Umthombo: Ukucabanga Okubalulekile Kwezomthetho
UBaruch de Spinoza, isazi sefilosofi esikhulu sekhulu le-17, wabhala ukuthi imizwa emibili eyisisekelo yomuntu (noma โuthandoโ, njengoba ayibiza kanjalo) iwukwesaba nethemba, futhi waphakamisa ukuthi kufanele kube nokulinganisela phakathi kwalokhu kokubili, ngoba ukwesaba akuhlangani. ngethemba kuholela ekuphelelweni ithemba nethemba elingahlangani nokwesaba kungaholela ekuzethembeni okulimazayo. Wona lo mbono ungasetshenziswa emiphakathini yesimanje, ikakhulukazi esikhathini lapho, kuthiwani nge-cyberspace, ukuxhumana kwedijithali okusheshayo phakathi kwabantu, ukugcwala kokuzijabulisa kwezimboni kanye nokwenza ngokwezifiso okukhulu kwe-microtargeting yezohwebo nezepolitiki, imizwa eyiqoqo iya ngokuya iba โnjengeโ umuntu ngamunye. imizwa, noma ngabe isakhiwe ngamaqoqo akhethiwe. Kungakho ukuhlonza lokho okuzwayo noma okufundayo kushesha kakhulu kulezi zinsuku (โyilokho engikucabangayoโ - ngisho noma ungakaze ucabange ngakho ngaphambili), njengoba kunjalo nangokunengeka (โNgangazi ukuthi waba nezizathu zokukuzondaโ - noma ngabe ungakaze ukuzonde ngempela "yikho" ngaphambilini). Ngakho-ke, imizwa ehlangene iba kalula inkumbulo eqanjiwe, endaweni ethile esikhathini esizayo esidlule sabantu ngabanye. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu sokuthi lokhu kwenzeke, yebo, ukuthi, uma ingekho enye indlela, ukuwohloka kwezimo zokuphila kukwenza ube sengozini yokuqinisekiswa okuqinisekisa isimo samanje.
Uma sesiguqule ithemba nokwesaba kube umuzwa ohlangene, sifika esiphethweni sokuthi kungenzeka akukaze kube khona ukusatshalaliswa kokwesaba nethemba okungaka emhlabeni wonke. Iningi labantu emhlabeni lihlalele ovalweni โ besaba indlala, impi, udlame, izifo, abaqashi, ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi noma amathuba okuthi bangawutholi umsebenzi, besaba isomiso esilandelayo noma uzamcolo olandelayo. Cishe ngokungaguquki, lokho kwesaba kwenzeka ngaphandle kwethemba elincane lokuthi kukhona okungenziwa ukuze izinto zibe ngcono. Ngokuphambene, ingxenye encane yabantu emhlabeni iphila ethembeni elidlulele kangangokuthi ibonakala ingenalo nhlobo ukwesaba. Abesabi noma yiziphi izitha ngoba bacabanga ukuthi lezi zamuva zizobhujiswa noma zehliswe izikhali; abakwesabi ukungaqiniseki kwekusasa ngoba banomshwalense omuhle ngokumelene nayo yonke ingozi engenzeka; abakwesabi ukungaqiniseki kwasekhaya ngoba bangathuthela kunoma yiliphi elinye izwe noma izwekazi nganoma isiphi isikhathi (futhi babheka ngisho nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlala kwamanye amaplanethi); abalwesabi udlame ngoba banochwepheshe bezokuphepha emsebenzini wabo, kanye nama-alamu ayinkimbinkimbi, izindonga ezifakwe ugesi namabutho azimele.
Ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi kokwesaba nethemba emhlabeni wonke akulingani kangangokuthi izenzakalo ezimbalwa ezazivame ukungaqondakali eminyakeni engaphansi kwamashumi amathathu edlule manje zisishaya njengezici ezijwayelekile zendlela entsha evamile. Abasebenzi โbamukelaโ ukuxhashazwa ngokwandayo ngokusebenza, bengenawo amalungelo; osomabhizinisi abasha โbaphambanisaโ ukuzimela nokuzigqilaza; abantu abacwasa ngokwebala babhekene nokucwasa ngokobuhlanga, ngokuvamile okubangelwa abantu okuthiwa abacwasi; abesifazane kanye nabantu be-LGBTQ bayaqhubeka nokuba yizisulu zodlame olusekelwe ebulilini, naphezu kwakho konke okuzuziwe kwezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu besifazane kanye nokulwa nokucwasa ongqingili; futhi abangakholwa kanye namakholwa ezinkolo โezingalungileโ bayizisulu zezinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zobufandamentali. Ezingeni lezepolitiki, intando yeningi njengombuso wabaningi ukuze kuzuze abaningi ithanda ukuguqulwa kube ukubusa kwabambalwa ukuze kuzuze abambalwa; isimo esijwayelekile sentando yeningi sizivumela ukuthi singenwe yiSifundazwe esine-fascist-leaning of exception, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho isimiso sokwahlulela, esiqondwa njengombuso womthetho wokuvikela ababuthakathaka emandleni anamandla anamandla, kancane kancane siphenduka impi yezomthetho elwiwa abanamandla ngokumelene nabacindezelwe kanye nama-fascists ngokumelene namademokhrasi.
