1. Ukwehluleka kokuketulwa umbuso kwezempi ngo-April 2002 (ngaphezu kwama-80% ojenene abasezikhundleni bahlala bethembekile ku-Chavez kanye nomthethosisekelo) ukunqotshwa okukhulu kokuqala kwabaphikisayo kanye nesipho sangempela kuChavez. Lezi zimo ezintsha zavumela abalingisi abahlukene ukuthi badalulwe futhi abantu bathole ukuqonda okuphezulu kakhulu kwezepolitiki (kokubili ezikhundleni zezempi kanye naphakathi kwezinhlaka zomphakathi, manje kwase kwaziwa ukuthi ubani owayengabalwa futhi owayengenakubalwa. phezu). Kwakha inkundla yokudlala evumayo lapho singaqhubekela phambili nokuhlanza isikhungo sezempi. Kwahlukanisa abaphikisi. Kukhumbuze inani elilokhu likhula njalo lezigaba ezimaphakathi, phambilini ezaziphikisana nenqubo, ngesiyaluyalu esasizobangelwa ukubukelwa phansi kukaChavez.
2. Umzamo okhungathekile wokumisa izwe ngo-December 2, 2002, kwaba ukwehlulwa kwesibili okukhulu kwabaphikisayo. Abakwazanga ukumisa izwe. UChavez akazange athobe ingcindezi yabo. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, imboni ye-petroleum yaba ngaphansi kombuso waseVenezuela ngempela. Lesi kwakuyisipho sesibili esikhulu esivela kwabaphikisayo. Ngenxa yesimo sabo sengqondo sokuvukela umbuso nesokucekela phansi, cishe abaphathi abangu-18,000 bezinga eliphezulu nabasezingeni eliphakathi ababephikisana nohulumeni - futhi empeleni abalawula inkampani - badale izimo abangaxoshwa kuzo ngokusemthethweni.
3. Ukugunyazwa kwegunya likaMongameli Chavez kunhlolovo yokuhoxiswa kwamhla ziyi-15 kuNcwaba, 2004 – inqubo engakaze ibonwe emlandweni womhlaba – kwaba wuhlelo. okwesithathu ukunqotshwa okukhulu ukuthi iqembu eliphikisayo laseVenezuela lahlupheka lapho lizama ukuqeda uhulumeni kaMongameli Chavez. Ukunqoba, ngamavoti amaningi kakhulu[1], futhi ngaphansi kokubhekisisa kwamakhulu ezibukeli zamazwe ngamazwe, ezavuma ngazwi linye imiphumela, kwakuyisipho sesithathu esivela kwabaphikisayo.
4. Lahlanganisa, njengoba omunye wezibukeli, umbhali owaziwayo wase-Uruguay u-Eduardo Galeano, akubeka, 'umjovo wokuba nethemba kulo mhlaba lapho intando yeningi ilahlekelwe ukuhlonishwa okukhulu' ngenxa yokuthi ayikwazanga ukuxazulula izinkinga. inkinga yobumpofu.
5. Lokhu kwakungekona ukunqoba komuntu oyedwa, kodwa kwakuwuhlelo lwezwe olusekelwe kubuntu kanye nobumbano, kakhulu kuzwelonke njengasenkundleni yamazwe ngamazwe; yephrojekthi yezwe eqhamuke njengenye indlela ye-voracious ne-predatory neoliberal model: imodeli yentuthuko engapheli kanye nomnotho wezenhlalo.
6. Kwakuwukunqoba komthethosisekelo wamanje waseVenezuela, okuwukuphela komthethosisekelo emhlabeni ocabanga ngombono wokuhoxiswa kwenhlolovo yobumongameli.
7. Kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, kwakungukunqoba kwabantu, kwenhlangano edumile, yabantu abavela e omakhelwane [izindawo ezimpofu], kodwa futhi nabantu besigaba esiphakathi, abasabela obizweni likamongameli lokuzihlela endaweni yabo yokuvota, bathathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kokulinda izinhlangano ezazihola umkhankaso wokhetho ukuba zisungulwe.
Isiteji esisha sangemuva kwereferendamu
8. Ngalokhu kunqoba, isiteji esisha senqubo yokuguquguquka kweBolivarian saqala. Abashisekeli bokufudumala kwabezindaba basala bengenazo izinhlamvu. Ukuphikiswa kwaziveza; kwalahlekelwa ukwethembeka okukhulu. Imishikashika yangaphakathi phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene yashuba.
9. Amaqembu aphikisayo ayehluliwe kule mpi, kodwa kwacaca ukuthi amabutho ayesekela uChavez ayengakayinqobi impi. Ngeke sikhohlwe ukuthi ezweni elinabantu abayizigidi ezingama-26, abantu abacela ezigidini ezine bavotele ukuhoxiswa komsebenzi wakhe. Ngeke futhi sikukhohlwe okulindelwe okwadalwa yilokhu kunqoba phakathi kwalabo bantu abayizigidi eziyisi-4 abavotele CHA.
10. Izinselelo okuzobhekana nazo kulesi sigaba esisha bezihlukene kakhulu: ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezezikhungo kanye nezokuxhumana.
