Izingalo eziyimfihlo zasePakistan ukudayiswa kwe-U.S. kusize ukukhishwa kwebheyili okuyimpikiswano evela ku-International Monetary Fund ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, ngokusho kwemithombo emibili enolwazi lwaleli lungiselelo, nokuqinisekiswa okuvela emibhalweni yangaphakathi kahulumeni wasePakistani nowaseMelika. Ukuthengiswa kwezikhali kwenziwa ngenhloso yokuhlinzeka amasosha ase-Ukraine - okumaka ukubandakanyeka kwePakistan engxabanweni eyayibhekane nengcindezi yase-US ukuthi ithathe uhlangothi.
Ukwambulwa kuyifasitela ohlotsheni olungemuva kwesigcawu phakathi kwezikhulu zezezimali nezombusazwe ezingavamile ukuvezwa emphakathini, ngisho nalapho umphakathi ukhokha inani. Izinguquko ezinzima zenqubomgomo yesakhiwo ezifunwa yi-IMF njengemibandela yokuhlengwa kwayo kwakamuva kuqale imibhikisho eqhubekayo ezweni. Iziteleka ezinkulu zine senzeka kulo lonke elasePakistan emasontweni asanda kwedlula ukuphendula lezi zinyathelo.
Imibhikisho iyisahluko sakamuva enkingeni yezepolitiki ethathe unyaka nesigamu inyakaza izwe. Ngo-Ephreli 2022, amasosha asePakistan, ngokukhuthazwa yi-US, asiza ukuhlela ivoti lokungamethembi ukususa uNdunankulu u-Imran Khan. Ngaphambi kokuxoshwa, osomaqhinga boMnyango Wezwe bazwakalise intukuthelo ngasese kozakwabo basePakistan ngalokho abakubiza ngokuthi “ukungathathi hlangothi kwePakistan” ngempi yase-Ukraine ngaphansi kukaKhan. Bona uxwayise ngemiphumela emibi uma uKhan engasala emandleni futhi wathembisa ukuthi “konke kuyothethelelwa” uma esuswa.
"Intando yeningi yasePakistan ekugcineni ingase ibe yisisulu sokuhlasela kwe-Ukraine."
Kusukela ekuxoshweni kukaKhan, iPakistan iye yavela njengomsekeli owusizo we-US kanye nabalingani bayo empini, usizo oselubuyiselwe manje ngemalimboleko ye-IMF. Imali mboleko yezimo eziphuthumayo ivumele uhulumeni omusha wasePakistan ukuthi susa inhlekelele yezomnotho eyayisondela futhi luhlehlise ukhetho ngokungapheli - isikhathi ebesijwayele ukwethula ezweni lonke ukuphahlazeka on umphakathi womphakathi futhi ejele Khan.
"Intando yeningi yasePakistan ekugcineni ingase ibe yingozi ekuhlaseleni i-Ukraine," kusho u-Arif Rafiq, isazi esingahlali e-Middle East Institute nochwepheshe ePakistan, etshela i-Intercept.
I-Pakistan yaziwa njengendawo yokukhiqiza yezinhlobo zezikhali ezidingekayo ezimpini zokugaya. Njengoba i-Ukraine iphikisana ukushoda okungapheli wezikhali nezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha, ukuba khona kwamagobolondo akhiqizwe ePakistan neminye imithetho yebutho lase-Ukraine kuvele embikweni wezindaba ovulekile mayelana nokungqubuzana, nakuba i-U.S. kanye namaPakistani bengalivumanga leli lungiselelo.
