize ngokumelene nokuphepha kwangempela.
“Osopolitiki badliwa wuvalo kalula uma bethumela imiyalezo. Ukuthi 'lokhu kuzosindisa izimpilo' kuyayenga kumvoti. Abantu bathambekele ekubakholelweni…Ake sibheke amaqiniso angempela, ngo-9/11. Sibe nophenyo lweCongressional - futhi bathola ukuthi bekungeyona indaba yokuthi asiqoqi ngokwanele. Inkinga ukuthi ukugxila kwethu kwakuhlakazekile, izinhlelo eziningi ziqoqa okuningi, asizange sabelane ngakho ngendlela efanele, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kwafa abantu abangu-3,000. Osopolitiki namuhla bathi sidinga ukuqoqa okwengeziwe - kodwa basenza sonke singaphephile, futhi kubeka izimpilo engcupheni. "
Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-Boston marathon, uthe, kunikeze isibonelo esicacile sokuqothuka kwe-surveillance-for-security mantra - abenzi bobubi, naphezu kokusebenza kumongo "wohlelo lwe-dragnet enkulu emlandweni wezwe lami" beluhlala lungabonwa.
“Ekupheleni kosuku kumele sithathe isinqumo. Ingabe sifuna ukuba umphakathi olawulwayo? Noma sifuna ukuhlala endaweni yamahhala? Ngoba ngeke sibe nakho kokubili.”
Esigungwini sangoLwesihlanu, uThomas Drake - owayeyisikhulu esiphezulu se-NSA owagqugquzela u-Snowden ukuthi ashaye ikhwela ngokudalula amaphutha ephrojekthi ye-Trailblazer mass surveillance project yale nhlangano - ukhumbule ukuthi abaphathi bakhe be-NSA bakubona ngokukloloda ukwehluleka kwezobunhloli kwe-9/11 njengesenzo. ithuba lokukhulisa isabelomali se-ejensi ngendlela emangazayo.
“Angikholwanga lapho umphathi wami echaza i-9/11 'njengesipho ku-NSA.'
Umbono wokuthi ukugadwa kwabantu abaningi kunamathemba okusigcina siphephile ngokweqiniso uyangabazeka kakhulu. Inkinga enkulu yokugcizelela ukuthi kususwe ubumfihlo egameni lezokuphepha umthelela wako wobushiqela kuyo yonke imiphakathi yethu.
“Kumele sicabange ukuthi ngawaphi amalungelo? Zivelaphi? Yiziphi izindinganiso zabo? Imfihlo yani ngempela?” U-Snowden utshele izethameli embuthanweni we-CIJ.
“Ubumfihlo yilungelo okutholakala kulo wonke amanye. Ngaphandle kobumfihlo kukhona umphakathi kuphela, kuphela iqoqo, okwenza bonke babe futhi bacabange ngokufanayo. Awukwazi ukuba nanoma yini wena, awukwazi ukuba nemibono yakho, ngaphandle uma unendawo okungeyakho kuphela.
Ukuphikisa ngokuthi awunandaba nokuba yimfihlo ngoba akukho okufihlayo kufana nokuthi uthi awunandaba nenkululeko yokukhuluma ngoba akukho ongakusho…”
Ukungezwani kwezepolitiki
Ukube ukubhekwa kwabantu abaningi bekumayelana nokuqeda ubuphekula, izinhloso zabo bekungeke kube abaphikisi bezepolitiki, kusho uSnowden, ekhomba enkulumweni edumile ethi 'Nginephupho' kaMartin Luther King Jr - echazwe ngu-Snowden “njengomholi wamalungelo omphakathi omkhulu kunabo bonke ezweni lami. owake wabona.”
Ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemuva kwaleyo nkulumo, u-Snowden uthe, i-FBI yahlola iNkosi ukuthi "iyingozi enkulu ekuvikelekeni kwezwe" ngaleso sikhathi.
Kuncane okushintshile kusukela lapho.
Lowo owayengusonkontileka wezobunhloli waveza ukuthi i-ejensi yezobunhloli yaseBrithani, i-GCHQ, iye yahlola ngokungekho emthethweni izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu njenge-Amnesty International, izintatheli, izikhulu zabezindaba kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, “isebenzisa amandla adluliselwe esidlangalaleni ukuze ivimbele amaphekula.”