11. Inqubo yoguquko lwaseBolivarian kwadingeka ukuthi iqhubekele phambili maqondana nokubamba iqhaza kobuqhawe babantu. Umbono obaluleke kakhulu kaMongameli Chavez - 'ubumpofu angeke buqedwe uma amandla enganikwa abantu' - okudingekayo ukuze ubonakale ngendlela yenhlangano nokubamba iqhaza okuphathekayo. Futhi yilokho okwenzeka. Kwavela umqondo wemikhandlu yemiphakathi. Ukwenza isibalo esilinganiselwe, kulinganiselwa ukuthi iVenezuela yayinemiphakathi ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezingama-52. Futhi kumphakathi ngamunye wale miphakathi, kwakudingeka kukhethwe inhlangano, eyayizodlala indima kahulumeni wokuhlanganyela. Lolu hlaka lwabizwa ngokuthi umkhandlu womphakathi, futhi iningi lawo selithole izinsiza zikahulumeni ukuze liqale ukwenza amaphrojekthi amancane umphakathi owabeke eqhulwini.
12. Bekubalulekile futhi ukuthuthukisa imodeli entsha yokukhiqiza, njengenye indlela ku-capitalism. Futhi yilokho okwenzekayo. I-Venezuela iyashintshwa isuka ezweni elisinde ekuqashweni kukawoyela kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinto eziyisisekelo, ibe izwe elinesizinda esiqinile sezolimo nezimboni, elikhiqiza izimpahla nezinsizakalo ezidingekayo ukuze zisetshenziswe abantu abaningi. Imodeli esekelwe ebudlelwaneni obusha bezenhlalakahle bokukhiqiza obukhulula abasebenzi abasebenzayo ekuxhashazweni ngemali enkulu, ngokugqugquzela izinkampani zokukhiqiza komphakathi ezigqugquzelwa othishanhloko bobumbano, ukubambisana, ngokuncoma, ukuhambisana nokusimama kwezomnotho nezezimali. Imodeli efisa ukulingana kwezindawo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuvumelanayo nokulingana kwezifunda, ukuze kunqotshwe inkinga yezindlu kanye nokuwa kwamadolobha amakhulu amahlanu lapho kugxilwe khona u-75% wabantu. Imodeli esuselwe esizukulwaneni esisha sezinkampani eziyisisekelo eziqondiswe ekujuleni kwentuthuko engapheli. Ngibhekise ekwakhiweni kwe-CompañÃa Nacional de Industrias Basicas (i-Coniba, Inkampani Kazwelonke Yezimboni Eziyisisekelo) kanye namanxusa ayo ayishumi nanye, kanye ne-Corporación PetroquÃmica de Venezuela (Pequiven, Venezuelan Petrochemical Corporation) ehlose ukuqinisa amakhono ezobuchwepheshe amasha, ukuze kuguqulwe izinto eziyisisekelo zibe yimikhiqizo engeza inani elingavumela ukushintshwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemikhiqizo ethekelisa. Imodeli ethuthukisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kukahulumeni ezimbonini zamasu ezifana nezokuxhumana (i-CVG Telecom) kanye nalezo eziphathelene nokuvikeleka kokudla kanye nobukhosi, njengeCorporación Venezolana Agraria (CVA, Venezuelan Agrarian Corporation), inkampani engumzali yamabhizinisi amasha kwezolimo. umkhakha.
13. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inqubo yokuphatha ngokubambisana yenze intuthuko ephawulekayo embonini kagesi esifundazweni sase-Merida, kanye nasenkampanini ye-aluminium, i-ALCASA, esifundazweni sase-BolÃvar. Futhi inani lamafekthri asezandleni zabasebenzi selinyukile.
14. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu isidingo sokuxazulula inkinga yokuqashwa. Unale nhloso engqondweni, umbuso uphokophele phambili ekuvuseni kabusha umkhakha wezimboni ezizimele ozimisele ukubambisana nephrojekthi yentuthuko yemvelo kanye nomnotho wezenhlalo ohlongozwa uhulumeni. Uhlaka lwesivumelwano nalo mkhakha selusunguliwe, lapho uhulumeni enikeza imali ebolekiwe enenzalo ephansi, inqobo nje uma lezi zinkampani zenza umsebenzi wazo wezenhlalo, zizibophezele ekunikeleni okungenani u-10% weholo lazo ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo ezicindezela kakhulu. wemiphakathi eseduze.
15. Ngemva kwereferendamu, kwaba khona a ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo ekusebenzisaneni kwamandla emkhakheni wesikhungo. Imiphumela okhethweni lwababusi kanye nezimeya ibe mihle kakhulu kuhulumeni. Amaqembu aphikisayo abusa kuphela ezifundazweni ezimbili kwezingamashumi amabili nane. Wonke amasekela esiShayamthetho Sikazwelonke angamaBolivarian. Abamele amaqembu aphikisayo, bebona ukuthi bazohlulwa, bakhetha ukungabambi iqhaza okhethweni, benethemba lokudicilela phansi lesi sigungu esishaya imithetho ngokwenza kanjalo.
Ubuthakathaka benqubo
16. Lokhu kuqoqwa kwenani lamandla kufanele ngabe kuhumushele ekuqongeleleni kwekhwalithi. Kufanele ngabe kugcizelelwe ekusebenzeni kahle, ekusebenzeni kangcono maqondana nezibopho umuntu ngamunye okufanele azithwale ukuze asebenzise wonke amaphrojekthi kanye nezinhlelo ezimenyezelwe nguhulumeni; kodwa lokhu kusekude ukuthi kuzuzwe. Imodeli yezwe endala iyaqhubeka nokusebenza, futhi naphezu kwemizamo kaChavez yokushintsha izinto, inamandla kakhulu. Kwenzeke okufanayo endabeni yenkohlakalo.