Amarekhodi anemininingwane yokuthengwa kwezikhali aputshuzwe ku-The Intercept ekuqaleni kwalonyaka ngomthombo ongaphakathi kwebutho lezempi lasePakistan. Amadokhumenti achaza ukuthengiswa kwezikhali okwavunyelwana ngakho phakathi kwe-U.S. ne-Pakistan kusukela ehlobo lika-2022 kuya entwasahlobo ka-2023. Amanye amadokhumenti aqinisekiswa ngokufanisa isiginesha yomphathi wamasosha waseMelika nesiginesha yakhe kumarekhodi ezindlu ezitholakala esidlangalaleni e-United States. ; ngokuqhathanisa imibhalo yasePakistan nemibhalo yaseMelika ehambisanayo; nangokubuyekeza iPakistani etholakala esidlangalaleni kodwa ebingabikwanga ngaphambilini ukudalulwa yokudayiswa kwezikhali e-U.S. okuthunyelwe yiBhange Lombuso lasePakistan.
Izivumelwano zezikhali zahwetshwa, ngokwamaphepha, yiGlobal Military Products, inkampani engaphansi kwe-Global Ordnance, umdayisi wezikhali ongundabamlonyeni owahlanganisa abantu abancane kunedumela elihle e-Ukraine. isihloko sakamuva se-New York Times.
Amadokhumenti achaza umkhondo wemali kanye nezingxoxo nezikhulu zase-U.S. ahlanganisa izinkontileka zaseMelika kanye nePakistani, amalayisense, kanye nemibhalo yesicelo ehlobene namadili ase-US okuthengela i-Ukraine izikhali zamasosha asePakistan.
Inhloko-dolobha yezomnotho kanye nokuthakaselwa kwezombusazwe okuvela ekuthengisweni kwezikhali kudlale indima ebalulekile ekusizeni ukuvikela ukutakulwa kwe-IMF, noMnyango Wezwe wavuma ukubeka i-IMF ukuzethemba mayelana nesivumelwano sezikhali esingadalulwanga, ngokusho kwemithombo enolwazi lwalolu hlelo, futhi kuqinisekiswe idokhumenti ehlobene.
Ukuze iwine imali ebolekiwe, iPakistan yayitshelwe yi-IMF ukuthi kufanele ihlangabezane nezinhloso ezithile zokuxhasa ngezimali kanye nokuxhasa ngezimali kabusha okuhlobene nesikweletu sayo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe - okuhlosiwe izwe elalikuthola kunzima ukuhlangabezana nayo. Ukuthengiswa kwezikhali kwasiza, kanti izimali ezitholwe ekuthengisweni kwezikhali zase-Ukraine zihambe ibanga elide ukuvala igebe.
Ukuthola imali ebolekiwe kudambise ingcindezi yezomnotho, okwenza uhulumeni wezempi ukuthi abambezele ukhetho - okungase kube nemiphumela ngemuva kokususwa kukaKhan - futhi kwajulisa ukuhlaselwa kwabalandeli bakaKhan nabanye abaphikisayo. Izwe laseMelika lahlala lithule kakhulu mayelana nezinga elimangalisayo lokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu okwenza kube nokungabaza ikusasa lentando yeningi yasePakistan.
"Isisekelo siwukuthi kufanele sisindise i-Ukraine, kufanele sisindise lo mngcele wentando yeningi endaweni esempumalanga yeYurophu," kusho uRafiq. “Futhi leli zwe elinsundu lase-Asia kufanele likhokhe inani. Ngakho-ke bangaba ngondlovukayiphikiswa, abantu babo bangavinjwa inkululeko bonke abanye osaziwayo kuleli lizwe abathi sidinga ukweseka i-Ukraine - ikhono lokukhetha abaholi bethu, ikhono lokuba nenkululeko yomphakathi, umthetho, konke lokhu. izinhlobo zezinto ezingase zehlukanise amazwe amaningi aseYurophu futhi ahlanganise imibuso yentando yeningi yaseRussia.”
