E-MANILA, EPHILIPPINES - Ngenyanga edlule, i-US Armed Forces ekugcineni ivumile ukuthi umsebenzi omusha wawuqhubeka ePhilippines. Idabhiwe "Operation Pacific Eagle - Philippines," ukusebenza kuvumela ukuthi isabelomali esingenamkhawulo sibekwe eceleni ngenjongo yokusebenza kwe-U.S. ehlomile esifundeni saseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Iqokwe ngoSepthemba 1, 2017 nguNobhala Wezokuvikela wase-US uJames Mattis phakathi kwezimfihlo eziphelele e-U.S. nasePhilippines, ukusebenza kwezimo eziphuthumayo zaphesheya kwezilwandle - i ukuqokwa okusemthethweni ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi yezempi yangaphambili ethi "War on Terror" - yethulwa njengokuqhubeka kwe-Operation Inherent Resolve, impi yezempi yamasosha aseMelika ngokumelene neqembu le-Islamic State (ISIS) e-Iraq naseSyria.
I-Pacific Eagle, umkhankaso ovulekile okuhloswe ngawo ukuthi "ulwe nama-radicalization kanye nobudlova obunobudlova" esifundeni esiseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ingabona amasosha ase-US aphinde azinza njengendawo ehlala njalo endaweni yangaphambili yase-US echazwe nguMongameli uDonald Trump ngokuthi "ingxenye eyinhloko ye-real estate. "
Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lo msebenzi kuhloswe ngawo ukuqinisa ukubamba kweWashington kubantu asebehlukunyezwe isikhathi eside ePhilippines, ukwehlula ukuvukela umbuso kwesobunxele kwekhulu leminyaka, kanye nokuvikela izwe ukuze lizuze izintshisekelo zezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zaseMelika.
Incazelo ye-ISIS
Lo mkhankaso uvela obala ezinyangeni ngemuva kokuphothulwa kokuvinjezelwa okuchitha igazi eMarawi, idolobha eselibhidliziwe manje esiqhingini esiseningizimu impela neMindanao okwaba yindawo yomkhankaso wokulwa nokuvukela umbuso we-Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) ngokumelene namakhulu abasolwa. "Ama-Islamic State abambisene" bamaqembu e-Maute ne-Abu Sayyaf.
Lo mkhankaso ububandakanya ukumenyezelwa komthetho wezempi eMindanao kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka wezi-2018, ukuxoshwa kwezinkulungwane zemindeni, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwe-U.S. Special Forces edolobheni njengabeluleki nabeluleki. abaqhubi be-drone esiza amasosha asePhilippine.
Ividiyo yakamuva ekhishwe yiPhilippine Army Special Operations Command, eqokonyiswe ngu I-Interaksyon, iphawule ubufakazi obucacile bokusekela izinto zase-U.S. emkhankasweni we-AFP, okuhlanganisa i-M4s rifle optics, abaklami be-laser be-PEQ-2, izibhamu zemishini, iziqhumane zamabhomu kanye nezinhlelo zomsakazo ezihlakaniphile zika-Harris.
Buka | I-Philippine Army Special Operations Command’s Battle of Marawi
Ukubamba iqhaza kwe-US kubonwe ngabanxele bezwe njengobufakazi bobuzenzisi bukaMongameli uRodrigo Duterte, edalula intukuthelo yakhe emelene ne-U.S. izitatimende nezithembiso zokuvumelanisa nezindawo zamandla zesifunda ezifana neRussia neChina njenge-bluster engenalutho ye- Unodoli waseU.S.
A umbiko eshicilelwe kuKhongolose yaseMelika ngoLwesihlanu olwedlule ngumhloli oMkhulu uGlenn Fine unxusa kaningi ukuthi “ISIS-Philippines” njengesizathu sombiko ngenkathi esho ngobuqili “ezinye izinhlangano zamaphekula” ezingadalulwanga ngamagama:
I-OPE-P ichazwa njengomkhankaso ophelele wokulwa nobushokobezi owenziwa yi-DoD, ngokubambisana nezinye izinhlaka zikaHulumeni wase-US kanye nabalingani bamazwe ngamazwe, ukusekela uhulumeni wasePhilippine kanye nezempi emizamweni yabo yokuhlukanisa, ukubukela phansi, kanye nokunqoba i-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). ) abaxhumana nezinye izinhlangano zamaphekula ePhilippines.”
