I-US diplomacy ibona umbhali we-blogger u-Yoani Sánchez engenye indlela ethembekile yokuphikisa ngokwesiko futhi athembele kuye, okuchaza udumo lwakhe lwamazwe ngamazwe kuyilapho yena engaziwa nhlobo eCuba. "Sikholelwa ukuthi yisizukulwane esisha "sabantu abangahambisani nendabuko" abafana no-Yoani Sanchez okungenzeka babe nomthelela wesikhathi eside ku-post-Castro Cuba". Ngakho-ke uFarrar weluleka uMnyango Wezwe ukuthi ugxile emizamweni yawo kulokhu kuphikisa futhi umnikeze ukwesekwa okwengeziwe. 36
Ngempela, indaba engavamile kaYoani Sanchez iphakamisa imibuzo ethile. Ngemva kokuthuthela eSwitzerland ngo-2002, wabuyela eCuba eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngo-2004. Ngo-2007, wanquma ukungena ezweni lamaqembu aphikisayo eCuba ukuze asungule ibhulogi yakhe, i-Generation Y, futhi waba umgxeki omkhulu kahulumeni waseHavana. . 37
Ukugxeka kwakhe kuyababa futhi akunangqondongqondo. Wethula umbono we-apocalyptic waseCuba futhi usola iziphathimandla ngazo zonke izinkinga. Wathi uCuba “ijele elikhulu elinezindonga zemibono”38, “umkhumbi othatha amanzi usuzocwila”39, lapho “Izidalwa zethunzi, njengama-vampire zondla enjabulweni yethu yomuntu, zisijova ngokwesaba ukushaywa, ukusongelwa, nokusolwa.”40 Ibhulogi ka-Yoani Sánchez ichaza iCuba ngendlela esabekayo futhi akukho sici esihle somphakathi waseCuba esivelayo. Ngokufanayo, ugwema ngokucophelela izimo zezwe, iCuba kusukela ngo-1959.
I-Sanchez inenkulumo enembayo evame ukufana nesimo sase-U.S. Ngakho-ke, unciphisa umthelela wezijeziso zezomnotho athi zinjalo "izaba" kuhulumeni waseCuba, lokho "Yiwona obangela u-80% wezinkinga zomnotho ezikhona futhi u-20% unswinyo lwezomnotho."41 Umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, kude nokwabelana nalo mbono, ugxeke ukuvinjezelwa kwezomnotho, ngo-2010 isikhathi seshumi nesishiyagalolunye elandelanayo eNhlanganweni Yezizwe (Amazwe angu-187 kuya kwamabili), ebheka njengesithiyo esikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesiqhingi. Uthethelela ukuvinjwa ngokugunyazwa kwabantu okwenzeka ngo-1960 kanye nenkinga yemicibisholo.42 Ngokusho kukaYoani, “Isivimbelo kube yimpikiswano efanelekile yokuthi uhulumeni waseCuba ugcine ukungabekezelelani, ukulawula kanye nengcindezelo yangaphakathi. Uma kusasa unswinyo lungasuswa, ngiyangabaza ukuthi noma yimiphi imiphumela izobonakala.”43
Mayelana necala lamanxusa amahlanu aseCuba agwetshwa ngo-1998 ukudilikelwa yijele e-United States ngokungena emaqenjini amancane anecala lokuhlasela kwamaphekula eCuba, umbhali we-blogger uphinde wamukela umbono wase-US wokuthi “laba abahlanu bebezinhloli” futhi ukuthi "inikeze ulwazi olubangele ukufa kwabantu abambalwa", into inkantolo yaseMiami engakwazanga ukukufakazela.44
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-Atlanta yavuma ukuthi lokhu kwakungelona icala lobunhloli, noma ukuhlasela kwezokuphepha kwezwe. Abathole uMklomelo kaNobel abangaphansi kweshumi bafake isicelo U-Amicus Curiae isicelo eNkantolo eNkulu yase-U.S. ifuna ukuba kuqulwe icala ngendlela efanele kanye nokukhululwa kwabaseCuba abahlanu. UMary Robinson, owayenguMongameli wase-Ireland kanye noKhomishana Omkhulu Wamalungelo Abantu kuNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene phakathi kuka-1997 no-2002; iSigele saseMexico ngazwi linye, nawo wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe akhona; Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yabameli Bezokuvikela Ubugebengu; izazi zaseCuba-American; i-Ibero-American Federation of Ombudsmen, i-National Jury Project, i-William C. Velazquez Institute kanye ne-Mexican American Political Association; Inhlangano Yabameli Kazwelonke kanye neNgqungquthela Kazwelonke Yabameli Abamnyama; i-Civil Right Clinic e-Howard University School of Law, i-International Association of Democratic Lawyers, i-Florida Association of Criminal Defence Lawyers-Miami Chapter, i-Center for International Policy kanye noMkhandlu Wezindaba Zezwe bacele ukukhululwa kwamaCuba amahlanu.45