Amabhomu Okukhishwa Kwezimali
Ngomhla zingama-23 kuNhlaba wezi-2023, ngokophenyo lwe-The Intercept, iNxusa lasePakistan e-US uMasood Khan lahlala phansi noMsizi kaNobhala Wezwe uDonald Lu eMnyangweni Wezwe eWashington, D.C., ukuze kube nomhlangano wokuthi ukuthengiswa kwezikhali kwasePakistan e-Ukraine kungathuthuka kanjani. isimo sayo sezezimali emehlweni e-IMF. Umgomo wokuhlala phansi, obanjwe ngoLwesibili, bekuwukusheshisa imininingwane yamalungiselelo ngaphambi komhlangano ozayo e-Islamabad ngoLwesihlanu olulandelayo phakathi kweNxusa laseMelika ePakistan uDonald Blome kanye noNgqongqoshe wezeziMali u-Ishaq Dar.
U-Lu utshele uKhan emhlanganweni wangoMeyi 23 ukuthi i-US isiyisusile inkokhelo yokukhiqizwa kwezikhali zasePakistan futhi izotshela i-IMF ngokuyimfihlo ngalolu hlelo. U-Lu uvumile ukuthi amaPakistani akholelwa ukuthi iminikelo yezikhali ingabiza u-$900 wezigidi, okuzosiza ukuvala igebe elisele emalini edingwa yi-IMF, elinganiselwa ku-$2 billion. Iliphi inani eliqondile i-US elizolidlulisela ku-IMF okusamele kuxoxiswane ngalo, utshele uKhan.
Emhlanganweni wangoLwesihlanu, uDar uveze umbuzo we-IMF noBlome, ngokusho kwe-a umbiko ePakistan Namuhla, ethe "umhlangano ugqamise ukubaluleka kokubhekana nesivumelwano se-IMF esimisiwe kanye nokuthola izixazululo ezisebenzayo ezinseleleni zomnotho wasePakistan."
Umkhulumeli weNxusa lasePakistan eWashington wenqabile ukuphawula, ebhekisa imibuzo eMnyangweni Wezwe. Umkhulumeli woMnyango Wezwe ukuphikile ukuthi i-U.S. yadlala indima ethile ekusizeni ekutholeni imali ebolekiwe. "Izingxoxo mayelana nokubuyekezwa kwe-IMF beziwudaba lokudingidwa phakathi kwePakistan nezikhulu ze-IMF," kusho umkhulumeli. "Izwe laseMelika belingekho kulezo zingxoxo, yize sisaqhubeka nokukhuthaza iPakistan ukuthi ihlanganyele ngendlela eyakhayo ne-IMF ohlelweni lwayo lwezinguquko."
Okhulumela i-IMF ukuchithile ukuthi isikhungo sacindezelwa kodwa akazange aphawule ngokuthi sathathwa ukuzethemba ngohlelo lwezikhali. "Siyaziphika ngokuphelele izinsolo zokuthi kube nengcindezi yangaphandle ku-IMF ngandlela thize ngesikhathi sidingida ukwesekwa kwePakistan," kusho okhulumela i-IMF uRanda Elnagar. (I-Global Ordnance, inkampani ethintekayo esivumelwaneni sezikhali, ayizange iphendule esicelweni sokuphawula.)
"Ukuqonda kwami, okusekelwe ezingxoxweni nabantu kubaphathi, ukuthi besisekela iphakethe lemalimboleko ye-IMF uma kubhekwa isimo somnotho esibi ePakistan."
Ukuphika koMnyango Wezwe kwaphikiswa nguSenindela weDemocratic Alliance waseMaryland uChris Van Hollen, oyizwi elihamba phambili eWashington mayelana nezindaba zangaphandle. Ngasekuqaleni kwale nyanga, uVan Hollen utshele Iqembu lezintatheli zasePakistan, "I-United States ibe nesandla esikhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-IMF iza phambili nosizo lwayo lwezomnotho oluphuthumayo." UVan Hollen, abazali bakhe bobabili ababesebenza ePakistan njengezikhulu zoMnyango Wezwe, wazalelwa eKarachi futhi waziwa njengombukeli oseduze wasePakistan kuCongress.
