Leso sikhundla sathathwa kwezinye izindawo ezingenakubalwa lapho kwakwenzeka khona izenzakalo ezimangalisayo, okokuqala nje
Ngo-1967, ama-leftists aseFrance ahlela
Udaba lweMpi YaseVietnam lwalungacacile futhi luyinkimbinkimbi
Ubunkimbinkimbi bezombangazwe basekhaya buhlanganiswe nokuba khona kwe-diehard colonialist kude kwesokudla, noma yikuphi ukwaneliseka okungakuthola ngokubuka amaMelika elahlekelwa impi amaFulentshi ayengakwazi ukuyinqoba, nokho wamzonda uCharles de Gaulle ngaphezu kwakho konke ngokulahla uMbuso WaseFrance.
Lokhu kuvukela umbuso kwaqubuka ngoMeyi 3 ngemuva kokuthi amaphoyisa engene endaweni engcwele yaseSorbonne abopha abaholi abashiyile. Emigwaqweni, amaphoyisa abeka amacala. Abanye babalekela ukucasha. Abanye balwa. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa zezingxabano ezinodlame phakathi kwamaqembu akhulayo abafundi kanye nenqubomgomo yezokuphepha ephethe izinduku (CRS..."CRS SS!"), ngoMeyi 10 wonke
Ngakusasa, imigwaqo yayigcwele imfucumfucu yecala lamaphoyisa. I
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva, uMeyi 68 ubonakala eshiye imikhondo embalwa
Ngokwezinga elithile, kwakungekho ncazelo eyayidingeka. Abafundi beminyaka yamashumi ayisithupha babengakagqilazwa ukwesaba ukungasebenzi futhi bazizwa bekhululekile ukunakekela umhlaba ngenxa yawo siqu, ukuveza intukuthelo ngonya lwamandla ngobusha okunzima ukukukhumbula ngemva kokuwohloka kokuziphatha kwamashumi ayisikhombisa "mina" isizukulwane kanye nobugovu bobugovu be-Reaganism.
Kodwa abafundi baseFrance kungazelelwe bazithole sebehola ukuvukela okukhulu kunoka-Che Guevara, nokho nge-raison d'รชtre esobala kakhulu. Umbukwane wezwe elineziyaluyalu wasuswa okwesikhashana ekujulukeni kwamahlathi
Umhla zingama-68 kuNhlaba uwele emongweni wezepolitiki lapho yahunyushwa khona manjalo futhi yasetshenziselwa izinjongo zesiFulentshi ikakhulukazi.
Ngokuphambene nezithombe zemithombo yezindaba, izimpi zasemgwaqweni bezingekho emgwaqeni womhlaka 68 Meyi, okwakuwukuthi "ukwenza uthando kungabi yimpi". Abashonile bebelula kanti akekho osebenzise isibhamu. Isikhulu samaphoyisa aseParis ngaleso sikhathi, uMaurice Grimaud, uzibiza yena kanye no-Alain Krivine, umholi weTrotskyist service d'ordre isavikela imibukiso yesokunxele ekuhlaselweni kude kwesokudla, ukugcina umdanso wempi ungaphakathi kwemingcele ethile.
Ngangihlala ngaleso sikhathi engxenyeni yaseMarais
Ama-Maoist ahlala kude nezimpi zasemgwaqweni ethandwa kakhulu i-ejensi yezithombe zezindaba zamazwe ngamazwe. E-Marais, amaKomidi abo ase-Vietnam aphenduka ngokushesha aba amaKomiti Okusebenza enza uguquko ezindaweni zokusebenza zomphakathi. Ezindaweni zokusebenza zamasiko njengezikole nemitapo yolwazi, abasebenzi yonke indawo bebeteleka, behlela kabusha owabo umsebenzi, obekudingeka njalo. Lokhu bekuyintuthuko ethakazelisa kakhulu yenhlangano kaMeyi, isisekelo esisebenzayo sokholo lwamashumi ayisikhombisa Ukuzibamba, noma ukuzilawula, kodwa ngaphandle kokubonakala kwamazwe ngamazwe kugxile kumaklabhu wamaphoyisa nezimoto ezivuthayo. Impumelelo enkulu yamaMaoist eMarais kwaba ukwenza abazali nothisha esikoleni senkulisa sendawo ukuthi baxoshe umqondisi "onobandlululo" futhi bamukele ishumi nambili lezingane zaseNyakatho Afrika ezazikhishwe ngaphandle.