17. Ngaphambi kokhetho lukamongameli lwangomhla zi-3 kuZibandlela wezi-2006, bekukuncane kakhulu, noma akukho ntuthuko eyenziwe ekwakhiweni kwethuluzi lezepolitiki elajwayelana kangcono nezinselelo ezinkulu inqubo yokuguquguquka kweBolivarian ezibekele yona. Kwaqhubeka nokuba khona - mhlawumbe kwanda nakakhulu - izingxabano ngezikhundla emazingeni ehlukene obuholi benqubo. I-Miranda Electoral Command, eyakhiwe ukuhola inqubo yokhetho lukamongameli, yaqiniswa yi-Movimiento V República (MVR, Movement for a Fifth Republic), okwadala ukunganeliseki phakathi kwawo wonke amaqembu ezepolitiki asekela lolu hlelo, kanye naphakathi kwabantu. .
18. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, esikhundleni sokuqhubekela phambili ekwakhiweni kwethuluzi elihlangene labasebenzi, le nqubo yathatha izinyathelo zokuhlehla. Namuhla, kusaqhubeka kunokuhlakazeka okukhulu. Izindlela ezindala zisaqhubeka zisetshenziswa.
19. Imithombo yezindaba ephikisayo, ebumba iningi ngokusobala, ikhulisa ngokucacile amaphutha kanye nobuthakathaka bukahulumeni, futhi ihlanekezela iphrojekthi yakhe, ngaleyo ndlela ikwazi ukuvuselela isimo sokuphikisa uChavez, okuthonya inani elikhulu labantu baseVenezuela.
20. Yebo, uhulumeni wase-United States - uChavez asebemthathekile ngokweqiniso - ubelokhu ewumgogodla wale mikhankaso.
21. Okokugcina, kwengezwe kulokhu kubhoboka kwabezindaba kwansuku zonke nangehora, kwaba iqembu eliphikisayo elaqala ukuhlangana lalingana noManuel Rosales, njengomele umongameli weqembu eliphikisayo okhethweni lwangoZibandlela wezi-2006. Umbusi, kuze kube yileso sikhathi, umbusi waseZulia - esinye sezifundazwe ezinkulu nezinamasu kakhulu ezweni ngenxa yokuthi ihlanganyela umngcele neColombia - wenze umkhankaso wokhetho ohlelwe kahle, ethembisa ukulondoloza zonke izinto ezinhle uhulumeni waseChavez. abenzele abantu, futhi wamemezela ngokudabukisayo ukuthi uzofaka ngokuqondile kuma-akhawunti asebhange ayo yonke imizi empofu yaseVenezuela isamba esikhulu semali, umkhiqizo weholo elivela ku-petroleum, ukuze esikhundleni sokuthatha imali ngaphandle kwezwe ukusiza. abanye abantu, wayeyonikelwa kubantu.
22. Ekwazi ukuzwa yonke le mikhawulo nezithiyo, sekusele amasonto ambalwa kuphume umcimbi wokhetho, umongameli waqala ukuzithathela yena mathupha isiqondiso somkhankaso, ebonakala yonke indawo, ohambweni olungakhathali kulo lonke izwe, lapho abantu abavela ezinqabeni ezidumile. emshayela ihlombe ngokudangala. Emasontweni amabili okugcina omkhankaso, waqala ukubandakanya intsha njengenhloko yomkhankaso wakhe, nokukhomba lo mkhakha wezenhlalakahle njengamandla okuziphatha azovumela inqubo yokunqoba ububi obuhlasele izizukulwane ezedlule.
23. Nakuba kungekho owayengabaza ukuthi uChavez uzowina, uma kubhekwa intuthuko ephawulekayo abantu baseVenezuela abaye bayithola ngenxa yokubonga kuhulumeni waseBolivarian, ngenxa yezizathu ezishiwo ngaphambili, kwabonakala kuyisiphakamiso esinzima sokuthi umholi waseBolivarian angathola umphumela wokhetho ongcono kuno. lokho ku-referendum. Lokhu kucutshungulwa kwesimo kuqinisekiswe wucwaningo oluningi olwamenza wawina ngomehluko olinganiselwa ku-20%, okungu-20% ofanayo eminyakeni engaphezu kwemibili edlule.
24 Noma kunjalo, ukhetho oluhlanzekile, olunezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokuzithiba emlandweni wezombangazwe wezwe (ngaphansi kwama-25%), olwenziwa ngaphansi kweso lamakhulu ezingqapheli zamazwe ngamazwe.[2], ugunyaze igunya likamongameli waseVenezuela ngamavoti amaningi kakhulu. U-Hugo Chavez uthole amavoti ayizigidi ezingu-7, isigidi esisodwa ngaphezu kwenhlolovo ka-1, kanti abaphikisayo, ababemelwe uRosales, bagcina amavoti abo ayizigidi ezi-2004.
25. Kwakuwukunqoba okukholisayo kangangokuthi uhulumeni wamanje wase-US wayengenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukunqoba, ukwamukela obala ukuthi umbuso wentando yeningi ukhona eVenezuela, futhi uzwakalisa intshisekelo yawo yokusungula ubuhlobo obuhle nokwakhayo nohulumeni omusha. [3]
26. Lokhu kwakungu ukunqoba okukhulu kwesine kweChavez, nakuba lesi sikhathi kungenakushiwo ukuthi kwaba ukunqotshwa okukhulu kwesine kwabaphikisayo, ngoba, nakuba behluliwe, baphuma beqiniswa empini. Kudingeka samukele ukuthi abaholi bayo abaqashelwa kakhulu babonise ukuvuthwa ekuvumeni ukuhlulwa kwabo nezikhulu, futhi basho isimo sabo sokulwa izimpi zesikhathi esizayo ngaphakathi kwemithetho yomdlalo ebekwe umthethosisekelo wase-Bolivarian.
27. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMongameli Chavez waphendula kahle phambi kwalezi zimemezelo, esho isimo sakhe sokuxoxisana, kodwa 'ngaphandle kwemibandela noma ukusola', futhi njalo nje uma abaphikisayo babengahlosile ukuba alahle izimiso zakhe. 'Ukusebenzelana kwabantu kwekhulunyaka lama-21 kuwumgomo esiwuhlosile futhi kusazoqhubeka nokuba yiyona' waqinisekisa ngaleso sikhathi.
Isimemezelo sesinqumo sokugqugquzela ukusungulwa kweqembu elisha lenguquko
28. Kwenye yezinkulumo zakhe zokuqala ngemva kokhetho, uChavez wabeka phambili 'njengomugqa wesu obalulekile, ukujula, ukunwetshwa kanye nokwanda kweNguquko YaseBolivarian ... emgwaqeni waseVenezuela oya kuSocialism' futhi wenza izimemezelo ezintathu ezibalulekile, ezibonisa ngokucacile. ukwazi ukuthi inhloko yombuso waseVenezuela inabo ubuthakathaka obukhungethe inqubo yezombangazwe ezweni lakhe: umzabalazo wokulwa nenkohlakalo kanye ne-bureaucracy njengezinhloso ezimbili ezintsha zamasu kahulumeni wakhe esikhathini esizayo, kanye nekhwelo lokwakha iqembu elihlangene le-revolution. .[4]
29. Izimemezelo ezimbili zokuqala azizange zimangazi, njengoba umongameli wakusho ngokugcizelela ezinyangeni ezedlule ukuthi wayematasatasa ngalezi zindaba, kodwa isimemezelo sesithathu mayelana nesinqumo sakhe sokusungula iqembu elisha lezombangazwe - alibiza okwesikhashana i-United Socialist Party. I-Venezuela - yayimangalisa. Hhayi ngoba engazange alukhulume lolu daba phambilini noma engazange axoxe ngalo nabaholi bawo wonke amaqembu ezepolitiki ayemeseka, kodwa ngoba lezi zindaba azizange zandulelwe yinkulumo-mpikiswano ejulile ngalolu daba nangenxa yokuthi wonke umuntu wayekholwe. ukuthi lokho abazobhekana nakho, okungenani ekuqaleni, kuzofana kakhulu nokwakhiwa kwenkundla yamaqembu hhayi ithuluzi lezepolitiki elizosho ukuhlakazwa ngokushesha kwamaqembu akhona, amanye anomzila omude ezweni, njengeQembu lamaKhomanisi.
30. UChavez wayenemba enkulu enkulumweni yakhe: wawenqaba umqondo walokho akubiza ngokuthi 'isamba sama-acronyms', ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho ebeka isidingo sokwakhiwa kweqembu elisha elinabantu abasha abakhethwe emazingeni aphansi.
31. Esibhekene nakho yinhlangano yezombangazwe ezohlangana emnyombeni wayo 'bonke labo bantu baseVenezuela abazimisele ukulwa ukuze bakhe i-socialism [eVenezuela]: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangamasosha avela emaqenjini ezombusazwe angakwesokunxele, noma amalungu ezinhlangano zomphakathi. , noma labo bantu bakithi ababengewona amalungu kuze kube manje noma, bedunyazwe ukuchezuka namaphutha enziwe, sebeyekile ukuba amalungu ezinye zezinhlangano ezikhona.'[5]
32. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zezishoshovu[6], njengengxenye yale phrojekthi entsha yezombangazwe, waphuma ukuyohambela izwe elungiselela umbhalo omkhulu wabo bonke ababefisa ukuba ngamalungu e-United Socialist Party yaseVenezuela, enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wezwe. Bangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 abantu ababhalise kuze kube uJuni 3, isonto elilodwa ngaphambi kokuvalwa kwemibhalo.
33. Ngeshwa, yonke into ibonakala ikhomba lapho ukuze kutholwe inani eliphezulu kangaka, izenzo 'zokunqwabelanisa' noma zokucindezela zisetshenziswe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezimbalwa, zifiphalisa imiphumela etholiwe futhi zibangele ukungakhululeki kubantu abaningi. Umongameli ucele wonke umuntu ukuthi agxeke lezi zinhlobo zezenzo, futhi unikeze umyalelo wokuthi kuyadingeka 'ukunakekela inqubo…. futhi usole ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma yikuphi ukuchezuka' okungadala umonakalo omkhulu esikhathini esizayo.
34 Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uChavez ukushiye kucace kakhulu - ngesikhathi sombukiso wakhe othi Aló Presidente ngeSonto, Juni 10 - ukuthi into eyodwa ibhaliwe, futhi enye inqubo yokukhetha kamuva yalabo abazoqhubeka nokuhambisana nethuluzi elisha lezombusazwe. Ithemba lakhe wukuthi leli qembu elisha lizobe libunjwe ngamasosha ahloliwe nakuba lizobe lihlanganise idlanzana labantu. Okungakaze kukhulunywe ngakho kuze kube manje ukuthi, noma ngubani, uzoluqhuba kanjani lolu khetho.