Leli cala lasenkantolo selibikwe izikhathi eziningi. I-Amnesty International ithatha laba abahlanu baseCuba njengeziboshwa zezepolitiki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Coronel Lawrence Wilkerson, owayeyisikhulu salowo owayenguNobhala Wezwe u-Colin Powell ukhulume ngokumelene naleli cala: "Kodwa leli cala lithatha ikhekhe: ukujezisa ngodilikajele amadoda abeze lapha ukuzocacisa ukuthi izwe lawo lizohlaselwa kanjani futhi nini abantu abephula umthetho wase-US." Ukubize ngokuphuphunyelwa kobulungiswa echaza, "La madoda ayengahlomile, engahlosile ukulimaza i-United States, futhi ayegqugquzelekile ukuvikela izakhamuzi zakubo ekuhlaselweni nasekuhlaselweni okuphindaphindiwe abantu baseCuba-America abahlala eFlorida." Wanezela, “Kumele sibuze futhi, kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi sibe yindawo ephephile yabasolwa ngamaphekula? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi thina—i-United States of America—silinganisele indawo ohlwini lwethu lwezifundazwe ezixhasa ubuphekula?”46
Ngokufanayo, u-Yoani Sánchez unciphisa izinzuzo zomphakathi zohlelo lwaseCuba futhi uthi “babekhona vele”47 eCuba eminyakeni eyandulela iNguquko. Ngokusho kwakhe, ngaphansi kobushiqela Batista, lapho "kwakuyinkululeko yokuvula nokubhala ngobuningi, izinhlelo zomsakazo zayo yonke imikhuba yezepolitiki".48 Ngaphezu kwalokho, uvikela iCuban Adjustment Act- eyingqayizivele emhlabeni- eyavunywa yi-US Congress ngo-1966, ethi noma yimuphi umCuba ofudukela e-US ngokusemthethweni noma ngokungemthetho ngemuva kukaJanuwari 1, 1959 ngokuzenzakalelayo uthola isimo sokuhlala unomphela ngemuva konyaka owodwa, kanye nosizo oluhlukahlukene lwezenhlalo nezomnotho.49 Okungajwayelekile nakakhulu, ucabanga ukuthi umbhali waseColombia uGabriel Garcia Marquez akamfanelanga uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ngenxa yobungane bakhe noFidel Castro: “Ababhali abaningi baseLatin America bafanelwe uMklomelo KaNobel ngezincwadi kunoGabriel García Márquez”.50 Eqaphela ukuthi inhloso kahulumeni wase-United States ukuketula uhulumeni waseCuba, uvuma ngokusobala ukuthi unomgomo ofanayo: "I-US ifuna ushintsho kuhulumeni eCuba, kodwa nami ngiyalufuna".51 USánchez uphinde uqinisekise intando yakhe yokubeka "i-sui generis capitalism" e-Cuba.52
Ngakho-ke, onyakeni owodwa nje wokuba khona, kuyilapho kunamabhulogi amaningi asele amisiwe angathakazelisi kangako kunawakhe, uSanchez wawina indondo ye-Journalism Award Ortega & Gasset, ebiza ama-Euro ayi-15,000, ngomhlaka-4 Ephreli 2008 enikezwe iphephandaba laseSpain. El País. Imvamisa, lo mklomelo ohlonishwayo unikezwa izintatheli noma ababhali abanomsebenzi omude wokubhala. Kungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi umuntu onephrofayela ye-Sanchez ayithole. 53 Ngokufanayo, wakhethwa phakathi kwabantu abangu-100 abanethonya kakhulu ngumagazini i-Time (2008), kanye noGeorge W. Bush, uHu Jintao kanye noDalai Lama.54 Ibhulogi yakhe ifakwe ohlwini lwamabhulogi angu-25 aphezulu emhlabeni yi-CNN kanye nomagazini we-Time (2008) futhi yawina i-Spanish Bitacoras.com kanye nemiklomelo ka-The Bob (2008).55 NgoNovemba 30, 2008, iphephandaba laseSpain El País umfake ohlwini lwayo lwabantu abangu-100 base-Hispanic abanethonya kakhulu bonyaka (uhlu olungafaki u-Fidel Castro noma u-Raul Castro).56 Iphephabhuku le-Foreign Policy likwenzile lokho ngokumfaka phakathi kwezihlakaniphi eziyi-10 ezihamba phambili zonyaka ngoDisemba 2008.57 Umagazini waseMexico uGato Pardo walandela okufanayo ngo-2008.58 I-American University of Columbia ehlonishwayo imnike umklomelo we-Maria Moors Cabot.59 Futhi uhlu luyaqhubeka.60