Kuphoqelekile ukuguqula lesi simo, funa impilo ingabekezeleleki ngokuphelele kubantu abaningi. Umzuzu lapho okusele khona inkululeko esele kulelo ningi lenkululeko yokuswela kabuhlungu, sizobhekana ngqo nosizi lwenkululeko. Ukuze uphume esihogweni esinjalo, esibonakala sihlelwe umklamo oyingozi futhi ongakhaliphile, ukusabalalisa okungalingani kokwesaba nethemba kudinga ukushintshwa. Kubalulekile ukuthi abantu abaningi baphinde bathole ithemba, futhi ukuze lokho kwenzeke kubalulekile ukuthi abantu abambalwa abancane bagcwale ithemba elidlulele (okubangelwa ukungasabi ukumelana kwalabo abanovalo) baphinde bazizwe besaba. Lokhu kuzodinga ukuqhekeka kanye nemizabalazo eminingi ezingeni lezenhlalo, lezombusazwe, lamasiko, le-epistemological, le-subjective kanye nele-intersubjective. Ikhulu leminyaka elidlule laqala ukuzizwa nginethemba lokuthi ukuqubuka kokwesaba nemizabalazo yethemba kwase kuseduze nokuthi bazophumelela. Ekuqaleni, lelo themba lalihamba ngamagama okuqala e-socialism kanye ne-communism. Lezi kamuva zajoyinwa umlaza omusha wamagama, njenge-republicanism, i-secularism kanye ne-laicism. Njengoba ikhulunyaka liqhubeka, kwavela amanye amagama nemishwana, njengokukhululwa ekubuseni kwamakoloni, ukuzibusa, intando yeningi, amalungelo abantu, inkululeko yabesifazane kanye nekhaya ngoba bangathuthela kunoma yiliphi elinye izwe noma izwekazi nganoma isiphi isikhathi (futhi babheka ukuba nokwenzeka kokuhlala kwamanye amaplanethi); abalwesabi udlame ngoba banochwepheshe bezokuphepha emsebenzini wabo, kanye nama-alamu ayinkimbinkimbi, izindonga ezifakwe ugesi namabutho azimele.
Ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi kokwesaba nethemba emhlabeni wonke akulingani kangangokuthi izenzakalo ezimbalwa ezazivame ukungaqondakali eminyakeni engaphansi kwamashumi amathathu edlule manje zisishaya njengezici ezijwayelekile zendlela entsha evamile. Abasebenzi โbamukelaโ ukuxhashazwa ngokwandayo ngokusebenza, bengenawo amalungelo; osomabhizinisi abasha โbaphambanisaโ ukuzimela nokuzigqilaza; abantu abacwasa ngokwebala babhekene nokucwasa ngokobuhlanga, ngokuvamile okubangelwa abantu okuthiwa abacwasi; abesifazane kanye nabantu be-LGBTQ bayaqhubeka nokuba yizisulu zodlame olusekelwe ebulilini, naphezu kwakho konke okuzuziwe kwezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu besifazane kanye nokulwa nokucwasa ongqingili; futhi abangakholwa kanye namakholwa ezinkolo โezingalungileโ bayizisulu zezinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zobufandamentali. Ezingeni lezepolitiki, intando yeningi njengombuso wabaningi ukuze kuzuze abaningi ithanda ukuguqulwa kube ukubusa kwabambalwa ukuze kuzuze abambalwa; isimo esijwayelekile sentando yeningi sizivumela ukuthi singenwe yiSifundazwe esine-fascist-leaning of exception, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho isimiso sokwahlulela, esiqondwa njengombuso womthetho wokuvikela ababuthakathaka emandleni anamandla anamandla, kancane kancane siphenduka impi yezomthetho elwiwa abanamandla ngokumelene nabacindezelwe kanye nama-fascists ngokumelene namademokhrasi.