Engxoxweni abe nayo neThe Intercept eCapitol ngoLwesibili, uVan Hollen uthe ulwazi lwakhe ngeqhaza laseMelika ekusizeni imalimboleko ye-IMF luvela ngqo kubaphathi beBiden. "Ukuqonda kwami, okusekelwe ezingxoxweni nabantu kubaphathi, ukuthi besisekela iphakethe lemalimboleko ye-IMF uma sibheka isimo somnotho esibi ePakistan," kusho yena.
Idili le-IMF Lehora Leshumi nanye
Ingxoxo yezikhulu mayelana nemali mboleko yeza inyanga ngaphambi komnqamulajuqu wangoJuni 30 wokubuyekeza i-IMF inkokhelo ehleliwe yamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, okuyingxenye yesivumelwano samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha esenziwa ngo-6. Ukubuyekezwa okuhlulekile kuzosho ukuthi akukho mali efakwayo, kodwa, ezinyangeni. kanye namasonto ngaphambi komnqamulajuqu, izikhulu zasePakistan zaphika esidlangalaleni ukuthi zibhekane nezinselelo ezinkulu ekuxhaseni ngemalimboleko entsha.
Ekuqaleni kuka-2023, uDar, ungqongqoshe wezeziMali, wathi isiqinisekiso sezimali sangaphandle - ngamanye amazwi, izibopho zezimali ezivela ezindaweni ezinjengeChina, iGulf states, noma i-US - kwakungesona isimo i-IMF eyayigcizelela ukuthi iPakistan ihlangane. NgoMashi 2023, nokho, omele i-IMF ophethe ukubhekana nePakistan waphikisana esidlangalaleni nokuhlolwa okuhle kweDar. U-Esther Perez Ruiz we-IMF uthe i-imeyili ku-Reuters ukuthi bonke ababoleki kudingeka bakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi bangakwazi ukukhokha izinkokhelo. "IPakistan ayihlukile," kusho uPerez.
Isitatimende se-IMF sithumele izikhulu zasePakistan zifuna isixazululo. Uxhaso oludingekayo, ngokusho kombiko womphakathi futhi lwaqinisekiswa yimithombo enolwazi lwalolu hlelo, lwalubekwe ku-$6 billion. Ukuze kufinyelelwe kuleyo nhloso, uhulumeni wasePakistan uthe uthole izibopho ezilinganiselwa ku-$4 billion emazweni aseGulf. Isivumelwano sezikhali esiyimfihlo se-Ukraine sizovumela iPakistan ukuthi yengeze cishe amanye amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eshidini layo lebhalansi - uma i-US ingavumela i-IMF ukuthi ingene kumfihlo.
"Bekusesimweni esibucayi ngenxa yemali engu-$2 billion esele," kusho uRafiq, isazi saseMiddle East Institute. “Ngakho-ke uma leso sibalo sinembile, izigidi ezingama- $ 900, cishe ingxenye yalokho. Lokho kukhulu kakhulu ngokwegebe obekumele livalwe.”
Ngomhla zingama-29 kuNhlangulana, usuku ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kohlelo lokuqala, i-IMF yenza isimemezelo esingalindelekile sokuthi esikhundleni sokwelula uchungechunge lwangaphambili lwemali mboleko futhi ikhiphe isitolimende esilandelayo esingu-$1.1 billion, ibhange lizobe lingena esikhundleni isivumelwano - "esibizwa ngokuthi i-Stand-By Arrangement" - esinezintambo ezimbalwa ezinamathiselwe, imigomo evumayo kakhulu, futhi enenani lamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu.
“Ukube akwenzekanga lokho, ngabe kukhona ukuntengantenga komnotho ezweni. Ngakho-ke kwakuyisikhathi sokwenza noma sekhefu.”