35. Okwamanje, kusaqhubeka ukubuyekezwa kwayo yonke imibhalo ebhalwe yi-CNE (National Electoral Council). Ngemva kwalokho, labo abafuna ukungenela ukhetho bazohlangana ngamaqembu angama-200 - 'izimpi zezenhlalakahle' - ukuze kuvunyelwe ukubamba iqhaza kwangempela, kwentando yeningi kwawo wonke umuntu, futhi kube lula ukukhethwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane abangcono kakhulu kulawa maqembu njengabakhulumeli beSisekelo. Congress, Ngenkathi kubalwa phambilini ukuthi abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezine bazoba yingxenye yenqubo yokubhala, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuzomele kwakhiwe izimpi zamasocialist ezingaba ngu-4 futhi ibutho ngalinye lizokhetha umkhulumeli wemihlangano yesifunda, naye ozothumela. abakhulumeli bekhongolose eshiwo ngenhla. Ngakho-ke le ngqungquthela izokwakhiwa izithunywa zikakhongolose ezibalelwa ku-22,000. Namuhla, uma kubhekwa ukuthi imibhalo ikhuphuke yaba ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2,200, kuzodingeka ukuba kwenziwe izibalo ezintsha. Okungaxazululwa yile fomula yilokho okuzokwenzeka lapho, ngenhlanhla, abaholi abahlukahlukene abahlonishwayo begxilile emphakathini ofanayo.
36. Ikhongolose eyasungulwa kulindeleke ukuthi ithathe izinyanga ezintathu, idingida zonke izindaba ezithinta iqembu elisha: uhlelo, amafomu enhlangano, uhlobo lobulungu nezinye izindaba, kuqalwe ngenkulumo-mpikiswano yokuthi hlobo luni lwezwe abazama ukulakha. Ngemuva kweseshini ngayinye, laba bakhulumeli kazwelonke bazobuyela emihlanganweni yabo emazingeni aphansi ukuze babazise futhi bajulise inkulumo-mpikiswano kuleli zinga. Kuzothi kule mihlangano emazingeni aphansi kuqokwe labo abafuna ukuvala izikhundla emazingeni ahlukene obuholi eqenjini. Umuntu ongathembele ekusekelweni endaweni yangakubo akakwazi ukuqokelwa esikhundleni kulesi sigameko esisha sezombusazwe.
37. Kulindeleke ukuthi ngale nqubo kube nokuqhakaza kwezinkulungwane zobuso obusha, kuze kube manje obungaziwa, obusuka ebuholini obusha obuphuma emisebenzini yamaKhomanisi, nezindawo zokusebenza kanye nezikhungo zokufunda.
Izinjini ezinhlanu
38. NgoJanuwari 10, 2007, ngemva kokufungiswa kwehlandla lakhe lesibili likamongameli, u-Chavez wenza esinye isimemezelo esibalulekile: wahlongoza ukwakhiwa 'kwamamotho amahlanu ahlanganisayo' ukuze athuthukele ku-socialism yekhulu lama-21.
39. Owokuqala ubhekise eMthethweni oVumelayo, ovumela isigungu esiphezulu ukuthi sishaye umthetho ezindaweni lapho kunesidingo sokusheshisa izinguquko ezibheke kwi-socialism.
40. Okwesibili kuhlobene nokuguqulwa koMthethosisekelo waseBolivarian waseVenezuela, ongavumela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuguqulwa kwezihloko emkhakheni wezomnotho nezombusazwe ezingahambisani nomsebenzi womphakathi wezenhlalakahle abazama ukuwenza. ukwakha. Akukho okuxakayo ukuthi uMthethosisekelo waseBolivarian wango-1999 usuphenduke waba mncane kakhulu ohlelweni lwezinguquko, njengoba nje nezingubo zengane ziba zincane kakhulu njengoba ikhula.
41. Owesithathu uhlose umkhankaso wokufundisa ngokuziphatha, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe kanye nezenhlalakahle obizwa ngokuthi 'Isimilo Nokukhanyiselwa,' okumele ube khona enhlanganweni yendawo (imikhandlu yomphakathi nezinye izinhlangano) njengasemsebenzini.
42. Eyesine, umongameli ayibize ngokuthi 'iJiyomethri Yamandla', izama ukubuyekeza ukusatshalaliswa kwezwe ngokwezombangazwe, futhi ikhiqize ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zamadolobha kanye nezindawo zikahulumeni ngenhloso yokusabalalisa kabusha ezombangazwe, ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle kanye nezempi. amandla ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke inkundla kazwelonke.
43. Eyesihlanu, futhi ebaluleke kakhulu, ibhekisela 'Ekuqhumeni Kwenguquko Yamandla Omphakathi' futhi ihlose ukukhuthaza imikhandlu yomphakathi nakho konke okuhlobene namandla athandwayo.
44. Ngokusho kwenhloko yezwe yaseVenezuela, lawa ma-motor amahlanu azoba yiwo azokwethula iphrojekthi ye-'Bolivarian socialist project'.
Intuthuko kuzwelonke
45. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, kube nenqubekelaphambili eminingi eyenziwe maqondana nokufakwa kwezinkampani ngaphansi kukahulumeni kunaleyo eseyenziwe eminyakeni eyi-9 edlule kahulumeni, okuqhubekela phambili kakhulu ekubuyiseleni ubukhosi bomnotho wezwe.