Kuphoqelekile ukuguqula lesi simo, funa impilo ingabekezeleleki ngokuphelele kubantu abaningi. Umzuzu lapho okusele khona inkululeko esele kulelo ningi lenkululeko yokuswela kabuhlungu, sizobhekana ngqo nosizi lwenkululeko. Ukuze uphume esihogweni esinjalo, esibonakala sihlelwe umklamo oyingozi futhi ongakhaliphile, ukusabalalisa okungalingani kokwesaba nethemba kudinga ukushintshwa. Kubalulekile ukuthi abantu abaningi baphinde bathole ithemba, futhi ukuze lokho kwenzeke kubalulekile ukuthi abantu abambalwa abancane bagcwale ithemba elidlulele (okubangelwa ukungasabi ukumelana kwalabo abanovalo) baphinde bazizwe besaba. Lokhu kuzodinga ukuqhekeka kanye nemizabalazo eminingi ezingeni lezenhlalo, lezombusazwe, lamasiko, le-epistemological, le-subjective kanye nele-intersubjective. Ikhulu leminyaka elidlule laqala ukuzizwa nginethemba lokuthi ukuqubuka kokwesaba nemizabalazo yethemba kwase kuseduze nokuthi bazophumelela. Ekuqaleni, lelo themba lalihamba ngamagama okuqala e-socialism kanye ne-communism. Lezi kamuva zajoyinwa umlaza omusha wamagama, njenge-republicanism, i-secularism kanye ne-laicism. Njengoba ikhulunyaka liqhubeka, kwavela amanye amagama nemishwana, njengokukhululwa ekubuseni kobukoloni, ukuzibusa, intando yeningi, amalungelo abantu, inkululeko yabesifazane kanye nokugcizelela ukuphakama konxiwankulu kuqhathaniswa nohlobo lobukhomanisi bebloc yesocialist eyakhiwe Imibuso yaseSoviet neShayina. Ngokwaleyo nkulumo, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwenzeka kuphela ngaphakathi kwale nhlangano nakuwo wonke amazwe ahambisana nayo noma abe ngaphansi kwayo. Ukwephulwa komthetho emazweni aseNtshonalanga โanobunganeโ, lapho i-US yandisa amandla ayo, kwanganakwa noma kwavalwa. Isikhathi eside, i-fascism yamaPutukezi yazuza kulokhu "i-sociology yokungabikho", njengoba kwenza i-Indonesia lapho ihlasela futhi ithatha i-East Timor, noma i-Israel kusukela ekuqaleni kokuthatha kwayo i-Palestine kuze kube manje. Ngokuvamile, i-European colonialism isikhathi eside yaba umzuzi oyinhloko wale sociology yokungabikho. Ukuphakama kokuziphatha kobungxiwankulu ngaphezu kobusoshiyali kwakhiwe ngale ndlela, ngokubambisana okusebenzayo kwamaqembu obusoshiyali bamazwe aseNtshonalanga. Le nqubo yayingenakho ukuphikisana. Kuso sonke lesi sikhathi, amalungelo abantu ayevame ukunxenxwa izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezinhlangano emazweni onxiwankulu nasemazweni angaphansi kwethonya lase-US, njengendlela yokumelana nokwephulwa okubi kwalawo malungelo. Ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, ukungenelela kwama impiriyali okwenziwa yi-United Kingdom kanye ne-United States eMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nase-United States eLatin America phakathi nekhulunyaka lama-20 akuzange kubhekwe njengokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izishoshovu eziningi zamalungelo abantu. badela ukuphila kwabo ukuze babavikele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imizabalazo yezombangazwe eqhutshwa emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi emazweni onxiwankulu aseNyakatho ye-Atlantic, kancane kancane iye yandisa inani lamalungelo abantu, yengeza amalungelo ezenhlalo, ezomnotho namasiko ohlwini lwamalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki.
Ukuwa koDonga LwaseBerlin ngo-1989 kwabhekwa njengokunqoba okungenamibandela kwamalungelo abantu. Nokho, ezombangazwe zamazwe ngamazwe ezalandela zabonisa ukuthi amalungelo abantu ayewile kanye nenhlangano yezenhlalakahle. Kusukela lapho kuqhubeke, uhlobo lonxiwankulu bomhlaba obeluzisungula kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980 (i-neoliberalism kanye nezimali zomhlaba wonke) lwakhuthaza ukulandisa okukhulayo kwamalungelo abantu. Yayilwa namalungelo ezenhlalo nezomnotho ekuqaleni, futhi manje, ngesikhathi lapho inkululeko yezomnotho isithole indawo yokuqala ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye inkululeko futhi ilungelo elikude liyakhula, ngisho namalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki - kanye nentando yeningi ekhululekile kanye nawo - kuphikiswa. njengezithiyo ekukhuleni konxiwankulu. Lezi zenzakalo ziye zaqinisekisa ukuxhumana phakathi kombono we-hegemonic wamalungelo abantu kanye nempi ebandayo.
Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu, sibhekene neziphetho ezimbili eziyindida neziphazamisayo kanye nenselele enzima kakhulu. Ukunqoba okungokomlando kwamalungelo abantu kuholela ekwehlweni kwesithunzi okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kokulindelwe kwempilo ehloniphekile yeningi labantu emhlabeni. Amalungelo abantu ayekile ukuba yimibandela esimweni sobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe; ngakho-ke, esikhundleni sokuba yizikhonzi zamalungelo abantu, abantu ngabanye kanye nabantu, okungenani, baye bancishiswa baba yizinkulumo ezikhuluma ngamalungelo abantu. Ngokuqondene nenselele, ingachazwa ngala magama alandelayo: Ingabe kusengenzeka ukushintsha amalungelo abantu abe amanxiwa aphilayo, ithuluzi lokuguqula ukuphelelwa ithemba kube ithemba? Impela ngicabanga kanjalo. Kukholomu yami elandelayo ngizozama ukuhlenga imbewu yethemba ehlala emanxiweni aphilayo amalungelo abantu.
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