I-Sociology Yehlula Ezombusazwe
Izinhlobo ezimbili zokungezwani zazikhona endaweni yabafundi baseParis kuze kube uMeyi 68: ukungezwani kwezepolitiki okwaqhutshwa yi-Trotskyist noma izihlubuki eziphikisana namaShayina ezivela enhlanganweni yabafundi ye-PCF lapho ukuhlehla kukaStalinist kuxoshe "i-pro-Italian" (ethonywe ubuholi beQembu LamaKhomanisi laseNtaliyane) ngemva kokuwa kukaKhrushchev, kanye nokushuba kwesimo senhlalo okubangelwa ukudideka kwabafundi enyuvesi abangakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nesikhundla sabo esidala ukuze babhekane nokuthutheleka koquqaba lwabantu besigaba esiphakathi. Lokhu kungezwani bekubambene, ikakhulukazi ezigamekweni ezenzeka
Noma kunjalo, umuntu angazama ukusho ukuthi ngaphandle kwenhlansi enikezwe ama-Billy-club e-CRS, lokho kungezwani bekungahle kuhlale kuncane noma nje kuyindaba yokukhononda okujwayelekile. Lapho izinkulungwane
Amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye nezazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu babekhona ngokushesha ukuze bachazele amavukela-mbuso ukuthi avukela ngani, futhi izincazelo zezombangazwe nezokuhlalisana kwabantu bezilokhu ziphikisana kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ebangeni leminyaka engamashumi amabili, umuntu angasho ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni, incazelo yezenhlalo yazuza ekugunyazweni yizihlakaniphi ezihlonishwayo kanye namajenali ahlonishwa kakhulu, nokuthi izuze ukwamukelwa kalula njengento eyinhloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu iyonke iphumelele kwezombusazwe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kusukela ngoMeyi 68, kuze kube yilapho ukuziphatha kwezombusazwe kuba sengozini yokuba isigaba esincane sokubhekwa kwezenhlalo.
Incazelo yesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu iphumelele kakhulu ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwezincazelo zezombusazwe eziphikisanayo. Alain
Kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi amaphrojekthi oguquko agqugquzelwa amaqembu agadulisanayo amaLeninist, okukhona kuwo iCommunist Revolutionary League kaKrivine kanye neMaoist yesikhashana. UGauche Prolรฉtarienne zazinethonya elikhulu, zazine-anachronistic ngokuphawulekayo futhi zingawufanelekeli umphakathi wezimboni ezithuthukile. Kodwa futhi kuyiqiniso, njengoba u-Edgar Morin abhala esihlokweni sakhe esithi "I-Student Commune", ukuthi "ukusebenza, kude nokuhlukanisa inhlangano njengoba umuntu ebengase acabange, inqobo nje uma imibono ivumela ukuthi ikwazi ukuzithethelela ngokuzabalaza kwamasiko (ukuze inyuvesi evulekele abantu) kanye nomzabalazo wayo wezepolitiki (wezwe labantu)".
"Ukusebenzelana" bekuhlanganisa kuze kube manje njengoba kuzwakalisa ukuphana okubalulekile kokuvukelwa kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, isidingo sabafundi sokulingana hhayi bona kuphela kodwa, nangaphezulu, kwabanye. Izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu ezibheka lokhu njengephutha zilungile ngokwengxenye. Kulungile ukuthi abafundi benguquko, bemangazwe indima ecatshangelwayo yoguquko yesigaba sabasebenzi, babevame ukuba nenkinga yokubona ukuthi bangobani nokuthi amandla abo omphakathi angaba yini. Kodwa ukwehluleka kwabo ukucabanga izithakazelo zabo kuphela, uma kuyiphutha ngokwenhlalo yabantu, kwakulungile ngokwezombangazwe.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, ukuvukela kwabafundi kuthinte iziteleka ezinkulu emlandweni waseFrance. Abasebenzi abangaba yizigidi eziyisishiyagalolunye bateleka, bavala izwe futhi kwaletha umbuso obonakala uqinile kaGeneral de Gaulle onqenqemeni lokuwa. Lezi zehlakalo ezibucayi ziphakamise kubahlanganyeli ukuthi ukuzigomela okuzenzakalelayo kungase kuhlangane ngokuyisimangaliso kuzwi-linye elibizwa ngokuthi i-Revolution.