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i Isizukulwane Y indawo ka-Yoani Sánchez ithola izingoma eziyizigidi ezingu-14 ngenyanga futhi yiyona kuphela etholakala okungenani ngezilimi ezingu-18 (isiNgisi, isiFulentshi, iSpanishi, isiNtaliyane, isiJalimane, isiPutukezi, isiRashiya, isiSlovenian, isiPolish, isiShayina, isiJapane, isiLithuania, isiCzech, isiBulgaria, Dutch, Finnish, Hungarian, Korean, Greek). Ayikho enye indawo emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa lezo zezikhungo ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-UN, World Bank, IMF, OECD kanye ne-European Union, enezinguqulo zezilimi eziningi kangaka. Ngisho nezingosi zoMnyango Wezwe wase-US e-United States noma i-CIA zinezinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo.61 Elinye iqiniso eliyingqayizivele, uMongameli wase-U.S. u-Barack Obama unikeze u-Yoani Sánchez inhlolokhono.62
Akukaze kube nokuphikisana eCuba, mhlawumbe emhlabeni, okuzuze imiklomelo eminingi yamazwe ngamazwe ngesikhathi esifushane kangaka, esinikeze u-Yoani Sánchez imali eyanele yokuhlala kahle eCuba impilo yakhe yonke. Eqinisweni, i-blogger isikhokhelwe ama-Euro angu-250,000 isiyonke – inani elilingana neminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili yomholo omncane ezweni elinjengeFrance, amandla esihlanu emhlabeni. Iholo elincane lanyanga zonke eCuba ama-pesos angu-420, noma ama-dollar angu-18 noma ama-Euro angu-14, ngakho u-Yoani Sanchez usezuze okulingana neminyaka eyi-1,488 yeholo elincane laseCuba lemisebenzi yakhe yokuphikisa.63
U-Yoani Sanchez unobudlelwane obuseduze namanxusa ase-US eCuba, njengoba kuye kwavezwa intambo ephuma ku-USIS ehlotshaniswa "imfihlo" ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okubucayi. I-Obama Administration ikwazisa kakhulu umbhali we-blogger waseCuba njengoba kufakazelwa umhlangano oyimfihlo owawusendlini yakhe noNobhala Wezwe wase-U.S. u-Bisa Williams ngesikhathi evakashele eCuba ngoSepthemba 2010. Phakathi nomhlangano wakhe noWilliams, uSanchez wamemezela isifiso sakhe sokuzuza emalini. izinsiza zokudlulisa zenkampani yase-U.S. i-Paypal, amaCuba angeke akwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngenxa yenswinyo yezomnotho, ukuze alwele ngempumelelo ushintsho lombuso eCuba: “Uyazi ukuthi yini esingayenza uma singasebenzisa i-Paypal?” Le sevisi ikuvumela ukuthi uthole imali evela emhlabeni wonke. Lowo ophikisayo uzwakele futhi manje okuwukuphela kwesayithi eCuba engasebenzisa izinsizakalo ze-Paypal i-Generation Y. Nakuba ehlala ebika ngempilo yakhe yansuku zonke, akukho mkhondo oshiwo kubhulogi yakhe mayelana nalo mhlangano noWilliams, ngaleyo ndlela ebonisa isimo sawo somshoshaphansi. . Kepha inothi lezikhulu liveze ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-blogger yaseCuba nezikhulu zaseMelika eHavana kanye nokubaluleka akunikezwa uWashington.64
Enye imemorandamu iphinde ikhumbule ukubaluleka kwengxoxo noMongameli uBarack Obama kuSanchez, ebambe iqhaza ekuphumeni kwakhe kwabezindaba emhlabeni jikelele.65
Ukushoda kwamathemba eqembu eliphikisayo laseCuba
Nokho, i-Farrar ingokoqobo: “Ngokubona kwethu bambalwa uma bekhona abangahambisani nepolitiki abanombono wepolitiki ongasebenza ekubuseni kwangomuso. Nakuba abahlukumezi bengeke bakuvume lokho, abaziwa kabanzi eCuba ngaphandle kwezikhulu zakwamanye amazwe kanye nabezindaba […].akunakwenzeka ukuthi bazodlala indima ebalulekile kunoma yini uhulumeni alandela izelamani zakwaCastro”.66
