Isinqumo sikaJanus seNkantolo eNkulu yaseMelika ngoLwesithathu sibe ngesinye isihluku enhlanganweni yabasebenzi. Kwakha isisusa sezezimali kumalungu ezinyunyana zomkhakha womphakathi ukuthi ashiye inyunyana kuyilapho eqhubeka nomsebenzi wawo.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1980s kwesokunxele kwe-US, okwaphawulwa nguMongameli uRonald Reagan ngokuxosha abalawuli bezindiza ukuze baqede isiteleka sabo, inhlangano yabasebenzi ivinjezelwe yilokho okwachazwa usozigidigidi uWarren Buffett New York Times njengempi yekilasi eyaqalwa yikilasi lakhe. Akukhona okokuqala lokhu kwenzeka emlandweni wase-US.
Abasebenzi bahlelwa ngokuqinile nangempumelelo esikhathini esingaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I, kangangokuthi amaphesenti angu-1 ahola ukuhlehla okunamandla ngeminyaka yawo-1920 okwehlisa kakhulu ubulungu bezinyunyana. Ngenkathi ngivakashela incwadi yami ethi โViking Economicsโ ngonyaka odlule, abanye abantu bangitshele ukuthi ngeke sikwazi ukuthola imodeli yaseNordic e-United States ngoba ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi behlile, bengaboni ukuthi abasebenzi banomlando wokukhuphuka nokwehla kulokhu. izwe. Iminyaka yawo-1930 yaba inkathi yokukhula kwenyunyana okukhulu kakhulu, kangangokuthi ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kwakwazi ukuzuza ukunqoba okwakungenakwenzeka ukukucabanga ngeminyaka yawo-1920.
Izindlela ezimbili esingahlonipha ngazo izinyunyana ngalesi sikhathi sovivinyo ukucela abanye ukuthi bajoyine imigqa yokuqopha izinyunyana futhi bafunde ezenzweni zabo ezintsha nempumelelo yanoma yimiphi imikhankaso esizibophezele kuyo namuhla. Ngokuvumelana ne isazi-mlando sezabasebenzi uSidney Fine, intuthuko yenyunyana eDetroit naseFlint, eMichigan, โyayiyingxabano yezisebenzi ephawuleka kakhulu yaseMelika ekhulwini lama-20.โ
Ngandlela thize umzabalazo ubunobuhlakani kakhulu kunemikhankaso eminingi namuhla, yingakho unikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ngamaqhinga, ukucwasa, ukusebenzisa i-spectrum yabalingani kanye nokulandelanisa ukugxila kokuhlela.
Abasebenzi bafanisa amaqhinga okukhomba ekunqobeni okukhulu
Abantu baseMelika bathandana nemoto ngeminyaka yawo-1920. Amafekthri eMichigan adinga ukukhula ngokushesha ukuze ahlangabezane nesidingo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu abamnyama baseNingizimu babenza "Ukufuduka Okukhulu" emadolobheni asenyakatho, bejoyina ukugeleza kwabasebenzi abavela eYurophu.
Imboni yezimoto ibiyisikhondlakhondla emnothweni wase-US futhi izimisele ukungazamukeli izinyunyana zabasebenzi. Umthelela wayo kohulumeni, wasekhaya nokazwelonke, wawusho ukuthi umthetho ungasetshenziswa ukusekela inethiwekhi yabo yabaseshi nezinhloli ezizimele.
Imizamo yakuqala yokuhlanganisa inyunyana yehlulekile, njengoba iqhinga elijwayelekile - abasebenzi abenqaba ukuya emsebenzini futhi bacoshe amasango efektri ukuze bavale abasebenzi abashintshayo - laphulwa ngokuboshwa nodlame.
I-United Mine Workers of America, noma i-UMWA, yathuthela eMichigan ukuze izame. Leyo nyunyana yayisivele yenze intuthuko enkulu kwenye imboni evikelwe udlame: imayini yamalahle. I-UMWA yasungula okwaba yi-United Auto Workers, noma i-UAW.