Ngenkathi iGeneral Confederation of Labor (CGT) eholwa ngamaKhomanisi isebenza nohulumeni esivumelwaneni sokubuyisela abasebenzi emsebenzini ngaphambi kokuba bangcoliswe, iqiniso leziteleka ezinkulu livuselele intshisekelo yabafundi baseFrance ekusebenzeni kwabo. ikilasi njengesihloko "soguquko" esingaba khona. Ngaphambi kukaMeyi, kwaqondwa endaweni evelele yesitolo sezincwadi sikaFranรงois Maspรฉro esinefenisha kahle i-La Joie de Lire e-rue Saint Sรฉvรฉrin ukuthi imigqa yangaphambili yenguquko yomhlaba yayisemaphethelweni ama-imperialist, eVietnam noma eLatin America, futhi. ngokuqinisekile hhayi eFrance.
Amatshe eCobblestone ukuze enze Isimanjemanje
Imigoqo a
Kodwa noma ngabe idonse ukunaka komhlaba wonke, umnyakazo kaMay wabheka ngaphakathi, wafulathela
Kepha ngoMeyi 68, njengoba u-Edgar Morin aphawula, "i-osmosis" yenzeka phakathi "kwenkululeko ekhona yenkululeko" yabanye kanye "nepolitiki yeplanethi" yabanye. Umhlaba ububonakala ubuthana ngokwepolitiki ekubeni empeleni usuhlakazekile. Iminyaka yamashumi ayisikhombisa, vele, yayiphawulwe ukwehlukana okuphelele kwezinhlangano zamanxele kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile, kodwa lokhu kwalimaza kakhulu
Ngokwencazelo yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, umphakathi waseFrance wawusalele ngemuva kwentuthuko yawo yezomnotho, kanti uMeyi 68 wawuwuhlobo lwenguquko yamasiko eholwa isizukulwane esisha ukuze sifinyelele.
Nokho enye yezinto ezingavamile zokuvukela kukaMeyi waseFrance, okuphawulwe abantu besikhathi sangaphandle, ukungabikho kwamasiko, noma izici eziphikisana namasiko ezivame kakhulu kwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga. Umfanekiso owumfanekiso kaDaniel Cohn-Bendit ungakhohlisa: uphonswe ngaphandle
Inzondo yezihlakaniphi zaseFrance ngeQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseFrance kube izigaba zezombusazwe ezichichimayo. Inzondo nge-PCF ivela kwesokudla, kwesokunxele, naphakathi. Uchwepheshe odabeni, uCornelius Castoriadis, ebhala ngaphansi kwegama likaJean-Marc Coudray ku. La Breche, ichaze ukuthi kungani: i-PCF ithi "futhi abashisekeli bezinguquko noma uguquko". Ulimi oluguquguqukayo lwe-PCF lunikeza amathemba ebanga elide ngezinsiza zayo, lududuza isigaba sabasebenzi, futhi luphazamisa izinguquko zesimanje zentando yeningi yezenhlalo.
"Isiboshwa sesikhathi esidlule, i-Stalinist bureaucratic apparatus ayikwazi, eFrance cishe yonke indawo, ukujika ikhoneni elizolivumela ukuthi lidlale indima entsha. Hhayi, ngokuqinisekile, indima yokuguqula, kodwa indima yesimanje esikhulu i-reformist bureaucracy edingekayo ekusebenzeni konxiwankulu baseFrance, osekunconywe kubo iminyaka ngabeluleki bokuzithandela, izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu abanolwazi, kanye nochwepheshe abacashile", kubhala uCastoriadis.
