1. Islam in Tunisia
Ngonyaka odlule, noma cishe, uma siqala izinguquko ezishanela i-Arab World ngokuxoshwa kuka-Mohammed Bouazizi - njengesiqalo esihle njenganoma yisiphi - lesi sifunda sasiseduze nezinguquko ezinkulu. Kuze kube manje, izinguquko sezifike ngamagagasi amabili, igagasi lemibhikisho elilandelwa yigagasi lokhetho.
Igagasi lokhetho likhiphe amanye, kodwa hhayi wonke, amandla ezombusazwe emibhikishweni. Owokuqala wawunomfutho, uma kungenjalo `uguquko'; Okokugcina, kuzo zonke izimo kuze kube manje kulandele kakhulu. Nokho igagasi lokhetho lizuza ukuba semthethweni, futhi lithi liqhubekisela phambili izindinganiso zalabo abasemigwaqweni ababhidliza indlu yezombangazwe eyonakele necindezelayo iZine el Abidine Ben Ali eyakhiwe ingxenye yesine yekhulunyaka. Bayiqhumisa ngempela indlu yakhe…bese beyilahla phansi.
Noma ngabe amaqembu amadala ezepolitiki, eTunisia, iRassemblement Constitutionelle Populaire (RCP) - ukuvuselela kukaBen Ali iNeo-Destour Party kaBourguiba - manje sekuvinjelwe, iqoqo elisha lamaqembu ezepolitiki alisekude neze nokukhulu,, indlela yawo esafufusa. kubonakala kuhlanganisa indawo yepolitiki evuleke kakhulu nomnotho wemakethe ovulekele entshonalanga. Yize ngokomnotho kuxhumene kakhulu neFrance ne-Italy ngokomlando, i-post Ben Ali Tunisia izoba nobudlelwano obuseduze ne-United States. Ngempela, kungase kube nobudlelwane obuseduze kakhulu
Okuxakayo ukuthi labo abasungule igagasi lokuqala sebeqhelelene kakhulu nelesibili. Emzuliswaneni wesibili, emazweni ngamazwe, amaqembu amaSulumane abonisa amandla awo futhi ngezinga elithile aqala ukubusa. Ukushintsha bekugcwele. I-Tunisia, i-Egypt, i-Libya, i-Morocco…futhi ngiyalokotha ngithi uma kunokhetho kwenye indawo emazweni ama-Arab imiphumela izofana namaqembu amaSulumane avela njengamandla ezombusazwe anamandla kakhulu yonke indawo.
E-United States naseYurophu, kube ‘nokumangala’ kulesi sigameko sokhetho nakuba zonke izinkomba zithi ngemva kwakho konke ukububula nokububula eWashington mayelana nosongo lwama-Islamic fundamentalist, ukuthi i-Obama Administration izimisele ukwenza ukuthula kwayo. 'nge-Islam yezombangazwe' futhi okungenani uyinike ithuba. Akukhona ukuthi abantu baseMelika noma abaseYurophu banokukhetha. Abantu base-Arab abazange bacele imvume yaseWashington ukuba bavukele njengoba ngikhumbula. Noma kunjalo, uma kubhekwa umlando wakamuva kuwumfelandawonye onelukuluku, wama-Arabhu namaMelika.
Abanye abantu bayabuza kwenzeke kanjani lokhu? Okwenzeka kulentsha egxile kakhulu kwezenkolo inkolo engabonakali inendima kuyo (futhi ayizange ibe nayo). Injani leya nsizwa yaseTunisia eyisigangi egqoke amajini, iphethe omakhalekhukhwini abaluthwe yiwo, labo abanesibindi nobuqhawe bawisa phansi umashiqela manje sebeshintshwa emehlweni omphakathi ngosopolitiki abagqoke amasudi amathathu bekhuluma nge-free market capitalism, iKoran futhi bekhuluma izitatimende ezingasile zokuthi omama abangashadile bacekela phansi izwe?