Kodwa-ke, abakhiqizi bezimoto babenezivikelo ezisekelayo emizamweni yokuhlanganiswa kwezinyunyana: ukucwasa ngokwebala. Enkulu kubo, iGeneral Motors, yaqasha abasebenzi abamhlophe kuphela ukuze benze imisebenzi yamakhono. Lokho kwakusho ukuthi izisebenzi ezimnyama ezingasebenzi zazizoba lula ukuba ziqashelwe esikhundleni sabasebenzi uma kunesiteleka, kusungulwe ubuhlanga ukuze kuphambukiswe ukunaka esitheni sabo esivamile, izikhulu zezomnotho. Njengoba kokubili ubudlova nokucwasa ngasohlangothini lwabo, abakhiqizi bezimoto bangalahlekelwa kanjani?
Behlangana emakamelweni okuhlala nabasebenzi abambalwa abamnyama bakwaGM e-Flint, abahleli be-UAW babatshele ukuthi inyunyana izophikisa uJim Crow, njengoba nje abeMayini benza eBirmingham, ngesikhathi behlela imboni yensimbi lapho. Ukubhekana ne-GM wonkana, nokho, bazobe behlela obala abasebenzi abamhlophe.
Nakuba umsebenzi wokuhlela ohamba kancane, onzima uqhubeka, entwasahlobo ka-1936 kwafika izwi mayelana namaFulentshi azama uhlobo oluhlukile lwesiteleka. Esikhundleni sokushiya imisebenzi yabo bagoduke, cishe abasebenzi abayizigidi ezimbili babehlala emafemini abo. Lokhu kwanciphisa usongo lwabasebenzi abashintshayo, ababengase bavalelwe ngaphandle ngenxa yomsebenzi.
Abasebenzi bakwaFlint banqume ukuyizama, beyibiza ngokuthi yikuhlala phansi. Imindeni yabo nabangane bahlangana ukuletha ukudla nezinsiza - akekho owayazi ukuthi le misebenzi izoqhubeka isikhathi esingakanani.
Abaphathi bakaGM benqabile ukuxoxisana nenyunyana, bacela abaholi bezepolitiki basendaweni (ababephethe) ukuthi basebenzise amaphoyisa ukuxosha abasebenzi. UGM uphinde waya enkantolo yombuso eyothola incwadi evimbela abasebenzi ukuthi badle impahla yomuntu siqu.
Ngemuva kokuthi abasebenzi behoxise amaphoyisa endawo abezama ukungena kwenye yezimboni, inkantolo yombuso yakhipha umyalelo wokuthi kuhlale phansi. Leso sinyathelo sengeze ingcindezi ka-GM yokuthi umbusi angenelele, esebenzisa iNational Guard.
Abasebenzi bathumele umyalezo kumbusi wokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuzosho โukugeza igazi kwabasebenzi abangahlomileโ okuzokwenziwa umbusi. Bamfaka enkingeni: landela umthetho njengoba uchazwa yinkantolo yezwe, ngengcindezelo enobudlova, noma ugcine isithunzi sakhe njengombusi onobuntu.
Umbusi wama ngesikhathi ethatha isinqumo. Abahlali baqonda amandla anomthelela esinqumweni sakhe. Ngokusho kukaFine, "Nakuba abasebenzi abaningi babona i-GM njengesitha esibulalayo futhi bethambekele ekukhipheni noma yisiphi isijeziso esitholakalayo enkampanini, ikomidi elimelene nokucekela phansi livimbele noma yikuphi ukulimala okukhulu emshinini, amathuluzi nasezinqolobaneni ze-inventory ... amahhovisi abaphathi abathunjiwe; babesebenzisa izinto zokuvala izihlalo njengemibhede kodwa babengazigcini lezi zinto ukuze zisetshenziswe unomphela.โ
Njengoba umbusi waphoqwa yisinqumo senkantolo sokuthi okungenani athumele i-National Guard e-Flint, wayinika umgomo wokuvimbela udlame - okuhlanganisa nokuvikela abatelekile ekuhlaselweni amabutho angaphandle - futhi waqoka, njengomkhuzi, isikhulu ayeyazi ukuthi ikhanda elipholile futhi mancane amathuba okuthi asebenzise udlame kunomkhuzi ojwayelekile wonogada. Umbusi wabe esephusha i-GM ukuthi ixoxisane ne-UAW futhi ithole isisombululo.
IGeneral Motors, inkampani enkulu yezimoto, yagcina ivumile.