Ecaphuna imibhalo ephezulu eyimfihlo ayiputshulile, waphawula ukuthi izizathu zangaphakathi zokugcina lezi zinhlelo zihlukaniswa azibhekiseli ezindabeni zokuphepha kuzwelonke. Kunalokho, le mibhalo yathi “ukuyimemezela kwakuzoholela ‘enkulumweni yempikiswano yomphakathi’ ngoba [thina umphakathi] sizoyiphikisa le misebenzi.”
Okushiwo ukuthi izwe lezokuphepha libona izisekelo zentando yeningi ephilayo - iphephandaba elikhululekile ngempela, inkulumompikiswano yomphakathi enamandla, ukwengamela izinqubomgomo zobuhlakani ezihlukaniswe kakhulu - njengesitha.
Ukuchithwa kokubaluleka kwamalungelo obumfihlo, kusho u-Snowden, kuwumsebenzi wamandla angalingani. Umeluleki unxuse izilaleli zakhe ukuthi zicabangele ukuthi isidingo sokuqeda ubumfihlo sivela kanjani kubantu abanamandla “abasesikhundleni selungelo… Uma ungumuntu omdala omhlophe osezingeni eliphezulu, umphakathi uyalwa ukuthi uvikele izintshisekelo zakho. Uklame uhlelo ukuze uvikele izintshisekelo zakho.”
Lokhu kungalingani emandleni, kusho u-Snowden, kusho ukuthi “yidlanzana elisengozini enkulu” ngenxa yomthelela wokubhekwa kwabantu abaningi.
“Akwanele ukucabanga ngalezi zinto, akwanele ukukholelwa kokuthile,” kuphetha uSnowden enanela ihlombe elimangalisayo. "Kufanele umele okuthile, kufanele usho okuthile, kufanele ubeke okuthile engozini, uma ufuna izinto zibe ngcono."
Dr Nafeez Ahmed uyintatheli ephenyayo, umbhali othengisa kakhulu kanye nesazi sezokuphepha samazwe ngamazwe. Owayengumbhali we-Guardian, ubhala ikholomu ethi 'System Shift' ye-VICE's Motherboard, futhi ungumlobi wamasonto onke we-Middle East Eye.
Ungumnqobi we-2015 Project Censored Award for Outstanding Investigative Journalism ngomsebenzi wakhe we-Guardian, futhi wakhethwa kabili ku-Evening Standard's top 1,000 baseLondoners abanethonya kunawo wonke emhlabeni, ngo-2014 nango-2015.
UNafeez uphinde wabhala futhi wabika ku-The Independent, Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Scotsman, Foreign Policy, The Atlantic, Quartz, Prospect, New Statesman, Le Monde diplomatique, New Internationalist, The Ecologist, Alternet, Counterpunch, Truthout, phakathi abanye.
Uyi-Visiting Research Fellow e-Faculty of Science and Technology e-Anglia Ruskin University, lapho ecwaninga khona ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinkinga zesistimu yomhlaba wonke kanye nezingxabano zomphakathi ze-Springer Energy Briefs.
UNafeez ungumbhali we Umhlahlandlela Wabasebenzisi Enkingeni Yempucuko: Futhi Ungawusindisa Kanjani (2010), kanye nenoveli ethokozisayo ye-scifi ZERO POINT, phakathi kwezinye izincwadi. Umsebenzi wakhe ngezimbangela kanye nemisebenzi eyimfihlo exhumene nobuphekula bamazwe ngamazwe waba negalelo ngokusemthethweni kuKhomishana ka-9/11 kanye ne-7/7 Coroner's Inquest.
Le ndaba ikhishwa mahhala ukuze izuze umphakathi, futhi yenziwe i-crowdfunding. Ngithanda ukubonga umphakathi wami omangalisayo wabaxhasi ngokungeseka kwabo, okunginike ithuba lokusebenza kule ndaba. Ngiyacela ukusekela ubuntatheli obuzimele, obuphenyayo be-global commons nge-Patreon.com, lapho unganikela khona ngokuningi noma okuncane ngokuthanda kwakho.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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