Incazelo yesikhathi eside yoshintsho ihamba kanje: I-Tunisia inakho njalo - noma okungenani kusukela cishe ku-700 ezweni eligcwele amaMoslem. E-Tunisia, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi yebo, kukhona amanye amaJuda namaKrestu, izwe ligcwele amaSunni Moslem. Inkolo ku-glue yamasiko; ukuhlukahluka kwawo kutholakala olimini, kungaba isiFulentshi, i-Imazighan (Berber). Lesi simo, esidlulela nakwamanye amazwe aseNyakatho ne-Afrika, sihlukile kune-Arab East lapho sikhona ulimi lwesi-Arabhu lokho kunikeza ukuxhumana nabantu osekunesikhathi eside behlukene ngokwenkolo.
ENyakatho ne-Afrika ngakho-ke, ukuhlukanisa i-Islam nezombusazwe noma isiko akunakwenzeka. Kungani-ke kumangala, ukuthi izikhungo zezepolitiki zaseTunisia akufanele zibe nomthelela ongaka? Kukhona futhi iqiniso elikhohliwe (kodwa hhayi lapha eTunisia) lokuthi ukuhlasela kwe-European colonialism esifundeni, zisuka nje ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Napoleon eGibhithe, bekulokhu kufaka phakathi isici esinamandla sokuguqula abantu sobuKristu esilulaza ubuSulumane, kwesinye isikhathi ngobudlova, njengase-Algeria, kwesinye isikhathi ngokuthinta kancane njengalapha eTunisia. I-Tunisia inezikhungo ezimbili zamaSulumane ezibaluleke kakhulu. Idolobha elingcwele laseKairoaun, indawo yesithathu ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wamaSunni Moslem ngemuva kweMecca neJerusalema kanye Ez Zitouna University, ethi iyisikhungo sokufundisa esidala kunazo zonke emhlabeni okhuluma isi-Arabhu. Endala kuneSorbonne, Oxford, Cambridge, Heidelberg ngamakhulu eminyaka, eyasungulwa ngo-737 Ez Zitouna ibilokhu ikhona kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi umongameli wokuqala waseTunisia, uHabib Bourguiba, waphikelela ekuhlukaniseni isonto (noma i-mosque) nesifunda. Kodwa akakaze abe yisiphukuphuku kangangokuthi waphonsela inselelo ubuSulumane obuyisisekelo bomphakathi waseTunisia. Wazama nje ukuyishintsha ibe yesimanjemanje. Igalelo lakhe elikhulu kunawo wonke, elivunywa abantu abaningi baseTunisia ngisho nanamuhla kwaba uhlelo lwesimanje lwemfundo yezwe olusekelwe kakhulu noma kancane phezu kwemodeli yesiFulentshi. Kulezo zabelomali zakuqala ze-Bourguiba i-50% egcwele yezimali yayibekelwe imfundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuzange kube sengathi i-Islam yaseTunisia ekufikeni kwenkululeko yayifana nemodeli yama-wahhabist yaseSaudi ebambelele kakhulu. Nalapho bekuyinhlobonhlobo ebekezelayo, eguquguqukayo engazange ingqubuzane kakhulu nezinguquko zezemfundo zikaBourguiba.
Ukuhlanjalazwa kwe-Islam akuqali ngesimemezelo sikaMongameli uGeorge Bush jihad ngokumelene ne-Islam kodwa bekuyingxenye nephrojekthi yephrojekthi yamakholoni yaseYurophu nalokho okungabizwa ngokuthi iMelika i-neo-colonial iphrojekthi. Igijima ijule. Nakuba kunokudalulwa okuningi okuqinile ngale ndaba, okunye okungcono kakhulu - okuka-Edward Said I-Orientalism ivelele phakathi kwezinhle kakhulu. Kuyo ukhuluma ‘ngohide lwemicabango engelona iqiniso izimo zengqondo zaseNtshonalanga ngeMpumalanga Ephakathi.”