Inxusa laseMelika lithi inhloso "ukusekela umsebenzi omuhle wenhlangano ephikisayo" emkhankasweni wakhe wokulwa nohulumeni eHavana, egxile emsebenzini endikimbeni ethi "amalungelo abantu" futhi "iziboshwa zezepolitiki"- izikhali ezimbili iWashington ezisebenzisayo ukugcina unswinyo lwezomnotho ngokumelene neCuba. Lo mkhankaso uqondise kakhulu umbono womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ngoba, ngokusho kukaFarrar, wona "Ayibhekeleli izintshisekelo zabantu baseCuba abakhathazeke kakhulu ngokuba namathuba amakhulu okuhamba ngokukhululeka nokuhlala ngokunethezeka."67
Kwenye ikhebula, i-USIS nayo iyavuma ukuthi ihlukaniswe yodwa endabeni yamalungelo abantu eCuba: “Iningi elikhulu laseCuba emishinini eyi-100 yakwamanye amazwe eHavana ayibhekani nenkinga yamalungelo abantu ekusebenzelaneni kwabo namaCuba. Lawa mazwe ngeke ayiphakamise le nkinga noma kunjalo. Abanye, okuyiqembu elihlanganisa iningi lamazwe aseYurophu, eCanada, e-Australia, eJapane nase-United States, bathi zisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zokuxazulula izinkinga zabo zamalungelo abantu eCuba - kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi iningi lala mazwe alilufaki lolu daba. zonke eCuba.”68
I-USIS iphinde iphawule ukuthi amanye amadlelandawonye ase-U.S., okuhlanganisa neCanada, awabelani ngombono ofanayo odabeni lwe "iziboshwa zezepolitiki", futhi ukhumbula ingxoxo nozakwabo baseCanada: "Ozakwethu baseCanada bathi, uma umuntu ethatha imali e-US, lokho kumenza isiboshwa sezepolitiki?" Ngaleyo ndlela i-Canada diplomacy yaqaphela ukuthi zonke izizwe zaseNtshonalanga zijezisa abantu abaxhaswe umbuso wangaphandle ngenhloso yokuketula umthetho omisiwe.69
I-US diplomacy ayinakho ukukhohlisa mayelana nokusebenza kwezijeziso zezomnotho zaseMelika ngokumelene neCuba, ezibangele inkinga enkulu yezomnotho ezweni. Ngokusho kwe-USIS, "Abantu baseCuba sebezijwayele izikhathi ezinzima futhi bazosabela ekuqiniseni ibhande likahulumeni esikhathini esizayo ngokukhuthazela okufanayo"70 I-USIS ichitha ukuthi kungenzeka kube nenkinga enkulu futhi iphawula lokho "AmaCuba namaCuba awasengozini njengoba ayenjalo ngo-1989 ngaphambi kokuphela koxhaso lwaseSoviet." Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Izinga lempilo yabantu baseCuba, nakuba lingakabi phezulu eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule ngaphambi kokuphela kwezibonelelo zaseSoviet, lisalokhu lingcono kakhulu kunezinsuku ezimnyama kakhulu zenkathi ka-1990 kuya ku-1993 lapho i-GDP yehla ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-35". Ngaphezu kwalokho, “umnotho wanamuhla waseCuba usengozini […] 71
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwezijeziso zezomnotho ezabekwa yiWashington, i-diplomacy yase-US ithi abantu baseCuba abanazo inzondo ethile ngezakhamuzi zakhona, ngoba abantu baseCuba abawuthathi umphakathi umthwalo wenqubomgomo kahulumeni. I-USIS igcizelela okwaseCuba "imizwa emihle ngabantu baseMelika." 72
Isiphetho
Cishe ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka ngemva kokuchazwa kwayo, inqubomgomo yase-U.S., ehlanganisa ukwakha nokweseka ukuphikiswa kwangaphakathi eCuba, isekhona. Leli su, elingaphansi komhlaba cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, manje selifunwa esidlangalaleni, nakuba liphambene nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngakho-ke, i-US isebenzisa izigidi ezimbalwa zamaRandi ngonyaka ekuhlubukeni kweCuba. Njengoba ibhekene nokuguguleka kweqembu eliphikisayo elimelwe u-Oswaldo Payá, u-Elizardo Sánchez, u-Vladimiro Roca, u-Marta Beatriz Roque, u-Guillermo Fariñas kanye namaLadies in White, e-Washington manje ufuna isizukulwane esisha sabaphikisi abagama labo lingu-blogger waseCuba u-Yoani Sánchez.