Abagxeki babona ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ezinye izinhlangano zamaphekula" njengefulegi elibomvu elibonisa ukuthi ukugxila kwePentagon akugcini nje kulabo abafuna ukusiza ukusungula "i-caliphate" yomhlaba wonke kusukela eziqhingini zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Ngokuba, u-Roland Simbulan, uprofesa eNyuvesi yasePhilippines kanye nesazi semisebenzi yezempi yase-US esifundeni, i-Operation Pacific Eagle imele isiteji esisha ekulweni nokuvukela umbuso ngokumelene nabashokobezi baseMaoist be-New People's Army (NPA).
"I-Operation Pacific Eagle iphawula inkathi entsha yokungenelela kwamasosha ase-US ePhilippines," kusho uSimbulan. Izindaba zeMintPress:
Ngaphakathi, kuqondiswe ngokumelene nePhilippine kwesokunxele nangaphandle, ukusebenzisa i-Philippines njengesisekelo sokubuyisela amandla ezempi yase-U.S. ePacific. Kuyindlela kaTrump yokweseka ukugunyazwa okunwabuzelayo ezweni ngenkathi esebenzisa amasosha aseMelika kanye nempahla ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi uDuterte akakushintshi ukuba khona kwamasosha ase-US [maqondana] neChina. ”
Cishe iminyaka engama-50, i-NPA - edlelana neQembu LamaKhomanisi lasePhilippines (CPP) - yenze ukuvukela umbuso okwathatha isikhathi eside ngokumelene nohulumeni abalandelanayo eManila, ebasola ngokusebenzela izithakazelo zama-imperialist ase-US kunokuba izithakazelo zabantu abampofu kanye nemiphakathi yomdabu e-Manila. izindawo zasemakhaya ezinothile ngezinsiza ezifiswa amafemu ezimayini zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nabathumeli bakuleli ngaphandle.
UDuterte wake wazibiza ngokuthi “i-socialist” futhi “anti-imperialist,” futhi ngisho bazwakalise ukuzwelana nabo kuma-red fighters ngendlela ebhekwa njengengafanele ezweni okwathi, amashumi eminyaka ngaphansi kowayengundlovukayiphikiswa uFerdinand Marcos, lake lafukamela inzondo eyodwa yesokunxele.
Nokho, kusukela ngo-1986, uManila ube nengxenye ezingxoxweni zokuthula eziqhubekayo neQembu LamaKhomanisi elalivinjelwe lasePhilippines (CPP) esebenzisa iNational Democratic Front, umfelandawonye wezinhlangano zomphakathi ezihlangene neqembu lomshoshaphansi.
Ngenkathi uDuterte eqale walwela inqubo yokuthula, ebincike ekuqalisweni kokusebenza komthetho i-ajenda yenguquko yenhlalakahle nezomnotho, izingxoxo zachithwa ngoMeyi odlule ngemuva kokumemezela kwakhe umthetho wezempi eMindanao.
Buka | Kungani kunoguquko oluhlomile ePhilippines?
Ngokunjalo, ukuphela kwezingxoxo zokuthula zangonyaka odlule kugcine kuholele ekutheni uDuterte aqoke amakhomanisi asePhilippine, ahlomile futhi angahlomile, ngokuthi “amaphekula.”
"Ngizolandela iMelika, njengoba bethi ngingumfana waseMelika," uDuterte kuphawulwe. “Kulungile, ngiyavuma, ngizovuma ukuthi ngingumfascist. Ngizokubeka ngokwezigaba njengephekula.”
Iqembu eliyimfihlo kanye nophiko lwayo lwezempi kokubili kufakwe ohlwini olusemthethweni lukahulumeni wase-US lwezinhlangano zamaphekula angaphandle kusukela ngo-2002.
Izinsolo zikaDuterte zeza ngemuva nje kokuhambela kukaMongameli waseMelika uTrump eManila engqungqutheleni yabaholi base-ASEAN ngoNovemba nyakenye, kwagxeka ukuthi umongameli wasePhilippine ubesebenza ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe ".isithixo nonodoli-master” evela eWashington.