Ukusabela kubukoloniyali, kube nomzabalazo omude wokuvikela i-Islam. Kube yingxenye ebalulekile ye cishe bonke imizabalazo yokulwa nobukoloniyali eNyakatho ne-Afrika; inkolo yamaSulumane ibhalwe kuyo yonke imithetho-sisekelo, nakuba kunjalo, ngezindlela ezahlukene. Engeza kulesi sithombe ukwehluleka kwezibonelo zezombangazwe zaseNtshonalanga ukufeza izithembiso ezingamawele zesimanjemanje: intando yeningi eyengeziwe kanye nentuthuko eyengeziwe, futhi mhlawumbe umuntu angakuqonda kangcono ukukhukhulela 'kwezombusazwe zamaSulumane' eNyakatho ne-Afrika nakuso sonke isifunda. Uma ubuKhomanisi buwa ngokungafanele, futhi lokho esingakubiza ngentando yeningi yonxiwankulu kuza eNyakatho ne-Afrika ebusweni bukaMubarek noBen Ali, kungani ungabuyeli enkolweni evivinyiwe neyiqiniso eye, okungenani, inikeze induduzo kula mashumi eminyaka adlule ukuze udlule ezikhathini ezinzima.
2. Isifunda sibheke kwezepolitiki yamaSulumane
Ezingeni elisheshayo, ukubhala ku Okwezwe ngoDisemba 78, 2011, u-Alan Frachon wenza umsebenzi omuhle echaza ukuguquguquka kwezombusazwe eMpumalanga Ephakathi ukuya ku-Islam yezombangazwe, okuyiqiniso lapha eTunisia. Ngihlezi lapha e-Amilcar, ngaphandle nje kwaseTunis, manje izinsuku eziyishumi emasontweni amathathu ngihlala eTunisia, bengilokhu ngicabanga ngalokho futhi.
UFrachon ucaphuna izindikimba ezine ukusiza ukuchaza ukwanda kwamaqembu amaSulumane. Kufanelekile ukuhlolisiswa, nakuba nami nginokuqaphela okwami ukuze ngikwengeze esithombeni sonke.
Okokuqala, ngenkathi kungekho noyedwa wabo owaqala imibukiso emazweni abo ukuthi babengamabutho ahlelwe kahle kakhulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakwazi ukusizakala ngesikhala sezombangazwe esadalwa ukuhamba kwezishiqela ezifana noMubarak noBen Ali.. Kuyiqiniso elidabukisayo ukuthi labo abenza izinguquko - ikakhulukazi intsha eyayincishwe amalungelo - kuwo wonke lawa mazwe abazange bafakwe emandleni ebhodi ngesikhathi sokhetho, nakuba behlala bematasa emikhankasweni yezenhlalakahle okuthi uma kukhona okubucayi manje intando yeningi njengoba yayinjalo ngaphambi kokuba umbuso ushintshe.
Lokhu akuhlukile. Kunezibonelo eziningi lapho labo abenza uguquko abangeni emandleni (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-France ngo-1789, i-Russia 1917, i-Eastern Europe 1989 noma manje i-Arab World 2011). Kubonakala kuwumthetho ongaphezu kokuhlukile. Amaqembu aseMpumalanga Ephakathi akwazile ukusizakala ngalesi simo awawona neze amaqili. Yize inkulumo yabo ingase ikhulume 'ngokuqhubeka' noma `ukujulisa' uguquko, la maqembu ajwayele ukuba i-conservative ikakhulukazi. Ungalindeli ukuthi bazophazamisa kakhulu i-neo-liberal capitalism noma bahlakaze izinsiza zokuphepha zombuso abazizuze njengefa.
Ngokuqinisekile le timu ikhombisa lokho ebengikuzwa e-Tunisia lapho u-Ennahdha, Iqembu LamaSulumane liphume liphumelele ngamalengiso. Iphinde ikhombise isimo sase-Egypt nase-Morocco lapho ukhetho lube nemiphumela efanayo.