46. I-'Electricidad de Caracas', okuyinkampani enkulu kunazo zonke kulo mkhakha, enenani lamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-900, yafakwa ngaphansi kukahulumeni. I-AES yamazwe ngamazwe yaseMelika isayine isivumelwano nohulumeni waseVenezuela, inikezela ngama-82.14% amasheya ayo.[7]
47. Ngosuku lokuqala lukaMeyi, uhulumeni waseVenezuela uphinde wazuza ubukhosi bawo bamandla ngokuqhubeka nokwenza uphethiloli owenziwe ngaphansi kwe-Orinoco Oil Belt, lapho kunezindawo zokugcina ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Kube nokuncishiswa kwamandla ama-petroleum consortiums asebenza kulesi sifunda somfula i-Orinoco, lapho kukhishwa khona imiphongolo kaphethiloli ecishe ibe ngu-400,000 nsuku zonke, inani elingase likhuphuke lifinyelele ku-600,000 imiphongolo. Lesi sinyathelo sizothinta izinkampani ezahlukene zangaphandle. Abathinteke kakhulu kuzoba, abavela e-US: i-Chevron, i-Exxon Mobil, i-Texaco ne-ConocoPhilips; inkampani yaseFrance iTotal, iNorwegian Statoil; kanye neBritish Petroleum ezinze e-UK. Enkampanini yaseVenezuela i-PDVSA, kuze kube manje umlingani omncane kule nhlangano, isimo sesishintshile: i-quota yayo izoba ngu-60%.[8]
48. Ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuNhlangulana, iCompañÃa Anónima Nacional Telefonos de Venezuela (Cantv, Inkampani Kazwelonke Yocingo Engaziwa YaseVenezuela), inkampani enkulu ezimele yocingo ezweni, eyayiphethwe umphakathi kuze kube u-1991, yashintshwa kabusha. Ngesikhathi sokushintsha kabusha i-Cantv yayilawula amaphesenti angama-83 emakethe ye-inthanethi, ama-70% emakethe kazwelonke yezokuxhumana ngocingo kanye nama-42% ezingcingo zomhlaba jikelele. Yayinolayini bezingcingo abacishe babe yizigidi ezi-3 kanye nezingcingo zomphakathi eziyi-100,000.[9]
49. Ngalesi sinyathelo izwe laseVenezuela linenqubekelaphambili ekulawuleni umkhakha wezokuxhumana obalulekile.
50. Inkampani eseluleme izama ukwandisa ukufinyelela kwezingcingo kuzo zonke izindawo zezwe. Eminyakeni emibili kuzoba nokuphindwe kathathu kwezindawo ezinefiber optic. Izinsizakalo zayo zizofinyelela ezindaweni zasemakhaya ezikude kakhulu. Kanye nokwandisa insizakalo, inhloso wukwenza ukuthi ifinyeleleke emikhakheni ehola kancane, ukwehlisa izindleko zokushaya izingcingo.
Ukungavuselelwa kwemvume ye-RCTV
51. Ngobusuku bangomhla zingama-27 kuNhlaba, imvume yokusakaza eyanikezwa iRadio Caracas Television, isiteshi sikamabonakude esiphikisayo esinamandla kunazo zonke ezweni, yaphelelwa yisikhathi. Ngivumelana nomhlaziyi wezepolitiki waseVenezuela, u-Vladimir Acosta, ukuthi lesi bekuyisikhathi sesibili soguquko olukhulu lwenqubo, kulandela ukutholakala kabusha kukaphethiloli ngo-2003.[I-10]
52. Ukuguqula isiteshi esizimele sibe isiteshi senkonzo yomphakathi akuyona nje igalelo elinamandla kumaphephandaba aphikisayo aseVenezuela, futhi kuyisenzo 'esingena enhliziyweni yamandla omhlaba', ngoba namuhla lokhu kuncike ngokuyisisekelo abezindaba. Ngaphandle kokubusa phezu kwabezindaba ukuze benze ukuvumelana, ubukhulu balo mbuso womhlaba wonke buthaka kakhulu.[[Isithombe ekhasini 11] Kungenxa yalokhu kube khona ukusabela okunonya okungaka emhlabeni jikelele.
53. Isilinganiso samenyezelwa nguChavez ezinyangeni ezedlule. Abaphikisi balungisa ngokushesha impendulo yabo. Izamile ukwenza izakhamizi zikholwe ukuthi, ngalesi senzo, inkululeko yokukhuluma izolimala kakhulu, nokuthi uhulumeni uthuthukela ngendlela esheshayo ebheke embusweni wobushiqela. Ngemva kokuzama ukugqugquzelwa okuhlukahlukene komkhakha wabantu abadala, okungekho noyedwa owazuza isilinganiso ebesilindelwe, isihloko esisha sezombangazwe savela emigwaqweni yaseCaracas: abafundi.
54. Izinkulungwane zabo, iningi labo eliphuma emanyuvesi azimele, baphuma bangena emigwaqweni bephikisana nalokho abakubiza 'ngokuvalwa' kweRadio Caracas Television. Nakuba izinhloso zabo zazinokuthula, iqeqebana labafundi lasusa uthuthuva, lokhela imililo emigwaqweni, lavimba izimoto futhi laphoqelela izindikimba zamaphoyisa ukuba zingenele ukuze kugcinwe ukuthula. Izithombe zokungqubuzana phakathi kwabafundi namaphoyisa zahamba umhlaba wonke, njengobufakazi obengeziwe bobushiqela bukahulumeni. Okungabikwanga nokho wukuthi iningi labalimele bekungamaphoyisa, abephethe isithunzi, angavumi ukucasuka.
55. Kodwa laba bafundi bameleni? Ngabe sibhekene nenhlangano yepolitiki nje, njengabo kanye nabezindaba abaphikisayo bayathanda ukwenza abantu bakholwe?