"Umthetho wezempi kaDuterte ngokumelene nalokho okubizwa nge-'ISIS' eMindanao ubeke isizinda esihle sokungena kabusha kwamasosha ase-US kanye nezisekelo zawo ezweni ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esayiniwe," kusho i-CPP Information Bureau esitatimendeni. isitatimende ekhishwe ngenyanga edlule:
Ukuqeda kwakhe izingxoxo zokuthula neNational Democratic Front yasePhilippines kanye nokumenyezelwa kweQembu LamaKhomanisi lasePhilippines kanye neNew People's Army 'njengezinhlangano zamaphekula' kwaqhubeka kwabeka inkundla. Lesi simemezelo, esenziwe ngokuqondile ngokuhambisana nohlu lwezinhlangano zamaphekula zangaphandle zoMnyango Wezwe laseMelika (i-FTO), siqinise ukufinyelela kukaDuterte kwisabelomali saseMelika sokusebenza kwezimo eziphuthumayo phesheya kwezilwandle (OCO), isikhwama sePentagon 'sokulwa nobushokobezi'.
Izikhuthazo ezibonakalayo zikahulumeni wase-United States zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani i-US imemezele i-Operation Pacific Eagle, ngokusho kukaJorge “Ka Oris” Madlos, umkhulumeli we-New People’s Army (NPA) National Operations Command.
"I-ISIS yasePhilippines icatshangwa ngaphezu kweqiniso," kusho uKa Oris Izindaba zeMintPress:
Ngokusebenzisa ibinzana elivamile elithi ‘i-radicalization kanye ne-violent extremism,’ i-U.S. ihlanganisa wonke amaqembu ahlomile amelana nombuso wayo wonodoli, kokubili akhona nalawo azovela ngenxa yokugxambukela kwawo. E-Mindanao, lokhu kuhlanganisa amaqembu/imindeni esemthethweni yamaMoro elwela amazwe okhokho babo kanye nelungelo lokuzikhethela.”
Lesi siqhingi esivundile kade saziwa ngegesi yaso yemvelo enenzuzo kanye nezimbiwa phansi kanye nomhlaba waso obanzi olungele amasimu amakhulu okuhweba asetshenziswa yizinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezizinze e-U.S., kuchaza uKa Oris.
Abezizwe ngezizwe baphinde babheka ngokuhalela i-Liguasan Marsh, inkimbinkimbi enkulu futhi ehlukahlukene yemvelo yemifula, imigudu, amachibi, amaxhaphozi amanzi ahlanzekile namachibi.
Njengoba ibhekwa njengendlu engcwele yesizwe samaSulumane aseMaguindanaoan, indawo engamahektha angama-220,000 yachazwa e-U.S. izintambo zamanxusa kusukela ngo-2006, etholwe yi-WikiLeaks, njengoba iqukethe ingcebo yezimbiwa phansi ezingakasetshenziswa ezisuka ku-$840 billion kuya ku-$1 trillion.
Izikhulu zikahulumeni waseManila ngaleso sikhathi zachaza lesi sifunda ngokuthi "inqolobane" yemithombo yamaminerali - okuhlanganisa igolide, ithusi, ama-chromite, i-nickel, i-manganese, isiliva, insimbi yensimbi, i-lead kanye ne-zinc. Ngokokuhlola okwalandela okwenziwa onjiniyela bakawoyela base-U.S., imithombo yegesi yemvelo yaseLiguasan iyodwa ifinyelela ku-$580 billion.
Buka | Ukwenza Umehluko ku-Ligawasan Marsh
"Ngaso leso sikhathi, isiqhingi siphinde sibe yikhaya lokunyakaza kwabantu okuqinile futhi sinamaqembu ahlomile, okuhlanganisa ne-NPA," kusho u-Ka Oris.
Ngethemba lokuqhubekisela phambili izimfuno zabo zokuzibusa kuhulumeni waseManila ekude, abantu baseMaguindanao sekunesikhathi eside bebambe iqhaza emibhikishweni ehlomile eholwa amaqembu afana neMoro National Liberation Front (MNLF) kanye neMoro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) - womabili amaqembu abebhekene nawo. izinsolo zobuphekula” ezivela eManila nase-U.S. Womabili la maqembu asayine izivumelwano zokuthula futhi manje anethemba lokuphothula umthetho onikeza ukuzimela kwabakhethekile bendawo.