Lesi sivumelwano sasihlanganisa imibandela yokuthi imali izovunyelwa ukuthi intante ngokukhululeka futhi uxhaso lwamandla luzohoxiswa. Lesi sivumelwano saphothulwa ngoJulayi ngemuva kokuthi iPhalamende ligunyaze imibandela, okuhlanganisa nokunyuka kwezindleko zamandla ngamaphesenti acishe abe ngu-50.
Uzair Younus, umqondisi wePakistan Initiative e-Atlantic Council's South Asia Center, uthe isivumelwano se-IMF sibalulekile ekusindeni kwezomnotho kwePakistan. “Ukube lokho akwenzekanga, ngabe kukhona ukuwohloka komnotho okugcwele ezweni,” kusho uYounus. "Ngakho-ke bekuyisikhathi sokuzikhandla noma sekhefu."
Umbuzo wokuthi iPakistan yazinqoba kanjani izithiyo zayo zokuthola imali, usalokhu uyimpicabadala nakulabo abalandela lesi simo ngobuchwepheshe. I-IMF ikhipha ukubalwa kwemali komphakathi ngezibuyekezo zayo, uRafiq waphawula, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo uma uxhaso lwezimali luhlobene nemiklamo yezempi eyimfihlo kuveza inselele engajwayelekile. “IPakistan iyaxaka, ngezindlela eziningi,” esho, “kodwa angazi ukuthi uhlelo lwezempi oluyimfihlo, olucashile, oluyimfihlo lungangena kanjani ezibalweni zabo, ngoba yonke into kufanele ivuleke nangezincwadi nakho konke lokho. ”
Imran Khan, Ukraine, kanye nekusasa lasePakistan
Ekuqaleni kwempi yase-Ukraine, iPakistan yayisesimweni esihluke ngokuphawulekayo kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho. Ngesikhathi kuqala udweshu, uKhan, ngaleso sikhathi owayengundunankulu, wayesemoyeni esendleleni ebheke eMoscow emhlanganweni owawuhlelelwe isikhathi eside noMengameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin. Ukuvakasha kwacasula izikhulu zaseMelika.
Njengoba The Intercept kubike ngaphambilini, uLu, isikhulu esiphezulu soMnyango Wezwe, wathi emhlanganweni neNxusa lasePakistan ngaleso sikhathi u-Asad Majeed Khan emasontweni amabili ngemva kokuhlasela ukuthi kwakuyinkolelo ye-U.S. ukuthi iPakistan yayingathathi hlangothi ngokuyalelwa uKhan, wengeza ngokuthi “konke angaxolelwa” uma uKhan ekhishwa ngevoti lokungamethembi. Kusukela ekuxoshweni kwakhe, iPakistan ithathe ngokuqinile uhlangothi lwe-US ne-Ukraine empini.
I-US, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyaqhubeka nokuphika ukuthi ibeka izithupha zayo esikalini sentando yeningi yasePakistan - nge-Ukraine noma esinye isizathu. Ehholo ledolobha elingekho kurekhodi, elinamalungu e-diaspora yasePakistan ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, iphini lika-Lu, u-Elizabeth Horst, uphendule imibuzo mayelana nokubika kwe-The Intercept ngomhlangano kaLu nenxusa lasePakistan.
"Ngifuna ukuthatha isikhashana ngikhulume ne-disinformation mayelana neqhaza le-United States kwezepolitiki zasePakistan," kusho uHorst phezulu ocingweni, umsindo walo onikezwe i-Intercept ngumuntu obehambele umcimbi. “Asiyivumeli inkulumo-ze, imininingwane engamanga, kanye nolwazi olungaqondile kuphazamise noma yibuphi ubudlelwano bamazwe amabili, okuhlanganisa nobudlelwano bethu obuyigugu nePakistan. I-United States ayinaso isikhundla kukhandidethi oyedwa wezepolitiki noma iqembu elithile uma liqhathaniswa nelinye. Noma yiziphi izimangalo eziphambene nalokho, okuhlanganisa nemibiko mayelana nezinsolo zokuthi i-cypher zingamanga, futhi izikhulu eziphezulu zasePakistan ngokwazo zivumile ukuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso. "
Izikhulu eziphezulu zasePakistan, okuhlanganisa nowayenguNdunankulu wasePakistan uShehbaz Sharif, banazo Kuqinisekisiwe ubuqiniso bekhebuli, eyaziwa ngaphakathi njenge-cypher, eshicilelwe yi-The Intercept.