56. Isu lamaqembu aphikisayo kube, ngakolunye uhlangothi, 'ukwethula abafundi njengesixuku esihlangene' futhi, ngakolunye, ukugcina ukuhlukana kwabo nenhlangano yabafundi, ukuze kugcizelelwe ukuzimela kwayo nokuzenzakalelayo.[I-12]
57. Ingxenye yokuqala yalelisu yahlukaniswa ngokushesha ingxenye ebalulekile yabafundi eyeseka isilinganiso esamukelwe uhulumeni. Baphumela emigwaqweni ngobuningi.
58. Mayelana nesici sesibili, nsuku zonke, kuvela ubufakazi obusha obuveza okusemuva kokungenela kwabaphikisayo. Azikho kuphela izingxoxo zocingo ezirekhodiwe kanye nemiyalezo ye-elekthronikhi ebanjwayo edalula izinhlelo zabo zokusebenzisa abafundi izinjongo zezombangazwe, kodwa futhi, phezu kwakho konke lokhu, kunobufakazi obungenakuphikwa bokuthi omunye wabaholi babafundi wazinikeza bona.
59. Iqembu elincane labaholi babafundi ababhikishela 'ukuvalwa' kwe-RCTV, beqiniseka inkulumo-ze esakazwa abezindaba phakathi kwalabo abazimisele, ukuthi ama-chavistas aphikisana nenkululeko yokukhuluma eVenezuela, banquma ukufuna izethameli ePhalamende Likazwelonke. , ekholelwa ukuthi lesi sinyathelo sizonqatshwa. Kwabamangaza ukuthi kwenzeka okuphambene, kuphela ukuthi uCilia Flores, umongameli wePhalamende, wanweba lesi siphakamiso futhi wanquma ukuthi lo mcimbi uzosetshenziselwa ukuvula inkulumo-mpikiswano phakathi kwabafundi bamaqembu aphikisayo kanye nalabo abeseka isilinganiso esithathwe uhulumeni. . Ngendlela engakaze ibonwe emlandweni wezwe, isigungu sikaZwelonke sivulele abafundi iminyango ukuze beze bazokhuluma.
60. Kwanqunywa ukuthi umsinga ngamunye uzonikezwa imizuzu eyishumi imvume yokukhuluma. Abafundi bamaqembu aphikisayo bangene emhlanganweni begqoke amahembe abomvu, okwamangaza ukuthi umbala obomvu yiwona ohlonziwe ama-chavista. Ngemva kwalokho kwatholakala ukuthi kungani: 'ngaphezulu kakhulu kunesu lokuphepha: babeyingxenye ebalulekile yesu lemidiya elakhiwe ngobungcweti'. [I-13]
61. Amalungelo okukhuluma anikezwe kuqala uDouglas Barrios, umfundi wase-Universidad Metropolitana, inyuvesi eyaziwa ngokufukamela kuphela abantu abaphakeme emphakathini. Emuva kwenkulumo eshoda ngalutho, lapho enxuse khona ukuthi kube nohlelo lokubuyisana kwesizwe, uphethe ngokuthi 'uphupha izwe lapho abantu becatshangelwa khona bengagqoki umfaniswano', wathi eseqedile lesi sisho, futhi amaqembu abafundi abaphikisayo akhumula amahembe abo abomvu, avumela wonke umuntu ukuthi abone amahembe amhlophe ababewagqokile ngaphansi, embozwe iziqubulo ezihlukene ezivikela i-RCTV.
62 Konke lokhu bekungahunyushwa ngokuthi yisenzo sokuqala, saseshashalazini sokulahlwa, ukube bekungengenxa yokuthi ishidi lokugcina lenkulumo yakhe lishiywe emsamo. Kuso, kwanikezwa imiyalelo enembayo yokuthi kufanele baziphathe kanjani eSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke. Umbhalo usayinwe yi-ARS Publicity, inkampani ephethwe yiqembu le-Globovision, eyathinteka ekuketulweni kombuso ka-April 2002.
63. Ukukhumula amahembe abo abomvu, bakhulume kanye kuphela, futhi bahambe ngokushesha - zonke lezi kwakuyizenzo ezazishiwo emiyalweni. Lesi senzo sokugcina samiswa, okungenani isikhathi sikasomlomo olandelayo, ngenxa yengcindezi ababenayo yokuthi bahlale ngabafundi be-chavista namasekela ePhalamende Likazwelonke.
64. Labo ababezibiza ngabavikeli bentando yeningi babengakwazi ukukhuluma ngentando yeningi; benze ukungenelela okukodwa kuphela base besula endaweni yesigameko. Abazibiza ngabazimele bafika bengama-pawn of Globovision. Lokhu kuwukuzenzisa kwabaholi bamaqembu aphikisayo.
65. Kufanele kuhlale obala ukuthi sikude nokucabanga ukuthi bonke abafundi abamasha bephikisana nesinqumo sokungavuselelwa kwemvume bangalolu hlobo. Siyaqiniseka ukuthi iningi labo lizosibheka kabusha isimo salo, lapho ngenkulumo-mpikiswano enempilo, selazi ukuthi iphrojekthi yomphakathi, eholwa nguMongameli Chavez, iyini ngempela.
66. Izehlakalo zasePhalamende zalethela impumuzo nje iqhinga lamaqembu aphikisayo, kodwa futhi, okubaluleke nakakhulu, zembula ubuholi obumangalisayo babafundi osebuvela ezweni.