Ngokuphikisanayo, uDuterte ubophele ukunikezwa kokuzimela emkhankasweni omusha wokukhulisa kakhulu uhlaka lomthethosisekelo obeka umkhawulo welungelo labatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe lokuba nomhlaba wasePhilippine, phakathi kwezinye izindlela kwavusa ukucasuka kwezinja kanye nezibalo eziphikisayo. Abantu basePhilippines abaphikisana noDuterte babona ukuguqulwa kwemithetho yobunikazi bomhlaba wangaphandle njengezithako ezibalulekile zendlela yokubuyisela ebukoloni ezweni.
UManila uphinde wethemba ukuthi umthetho omusha wokuzibusa ungadambisa intukuthelo elokhu ivuswa ukucekelwa phansi kukaMarawi. Ngokusho kwabameli beMoro, ukuvukela umbuso kwamaSulumane kwakunguwo uqobo igxile kakhulu ekunganakeni kwezintshisekelo ezisemthethweni zabantu baseMoro kunentshisekelo yabantu bendawo ohlelweni lwe-ISIS.
"Izwe laseMelika lize livume ukuthi ukuvinjezelwa kukaMarawi kungenzeka kwenze isimo saseMoro sibe nzima kule ngxenye yezwe," kuchaza uKa Oris.
Abameli bendawo baseMoro babona intuthuko yakamuva, njengezinhlelo zokwakha ikamu lezempi lesibili elikhulu edolobheni, njengobufakazi bokuthi iManila uhlose ukuguqula iMarawi City ibe de facto "ukubhuka kwezempi" okuphethwe futhi okuqhutshwa amasosha ase-U.S. Intuthuko yakha ukukhanya okusha ku ukusebenzisa amandla ngokweqile ngokumelene nengqalasizinda yedolobha kanye nezindawo ezingomakhelwane ngenhloso yokuqeda inani elincane lamavukela-mbuso amaSulumane.
U-Ka Oris uthi:
I-U.S. iqinisekile ukuthi izobheka leli dolobha njengesinye sezisekelo ezingase zibe khona, njengoba yasingatha isizinda esikhulu saseMelika eMindanao ngeminyaka yawo-1900 (ngaleso sikhathi eyayaziwa ngokuthi iCamp Keithley). UDuterte usevele wasusa cishe bonke abantu bakhona futhi usezinhlelweni zokuthi ukwakha isizinda samasosha Lapho. Ukumelana nalokhu kungabi nabulungisa kwakamuva kuzodlondlobala, kokubili kuhlomile nokungahlomile.”
Ngenkathi owayengumashiqela uFerdinand Marcos ememezela umthetho wezempi ngo-1972 - ngokusobala ukuthi uqukethe ukuvukela kwamaKhomanisi we-CPP-NPA kanye nezibhelu ezikhulayo emadolobheni nasezikoleni - isimo se-neocolonial sasePhilippines sajula kakhulu. Izwe laguqulwa laba yilabhorethri yokuhlolwa kwe-neoliberal, izinqubomgomo zemakethe yamahhala, izindawo zezomnotho ezikhethekile, kanye nokuphakanyiswa kwemithetho evikelayo ngaphansi kwezidingo zokubolekwa kwesakhiwo zeBhange Lomhlaba.
Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zaseMelika, ezisebenza ngama-elite athembekile kanye nemindeni yama-oligarch, zithole ukufinyelela okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili engcebweni yezwe - okuhlanganisa nezimboni zayo zamabhange, i-petrochemical, ezokwakha, ezokuxhumana kanye nezimbiwa phansi, phakathi kweminye imikhakha yamasu.