Iphuzu lesibili elenziwa nguFrachon ukuthi le miphumela ibingabikezelwa kalula, futhi ezinye izimo zazibikezelwe. Ucaphuna ucwaningo lweNyuvesi yaseMaryland olwenziwa emazweni amahlanu aseMpumalanga Ephakathi - iLebanon, i-Egypt, iJordani, iMorocco ne-Arab Emirates ecela abaphendulayo ukuthi basho umbuso wangaphandle ohlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla. Yabuya impendulo ngokweqile - I-Turkey, lokhu naphezu kokwazi ukuthi kukhona ukucindezelwa ngokumelene namazwi aphikisayo kuyinto evamile lapho njengamabhomu amaphekula (ababekhona). Akubuzwa - iTurkey iyimodeli: intando yeningi elinganiselwe, umnotho wonxiwankulu, ukuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso, futhi esimweni saseTurkey, amasosha alungele ukungena `uma kunesidingo'. Akuwona kuphela amazwe ama-Arab athembele eTurkey kodwa ne-United States, njengoba indima yezokuphepha yaseTurkey esifundeni ngaphansi kwesambulela se-NATO iqhubeka yandiswa.
Okwesithathu, ukungahloniphi ezweni lama-Arabhu kunegama elibi. Ihlotshaniswa nemibuso yengcindezelo, uBen Ali noma uMubarek futhi ayimaki lutho olufushane ukwehluleka kwemibono kwalowo modeli. Abantu base-United States, eCanada naseYurophu bangase bahlobanise ukungakholelwa kwezwe nentando yeningi, kodwa emazweni ama-Arab kwakuxhunyaniswe ngokuphelele nohlelo lwengcindezelo olwasungulwa omashiqela. Ukusekela laba bashiqela, ukucula iculo lentando yeningi kuyilapho besekela eminye yemibuso yengcindezelo emhlabeni wonke, sekuyisikhathi eside kuyi-modis vivendi e-United States, France, UK kanye ne-Italy. Njengoba noma iluphi uhlobo lwenhlangano ephikisayo noma ukugxekwa kwachotshozwa, kwakungenzeki ukuthi amaqembu aphikisayo ezwe athole noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesisekelo esiqinile noma isisekelo esidumile. Besabela ekuhlukunyezweni kobushiqela bezwe, abantu baseTunisia bathola isiphephelo endaweni yamaSulumane futhi ababekhona baqala ukukhula kanye nokucindezelwa.
Ama-Islamist nawo ayecindezelwe, impela eTunisia uBen Ali wayengenakho nje ukuthatheka ngabo. Kodwa uBen Ali akakwazanga ukucekela phansi ama-mosque njengoba inkolo yamaSulumane ingene shi ezweni. Sekuyisikhathi eside iyinhlobonhlobo yobuSulumane ebekezelelayo, eguquguqukayo ihambisana nabantu baseTunisia abahlala ezindaweni zonke, inzalo yabantu baseFenike. Nakuba kuvele ama-ripples of fundamentalism muva nje (ngaphezulu kwalokho kamuva), iTunisia, ngokungafani nendawo efana neYemen, ayikaze ibe inqaba yamaSalafist, ngokuphambene nalokho. Ngaphansi kukaBen Ali, ingekho enye indawo abangajika kuyo, ingekho indawo yezenhlalo lapho bengazizwa besekhaya futhi bevikelekile, abantu bathutheleka emasontweni, okwenza isisekelo senhlalo sokunyuka kweqembu lezepolitiki lamaSulumane, kanye nomthombo wokuzwelana nalokho I-Tunisia yayihluphekile. Njengoba bephucwa isithunzi emphakathini owawubalulaza futhi ubacindezela nsuku zonke, okuwukuphela kwento eyayisele kubantu abaningi baseTunisia ukuba bagcine isithunzi esincane nje kwakuyinkolo yabo. Bambambe.