Ukuxhumana kwalowo ophikisayo kumvumela ukuthi afinyelele e-White House kanye nemihlangano evamile nezikhulu eziphezulu zase-US ezifana no-Bisa Williams. Ukugwema ukugxekwa, i-United States ihlukanise indlela yayo yokweseka iqembu eliphikisayo laseCuba. Ngaphezu kosizo lwezezimali oluqondile, kuye kwaklanywa indlela yokuxhasa ngemali “esemthethweni” ukuze kunxeshezelwe abaphikisi kuhulumeni waseHavana ngemiklomelo yamashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi njengoba kuboniswa inqwaba yezindondo ezinikezwe uSanchez, i-ninfa Egeria entsha. Washington, esikhaleni sezinyanga ezimbalwa.
Inhloso kaWashington akukona ukuhlanganisa abantu baseCuba labo abakhuthaza uguquko lwezinhlelo eCuba, njengoba sazi ukuthi inkulumo yabo ayizwakali kubantu bakulesi siqhingi, iningi labo elihlala lithembekile ohlelweni loguquko naphezu kobunzima nokuguquguquka kwempilo yansuku zonke. Ukuphikiswa okuhlangene ne-US, esimweni esihle kakhulu, kubhebhezela ukunganaki phakathi kwamaCuba, futhi kuvame ukwenqatshwa. Ingaphezulu kwempi yabezindaba. Ukugcina ubukhona bokuphikisa kwangaphakathi, ngisho nangaphandle kwesisekelo esidumile, kusiza i-US ukuthi ithethelele inqubomgomo yayo yokuzihlukanisa kanye nezijeziso kuhulumeni waseHavana egameni lomzabalazo "wamalungelo abantu kanye nentando yeningi."
Ihunyushwe nguDawn Gable
Ingxenye yokuqala: https://znetwork.org/u-s-diplomacy-and-cuban-dissidence-by-salim-lamrani
amanothi
36 Jonathan D. Farrar, « I-U.S. kanye Neqhaza Lamaqembu Aphikisayo e-Cuba », Isigaba Sezithakazelo sase-United States, Ephreli 9, 2009, ikhebula elithi 09HAVANA221. http://213.251.145.96/cable/2009/04/09HAVANA221.html (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngo-December 18, 2010).
37 U-Yoaní Sánchez, "Mi perfil", Generación Y.
38 France 24, « I-Ce pays est une immmense prison avec des murs idéologiques », Okthoba 22, 2009.
39 U-Yoaní Sánchez, « Siete preguntas », Generación Y, Novemba 18, 2009.
40 U-Yoaní Sánchez, « Seres de la sombra », Generación Y, Novemba 12, 2009.
41 Salim Lamrani, « Conversaciones con la bloguera cubana Yoani Sánchez », Ephreli 15, 2010, Ukuhlubuka,
http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=104205 (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngoDisemba 18, 2010).
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid.