KuWilliam I. Robinson, umbhali noprofesa eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia Santa Barbara, inkathi entsha yomthetho wezempi kanye nezempi ngeke isimangaze:
Kokubili i-Trumpism kanye ne-Duterteism yizimpendulo zokugunyazwa ezikude kwesokudla ezinkingeni zokuba semthethweni kombuso kanye nokuxabana kwe-internecine phakathi kwe-elite. Ukuphathwa kwezempi nokugunyazwa e-United States nasePhilippines kuzoxhunyaniswa kakhulu nge-Operation Pacific Eagle. "
Ngisho nakudala, lapho uManila egwema izinqubomgomo ze-Duterte zensimbi, ukubusa kwezwe kwakubandakanya ukuxoshwa okunodlame kwezigidi ezweni lonke kanye nomphumela wokuthekelisa kwezigidi ezimbalwa zabantu basePhilippines abaxoshwa kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba “njengabasebenzi abayizivakashi” abangenamalungelo e-Asia, Middle East, Europe, North Africa. Nakuba abesifazane bethola umsebenzi njengezisebenzi zasendlini, abahlinzeki, abanakekeli, abahlengikazi, noma izisebenzi zasembonini yokwamukela izihambi - lapho ngokuvamile besengozini yokudlwengulwa, ukuhlaselwa ngokomzimba, nokubulawa - amadoda athola imisebenzi eyingozi njengezisebenzi zokwakha kanye nezisebenzi zezolimo. Eminye imibiko bathi babalelwa ku-6,000 abaphoqeleka ukuthi balishiye izwe bayofuna umsebenzi nsuku zonke.
Ngenkathi owayengumashiqela uFerdinand Marcos ememezela umthetho wezempi ngo-1972 - ngokusobala ukuthi uqukethe ukuvukela kwamaKhomanisi we-CPP-NPA kanye nezibhelu ezikhulayo emadolobheni nasezikoleni - isimo se-neocolonial sasePhilippines sajula kakhulu. Izwe laguqulwa laba yilabhorethri yokuhlolwa kwe-neoliberal, izinqubomgomo zemakethe yamahhala, izindawo zezomnotho ezikhethekile, kanye nokuphakanyiswa kwemithetho evikelayo ngaphansi kwezidingo zokubolekwa kwesakhiwo zeBhange Lomhlaba.
Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zaseMelika, ezisebenza ngama-elite athembekile kanye nemindeni yama-oligarch, zithole ukufinyelela okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili engcebweni yezwe - okuhlanganisa nezimboni zayo zamabhange, i-petrochemical, ezokwakha, ezokuxhumana kanye nezimbiwa phansi, phakathi kweminye imikhakha yamasu.
KuWilliam I. Robinson, umbhali noprofesa eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia Santa Barbara, inkathi entsha yomthetho wezempi kanye nezempi ngeke isimangaze:
Kokubili i-Trumpism kanye ne-Duterteism yizimpendulo zokugunyazwa ezikude kwesokudla ezinkingeni zokuba semthethweni kombuso kanye nokuxabana kwe-internecine phakathi kwe-elite. Ukuphathwa kwezempi nokugunyazwa e-United States nasePhilippines kuzoxhunyaniswa kakhulu nge-Operation Pacific Eagle. "
Ngisho nakudala, lapho uManila egwema izinqubomgomo ze-Duterte zensimbi, ukubusa kwezwe kwakubandakanya ukuxoshwa okunodlame kwezigidi ezweni lonke kanye nomphumela wokuthekelisa kwezigidi ezimbalwa zabantu basePhilippines abaxoshwa kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba “njengabasebenzi abayizivakashi” abangenamalungelo e-Asia, Middle East, Europe, North Africa. Nakuba abesifazane bethola umsebenzi njengezisebenzi zasendlini, abahlinzeki, abanakekeli, abahlengikazi, noma izisebenzi zasembonini yokwamukela izihambi - lapho ngokuvamile besengozini yokudlwengulwa, ukuhlaselwa ngokomzimba, nokubulawa - amadoda athola imisebenzi eyingozi njengezisebenzi zokwakha kanye nezisebenzi zezolimo. Eminye imibiko bathi babalelwa ku-6,000 abaphoqeleka ukuthi balishiye izwe bayofuna umsebenzi nsuku zonke.
Elliott Gabriel ungumbhali wangaphambili we-teleSUR English kanye nomnikeli we-MintPress News ozinze e-Quito, e-Ecuador. Ubambe iqhaza elikhulu ekukhulumeni nasekuhleleni izinhlangano ezisekela abasebenzi, ubulungiswa bokufika kanye nokunyakaza kwamaphoyisa okuziphendulela eSouthern California kanye neCentral Coast yesifunda.
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