Iphuzu lesine likaFrachon lilula kakhulu futhi linembile: lapho nje leli gagasi lemibhikisho seliqalile yayingekho indlela yokuthi i-United States iyimise.. IWashington yayizokwenzani, ibhomule abantu baseTunisia ngama-F-16 noma ithumele osolwandle ukuzomelana nemibhikisho emikhulu lapho? Akugcinanga ngokuthi i-United States ibanjwe ingalindele ubukhulu bemibhikisho, kodwa empeleni ibingazi ukuthi iphendule kanjani ngendlela ezovikela izintshisekelo zamasu aseMelika, ikakhulukazi uwoyela, uma isiqalile.
3. Impi yase-US e-Iraq, Ukuphathwa Kwama-Israel KwabasePalestine kunomthelela e-Islamization kwezepolitiki eTunisia… noma iBush-Ben Ali Double Whammy
Enye into eyavela uFrachon angazange ayisho kube nomthelela we-satellite tv. Iziteshi ezifana ne-Al Jazeera zaletha impi e-Iraq, ukuhlasela kwe-Israel eLebanon kanye nokuphanga kwayo kwezempi iGaza ezikrinini ze-tv kuwo wonke umhlaba wama-Arab (nangaphandle kwalokho). Vele abantu baseTunisia bebengadingi ukuthi i-Al Jazeera yazi ukuthi bekwenzekani e-Iraq nasePalestine (Izindawo Ezihlaselwe Kwa-Israeli), kodwa isuse noma yiziphi izihlungi ezilokhu zimile. Sekuyisikhathi eside bezazi zombili lezi zimo, kodwa amandla ezithombe ezibonwa kumabonakude alethe ekhaya nakakhulu izinto ezesabekayo ezenzekayo. I-Al Jazeera ayizange ibambe iqhaza ekuboniseni imiphumela yalezo zimpi. Lokhu akugcinanga nje ngokukhuphula i-anti-Americanism esifundeni - kakade kwase kunomlando omude empeleni - njalo lapho i-United States iphikisana nesinqumo esigxeka u-Israyeli ku-UN, kodwa kwagxilisa unomphela ezingqondweni zama-Arabhu ukuxhumana kwe-US-Israel.
Akunakwenzeka ukukala ukujula kokusekelwa eTunisia ePalestine. Igcwele yonke indawo. Yize i-Israel-Palestine iqhele ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukusuka eTunisia, amaPalestine namaTunisia akhuluma ulimi olufanayo, isi-Arabhu futhi axhumene ngokwesiko naphezu kwamabanga. Ukubuka i-Israel ishaya amaPalestine kanye ne-US kokubili ihlomisa futhi isekela konke okwenziwa yi-Israel kube elinye ihlazo abantu baseTunisia okufanele babhekane nalo. Abantu abakwazi ukubona ukuhlupheka okunjalo kumabonakude ngaphandle kokukufaka ngaphakathi, futhi bezwe ukuthi nakho kungokwabo. Izithombe zishiya imihuzuko yengqondo
Okufanayo kuya ngempi yase-US yobushokobezi, okuthi naphezu kokuphikiswa empeleni iyimpi emelene nobuSulumane ehlasela ama-Arabhu namaSulumane. Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu baseMelika bakhohlwe ngesithembiso sika-Obama sokuvala ijele laseGuantanamo, kodwa ngingaqinisekisa ukuthi abaseTunisia abakaze; abaningi baye babuza ngakho. Ngiphinde ngabuzwa iningi labantu baseTunisia ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa okwenziwe e-Abu Ghraib e-Iraq kungalingana kanjani nokukhathazeka okushiwo yi-US ngamalungelo abantu kanye namalungelo abantu. Okunzima ukuphendula…okungenani iqiniso.
Behlaziswe ekhaya nguBen Ali kanye namazwe ngamazwe yi-United States, abantu baseTunisia baphendukela endaweni yabo yokugcina, ama-mosque futhi akumangazi emaqenjini ezombusazwe agxile ngokwenkolo.
Kuzodingeka ngaphezu kwezinkulumo ezimbalwa ezinhle zika-Obama e-Ankara naseCairo ukushintsha lokho.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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