67. Ngokulandelana, izikhulumi eziyishumi ezeseka isilinganiso esamukelwe uhulumeni zaqala ukuhlakaza, ngayinye ngayinye, izimpikiswano zamaqembu aphikisayo, ngobusha, ubuhlakani, ubuciko bokusungula futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngamandla. Ubani ongaphikisana, ngokwesibonelo, nalokho okwashiwo isikhulumi esilandelayo, u-AndreÃna Tarazón, wase-Universidad Central de Venezuela, lapho egxeka ukuziphatha kwabafundi abaphikisayo, eqhathanisa ukuziphatha kwabo ngokungabhekani nenkulumo-mpikiswano, nalokho kukaCondoleezza Rice. phakathi nomhlangano we-OAS, lapho akhuluma khona wabe esehamba?
68. Labo ababukele umabonakude, ababone lokhu kusakazwa, bukhoma futhi baqondise ngokusakazwa kuzwelonke kuwo wonke amafrikhwensi, kumele babe nomuzwa onamandla ngenxa yekhwalithi yokungenelela. Ayemahle kangangokuthi akuphelanga sikhathi esingakanani aqala ukusatshalaliswa nge-inthanethi. Kwakukhona izinkulungwane zabantu kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba ezazikwazi ukumangala nokumangala ngamazwi ka-AndreÃna nozakwabo. Waziguqula waba elinye lamanxusa angcono kakhulu eVenezuela.
69. Kodwa elinye igalelo labezindaba eliphethwe kwesokunxele alikwazanga ukushiywa lingajeziswa. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva YouTube imise okwesikhashana i-akhawunti yomsebenzisi oqanjwe 'Lbracci', lapho lokhu okwenziwayo kusatshalaliswe ngefomethi yevidiyo. [I-14]
70. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhala ezintsha zenkulumompikiswano ziyavuleka kuwo wonke amagumbi ezwe. Futhi imikhakha yentsha ifakazela ngokoqobo ukuthi intando yeningi ikhona eVenezuela.
71. Ngiyaphinda futhi, ukuhlaselwa ngabaphikisi kubangele umcimbi omuhle kakhulu wenqubo yaseBolivarian: umlingisi omusha wezenhlalo, ogcwele amandla, imibono, ingene kwezombusazwe. Akungatshazwa ukuthi labo bafundi abeseka uhulumeni banakho konke okumele bawine. Iphrojekthi yezwe elisekelwe kubuntu kanye nobumbano, ebeka imizamo yayo ekuqedeni ukungalingani; lokho kubizela ukusetshenziswa kokulawula okukhulayo komphakathi phezu kwayo yonke imisebenzi, ukuze kuliwe nesihlava senkohlakalo; ebuyisela ubukhosi bezwe. Kuwuhlelo intsha yaseVenezuela engeke yakwazi ukungayinaki.
Qaphela: Le ndatshana ilungiselelwe i-ABIVEN 2007 yearbook.
Kuhunyushwe kusuka ku- Rebelión by Federico Fuentes
[1] UChavez uthole ukwesekwa ngabantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyisi-6, ababalelwa ezigidini ezine abavotele ukuhoxiswa kwegunya lakhe.
[2]. Phakathi kwamaqembu abaluleke kakhulu abekhona bekukhona: i-European Union, i-Carter Centre, i-Organisation of American States (OEA).
[3]. I-United States izwakalise ngo-Sean McCormack, umkhulumeli woMnyango Wezwe, isifiso sayo sokuba nobudlelwano 'obuhle' futhi 'obakhayo' nohulumeni wase-Bolivarian. 'Sihalalisela abantu baseVenezuela ngokuziphatha kwabo phakathi nalolu khetho', esho, ezwakalisa nesifiso sakhe 'sokusebenza nohulumeni kaMongameli Chavez'. Lokhu kubonakala kuwushintsho olukhulu uma kubhekwa ukuthi esikhathini esingeside esedlule, iWashington yabeka uChavez 'njengamandla adicilela phansi isifunda'.
[4]. Inkulumo enikezwe ku-Act of Recognition for Miranda Command, Disemba 15, 2006.
[5]. Hugo Chavez, Nota introductoria al libro El discurso de la unidad (Disemba 15, 2006) Ediciones 'Socialismo del Siglo XXI', No 1, Caracas, 2007
[6]. UChavez unqume ukubabiza 'ngophromotha'.
[7]. Salim Lamrani, Se abre una nueva era e-Venezuela, February 26 2007.
[8]. Bheka uSalim Lamrani, SoberanÃa petrolera, reformas sociales e independencia económica en Venezuela, www.rebelión.org, May 15, 2007.
[9]. Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias, «Queremos que Cantv sea una empresa tan eficiente como Pdvsa», Januwari 11, 2007; Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias, «; gobierno nacional dio primer paso hacia nacionalización de la Cantv», February 12, 2007.
[10]. UVladimir Acosta, La no renovación de RCTV es un hecho revolucionario porque toca al corazón del poder mundial , inhlolokhono kaMarcelo Colussi, i-Argenpress, ngoJuni 2007.
[11]. Igama elithi 'ukwakha ukuvumelana lisetshenziswe nguWalter Lippmann ku Umbono Womphakathi, Allen and Unwin, London, 1932 futhi ecashunwe nguNoam Chomsky in Cómo nos veden la moto, U-Ed. Icaria, Barcelona, 1996, p.14. Lo mbhali naye unencwadi enesihloko esithi Imvume Yokukhiqiza.
[12]. Georges Ciccariello-Maher, Ubani odonsa izintambo ngemuva kokuvukela kwabafundi baseVenezuela, Caracas, Juni 10, 2007.
[13]. .Op.cit.
[14]. UCarlos MartÃnez , I-Antena 3 kanye ne-YouTube igxeka inkulumo-mpikiswano engakavuselelwa kabusha ku-RCTV ,Juni 12, 2007.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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