Ngokucwasa, isu lisho ukuthi ukulandelana kuyabalulekile
Njengaku-chess, noma yimuphi umdlalo, ukuba namasu kufaka phakathi ukulinganisa ukuthi yikuphi ukunyakaza okungcono kakhulu ukuthatha kuqala, okwesibili njalonjalo. Ngokuvamile sikhetha ithagethi encane bese sidlulela kwenkulu, enamandla kakhulu. Iqiniso lokucwasa ngokwebala laphakamisa ukuhlehla kokulandelana emzabalazweni wezinyunyana zezimoto, ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa. Lokhu kungase kube nzima ukukuqonda esicelweni sanamuhla esizwakala phakathi kwezishoshovu zokuphambana kwemigwaqo njengesimo sokuziphatha, kunokuba sibe namasu. Umlando uyasisiza lapha.
Ngesikhathi inyunyana ithatha iFord Motor Company, isizakala ngokunqoba kwayo noGM, yahlangana nabasebenzi abanabasebenzi abaningi abamnyama. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uHenry Ford wabona ithuba lokuqasha abasebenzi abansundu ababezowubonga umsebenzi wabo, ngenxa yalokho, bethembeke enkampanini yakhe futhi bengavumelani nezinyunyana.
I-Ford iqinise ukwethembeka ngokwenza izisebenzi eziningi ngokuthumela abefundisi abansundu, abanikela emabandleni abo abakwaFord. Umphumela waba ukuthi, lapho kuqala iMpi Yezwe II, amaphesenti angu-12 abasebenzi bakwaFord ayemnyama.
Ngenxa yokuthi abahleli be-UAW bakhethe impi ye-GM kuqala, bathole ukwethenjwa ngokubhekana nesimo sezinhlanga ezixubile kwaFord. Iningi labasebenzi bakwaFord belibona ukuthi ukuba yilungu lenyunyana kunganikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe kanye nekusasa elithembisayo lezomnotho kunokungabi nayo inyunyana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-autoworkers amnyama aye abhekana nobandlululo oluningi lwabamhlophe futhi babenesizathu esincane sokulindela inyunyana ukuthi ihluke.
Ngenkathi i-UAW isungulwa i-United Mine Workers yayiyinyunyana emelene nokucwasa ngokwebala okwathi phakathi kokunye, yathuthukisa amakhono obuholi kubasebenzi abamnyama futhi yabanikeza nezikhala zobuholi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UAW yayazi ukuthi iFord izosebenzisa amaqhinga okuhlukanisa nokunqoba ukuze inyunyana ingabikho, kulokhu kuhlukanisa abamnyama nabamhlophe.
Ngenxa yezimiso zabo zokulwa nokucwasa nokuqonda ukuthi impumelelo incike ebunyeni, abahleli be-UAW babazi ukuthi kufanele ngandlela thize bahlanganise abasebenzi kuzo zonke izinhlanga. Bakha isu lokuqasha elinezinhlangothi ezimbili. Abahleli baqasha amalungu amnyama ngasese ukuze bathole umfutho ngaphambi kokuba lolu daba lube yimpi evulelekile. Futhi batshala imali ekuhlanganeni komuntu ngamunye okwakubonakala kungapheli ukuze bakholise abasebenzi abamhlophe ukuthi, noma ngabe babandlulula kangakanani, kuzodingeka bakubambe, esikhundleni sokuthatha isinyathelo, ukuze kube nobumbano emzabalazweni.
Kwasebenza. UFord wavuma, izitshalo zaba yinyunyana futhi abasebenzi bathola ulwazi lwabo lokuqala lwezinga elithile lobulungiswa bezomnotho.
Okubalulekile ukuthi i-UAW yayingazimisele ukuvumela ukucwasa kwabasebenzi abamhlophe kuvimbele ukuhlela kwaFord. Kwakunezingxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kwabamhlophe nabamnyama, ezinye izimpi ezingokobuhlanga ezicwasa ngokwebala, futhi ekuqaleni babe nephesenti elincane labamnyama kunabamhlophe abajoyina inyunyana.
Noma kunjalo, i-UAW yaba inyunyana yezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene. Lokho akusho ukuthi i-UAW ibingenalo ubandlululo nokucwasa. Kodwa naphezu kwamaphutha ayo, yakwazi ukuba yithuluzi lobulungiswa kwezomnotho kubasebenzi abaningi abansundu futhi yaba namandla aqhubekayo okulingana endaweni kazwelonke amashumi eminyaka ngemva kokusungulwa kwayo.