UVan Hollen, esithangamini sakhe sabezindaba nezintatheli zasePakistan, uthathe umugqa ofanayo nowoMnyango Wezwe, wathi uqinisekiswe ngabaphathi ukuthi i-U.S. Engxoxweni yakhe neThe Intercept, ukucacisile ukuthi usho ukuthi i-US ayizange ikhiphe uKhan. "Angikuphikisi ukunemba kwekhebula," kusho uVan Hollen. “Bheka, angazi ukuthi abaphathi bakuphi ngombono wabo ngomphumela wokugcina, kodwa angiyifundanga leyo [cable] isho ukuthi i-United States yiyo eyasungula ukususwa kwakhe.”
Ngemva kokuhlela ukususwa kukaKhan, amasosha aqala umkhankaso wokuqeda iqembu lakhe lezombusazwe ngokusebenzisa igagasi lokubulala nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi. UKhan ngokwakhe uboshiwe amacala okuphatha kabi idokhumenti ehlukanisiwe futhi ebhekene namacala engeziwe angu-150 - izinsolo ezibhekwa kabanzi njengezaba zokumvimba ekungeneleni ukhetho oluzayo.
UHorst, ehholo ledolobha, uphinde wacindezelwa ukuthi kungani i-US ithuliswe kangaka ngenxa yokuqhekeka. Uveze ukuthi i-US, empeleni, yayikhulumele intando yeningi. “Bheka, ngiyazi abaningi benu bazizwa beqinile futhi bakhathazeke kakhulu ngesimo sasePakistan. Ngizwile ngawe. Ngithembe uma ngithi ngiyakubona, ngizwa ngawe. Futhi ngifuna ukuphendula,” kusho yena. "Sisaqhubeka nokukhuluma esidlangalaleni nangasese ngentando yeningi yasePakistan."
Ngenkathi iPakistan ishiya umthelela wezinqubomgomo eziqondiswe yi-IMF kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwezepolitiki okulandele ukususwa kukaKhan, abaholi bayo abasha bezempi benze izethembiso eziphakeme zokuthi ukwesekwa kwezomnotho kwamanye amazwe kuzotakula izwe. Ngokwemibiko eshicilelwe ePakistan, i-Dawn, iNhloko Yezempi u-Gen. Asim Munir muva nje utshelwe umbuthano wosomabhizinisi basePakistan izwe elingalindela imali efinyelela ku-$100 billion ekutshalweni kwezimali okusha okuvela eSaudi Arabia nakwezinye izifundazwe zaseGulf, okukhomba ukuthi ngeke kusaba khona ukukhalaza ku-IMF.
Kunobufakazi obuncane, nokho, bokuthi amazwe aseGulf azimisele ukuhlenga iPakistan. INkosana yoMqhele waseSaudi uMohammed bin Salman, noma i-MBS, isanda kumemezela ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kanye nobudlelwano bezomnotho neNdiya ngesikhathi evakashele khona ingqungquthela ye-G20. Naphezu kwemibiko emaphephandabeni asePakistan eveza ithemba ukuthi i-MBS izokhokhela iPakistan ukuvakasha, akukho okwenzekayo, ingasaphathwa-ke noma yiziphi izimemezelo ezinkulu zokutshalwa kwezimali.
Ukungabi khona kokunye ukwesekwa kwamanye amazwe kushiye umbuso wezempi wasePakistan ososizini uncike kakhulu kwi-IMF, i-U.S., kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezikhali zempi yase-Ukraine ukuze izisekele enkingeni engakhombisi zimpawu zokuxazulula.
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