45 Inkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, « Incwajana ka-Amici Curiae ka-José Ramos-Horta, Wole Soyinka, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Nadine Gordimer, Rigoberta Menchú, José Saramago, Zhores Alferov, Dario Fo, Gunter Grass, kanye noMáeread Corrigan Maguire ngokusekela isicelo », N° 08-987, http://www.freethefive.org/legalFront/amicusnobel.pdf (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngoDisemba 18, 2010). Bhekafuthi http://www.freethefive.org/resourceslegal.htm (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngo-December 18, 2010)
46 I-Granma, « Ex ayudante de Colin Powell denuncia arbitrariedades contra los Cinco », Novemba 24, 2007. http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/miami5/enjuiciamiento/justicia/0093.html (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngoDisemba 18, 2010).
47 Salim Lamrani, "Conversaciones con la bloguera cubana Yoani Sánchez", op.cit.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
52 UMauricio Vicent, « "Los cambios llegarán a Cuba, pero no a través del guión del Gobierno" », El País, May 7, 2008.
53 El País, « EL PAÍS convoca los Premios Ortega y Gasset de periodismo 2009 », Januwari 12, 2009.
54 Isikhathi, "The 2008 Time 100", 2008. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/0,28757,1733748,00.html (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngo-December 18, 2010)
55 U-Yoani Sánchez, « Premios », Generación Y.
56 UMiriam Leiva, « La ‘Generación Y’cubana », El País, Novemba 30, 2008.
57 U-Yoani Sánchez, « Premios », op. cit.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.
60 El País, « Una de las voces criticas del régimen cubano, mejor blog del año », November 28, 2008.
61 Yoani Sánchez, Generación Y.
62 U-Yoani Sánchez, « Respuestas de Barack Obama a Yoani Sánchez», Generación Y, Novemba 20, 2009.
63 U-Yoani Sánchez, « Premios », op. cit.
64 Joaquín F. Monserrate, « Izimpawu ze-GOC ‘Ukulungela Ukuqhubekela Phambili’ », Isigaba Sezithakazelo sase-United States, Septhemba 25, 2009, ikhebula 09HAVANA592, http://213.251.145.96/cable/2009/09/09HAVANA592.html (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngo-December 18, 2010) ; U-Yoani Sánchez, « Donar », Generación Y. http://www.desdecuba.com/generaciony/?page_id=2222 (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngoDisemba 18, 2010).
65 Joaquín F. Monserrate, « U.S.-Cuba Chill Exaggerated, Kodwa Izindlela Zakudala », Isigaba Sezithakazelo sase-United States, January 10, 2010, ikhebula 10HAVANA9, http://213.251.145.96/cable/2010/01/10HAVANA9.html (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngoDisemba 18, 2010).
66 Jonathan D. Farrar, « I-U.S. kanye Neqhaza Lamaqembu Aphikisayo e-Cuba », Isigaba Sezithakazelo sase-United States, Ephreli 9, 2009, op. cit.
67 Ibid.
68 U-Joaquín F. Monserrate, « I-Feisty Little Missions Iveza Irekhodi Le-Cuba Lokuhlukumeza Abanye Ukuze Bathule Ngamalungelo Abantu », Isigaba Sezithakazelo sase-United States, Novemba 9, 2009, ikhebula 09HAVANA706, http://213.251.145.96/cable/2009/11/09HAVANA706.html (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngoDisemba 18, 2010).
69 Ibid.
70 U-Jonathan D. Farrar, « Abahlanganyeli Ababalulekile Bokuhweba Ababoni Izinguquko Ezinkulu Zezomnotho », Isigaba Sezithakazelo sase-United States, Februwari 9, 2010, op. cit.
71 Jonathan D. Farrar, « I-Cuba Ingangena Kanjani Kwesinye Isikhathi Esikhethekile? », Isigaba Sezithakazelo sase-United States, Juni 4, 2009. http://213.251.145.96/cable/2009/06/09HAVANA322.html (iwebhusayithi ithintwe ngoDisemba 18, 2010).
72 U-Michael E. Parmly, « I-Comsec Ixoxa Ngenkululeko Nentando Yeningi Nentsha Yase-Cubain », Isigaba Sezithakazelo sase-United States, Januwari 18, 2008, op. cit.
Udokotela ocwaningweni lwase-Iberian kanye neLatin American waseNyuvesi yaseParis-Sorbonne-Paris IV, uSalim Lamrani ungumfundisi eNyuvesi yaseParis-Sorbonne-Paris IV kanye naseNyuvesi yaseParis-Est Marne-la-Vallée, onguchwepheshe kwezobudlelwano phakathi kweCuba. kanye ne-United States. [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
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