Isifundo sanamuhla: ukubhekana nokucwasa ngokwebala
Impumelelo ye-UAW ekwakheni inyunyana yezinhlanga ngeminyaka yawo-1930 inika izizathu ezinkulu zethemba kubakhi bokunyakaza namuhla. Abadangele phakathi kwethu abacabanga ukuthi kufanele sibheke phansi futhi sizinikele ezinyathelweni zokukhula ngoba ukucwasa ngokwebala kuzovimbela izinzuzo ezinkulu akulungile.
Kunalokho, sidinga ukufunda kulokho okwasebenzela i-UAW kanye nabasebenzi basezimayini emuva kosuku. Abazange bagxile esimweni sengqondo, โukuqeda ubandlululo,โ noma ingqondo yoshintsho lomuntu. Bagxile ekuzabalazweni ndawonye ukuze bawine ezindabeni zobulungiswa ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abaningi, kungakhathalekile uhlanga. Sinezinkinga eziningi ezinjengalezi namuhla: ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, amaholo amancane, imfundo ephansi yomphakathi, udlame lwezibhamu, izimpi ezingapheli, izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu, izindlu ezimbi - ngingaqhubeka njalo.
Okungenani iminyaka engu-50, izifundo zobudlelwane bezinhlanga zezemfundo ziye zathola ukuthi lapho abantu bezinhlanga ezahlukene bebekwe ndawonye ezimweni ezilinganayo (izindlu ezithengekayo, isikole esihle, iqembu labasebenzi, ibutho lezempi, iqembu lezemidlalo, noma iqembu lemidlalo) , abantu abamhlophe babhekana nokuncishiswa kobandlululo. Nalapha futhi umbuzo wamasu wokulandelana uyavela: Ngabe sizokwenza inqubekelaphambili eyengeziwe ngokuqala sibambe impi yamasiko mayelana nobukhosi abamhlophe noma siqale siguqule "amaqiniso phansi" njengoba abantu bephila impilo yabo? Kwesinye isikhathi kokubili kungenziwa kanyekanye, kodwa ngesinye isikhathi sidinga ukukhetha, okuwukuthi isu limayelana nani.
Ngamanye amazwi, singaphikisa ngendlela enengqondo ukuthi uma amandla manje angena kubantu abamhlophe abahlola ukujula kwabo ngokwengqondo ukuze aqede ukucwasa abegxile emikhankasweni yokushintsha izinqubomgomo ezinkulu ezisekela ukucwasa kwezikhungo, maningi amathuba okuthi ubandlululo lube nethonya elikhulu. .
Abantu abamhlophe badinga ikakhulukazi ukukhumbula ukuthi i-UAW yazuza ukwethembeka kubasebenzi abamnyama kwaFord ngempumelelo yabasebenzi abamhlophe ekuthatheni iGM. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu abamhlophe abafuna abantu abanemibala bababone njengabanqobi bokulingana kwezinhlanga bangathola lokho kuthenjwa ngokubonisa ama-chops abo - ngokuqala imikhankaso eqondile enezidingo zayo ezizokwenza ngcono izimpilo zabantu bangempela bemibala abalinyazwa kakhulu ukungabi nabulungisa. .
Esinye isifundo esikhulu esivela kubasebenzi bakwaFlint sisifundisa amandla atholakala ekuzikhuzeni. Ukukhetha kwabo ukushiya izitshalo zabo zinjalo kukhawule izinhlobonhlobo zezinketho abanikazi bamandla abangazisebenzisa ngokumelene nabasebenzi. IGeneral Motors ibifuna umbusi angenelele ngodlame acindezele abasebenzi. Kodwa i-GM yayidinga abasebenzi bezimoto ukuthi bonakalise impahla ukuze bathethelele lelo zinga lamandla. Abasebenzi, ngokuziqeqesha, bavimbele iGM ukuthi ithole indlela yayo.
Ukungenisa iqhinga kwenye inhlangano, eFrance, kwakudinga ukucatshangelwa mayelana nendlela yokuyijwayela endaweni entsha, ukuhlaziya ukuthi izodlala kanjani emiqondweni yalabo okuhlosiwe/abaphathi bamandla kanye nalabo abangaba nomthelela emphumeleni womzabalazo. Lapho sifunda kabanzi ngempumelelo yeminye iminyakazo, yilapho sifunda kabanzi mayelana nokukhetha kwamasu namuhla.
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