Ngo-1968, bobabili abavukeli be-Maoist kanye nochwepheshe abasafufusa babona ukuvukela kwentsha njengethuba elingokomlando elibusisekile lokuhlwitha isigaba sabasebenzi ekubanjweni kwe-PCF. I-PCF yayidinga ukubhujiswa ukuze "yenze uguquko" noma ngokuphambene nalokho kwenziwe isimanje sobunxiwankulu baseFrance. Inzondo engapheli nge-PCF bekuyinto evame ukungakhulunyiswa kodwa ebalulekile ehlanganisa abaholi abanepolitiki kakhulu kuMeyi 68, noma bengavumelani cishe kukho konke okunye.
Kwaba khona, phela umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwalabo ababefuna ukuthatha ubuholi besigaba sabasebenzi kanye nalabo ababejabulela ukubona "isihloko soguquko", noma okungenani isigaba esisha senhlalo, esingena esikhundleni sesigaba sabasebenzi njengesihluthulelo ushintsho olungokomlando.
Incazelo yesibili yasikiselwa esihlokweni sencwadi efundwa kabanzi La Breche. "Ukuphulwa" komlando noma "impumelelo" yayivuliwe. UCastoriadis wayejabule kakhulu: "noma yini elandelayo, uMeyi 68 uvule isikhathi esisha emlandweni wendawo yonke."
Lokhu kuhlola okuyihaba kokubaluleka kuka-May 68 kwakungeyona neze into engavamile. Ukuphakanyiswa kokuzenzakalela kukaMay ngongqondongqondo abaziwayo njengoCastoriadis, labo ngezindlela eziningi bona abazenzakaleli, bekuyindlela yokugubha ukwehliswa kwe-PCF kanye nokuphatha kwayo emlandweni. UCastoriadis wabona ukuqhuma kobuciko, "iziqubulo ezihlakaniphile, ezisebenzayo nezisankondlo eziphuma esixukwini esingaziwa", othisha bamangala lapho bethola ukuthi abazi lutho futhi abafundi babo bazi konke. "Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, abantu abaneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala bathole ukuqonda kwezepolitiki kanye nobuhlakani abavukeli abathembekile abakafinyeleli ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokusebenza kwezempi." Ingabe lesi simangaliso esimangalisayo senzeka ngempela? Kwanconywa noma ngabe yikuphi: ngoba, uma intsha engenacala yayingavuka ku-tabula rasa yayo futhi yenze uguquko, ngokusobala sasingekho isidingo senhlangano ehlelekile njengeQembu LamaKhomanisi.
Kwaba nenjabulo enkulu phakathi kongqondongqondo ngokuthola isihloko esisha soguquko esisondelene nabo. UCastoriadis umemezele ukuthi emiphakathini yesimanje intsha iyinhlangano isigaba okubaluleke kakhulu kunesigaba sabasebenzi, esesiphenduke insakavukela umchilo wesidwaba.
Kodwa ingabe intsha ezenzakalelayo ingayenza ngempela inguquko? Ngisho nalapho ebabaza โukuqhumaโ okukhazimulayo, uCastoriadis wakhomba imingcele yakho. โUma uguquko lungelutho kodwa ukuqhuma kwezinsuku ezimbalwa noma amasonto, ukuhleleka okumisiwe (ukwazi noma cha, ukuthanda noma ukungathandi) kungazibamba kahle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuphambene nenkolelo yayo, inesidingo esikhulu sayo. Ngokomlando uguquko oluvumela umhlaba wokusabela ukuba uphile ngokuziguqula, ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo.โ Umphumela ungase ube โizinhlobo ezintsha zengcindezelo ezivumelane kangcono nezimo zanamuhlaโ.
Lawa magama ngeshwa afakazele ukuthi ayisiprofetho kakhulu ngemuva kukaMeyi 68 eFrance kunezincomo zikaCastoriadis zokuhlela uguquko: "Ezimweni zezwe lanamuhla, ukuqeda amakilasi abusayo futhi axhaphazayo akudingi nje ukuqedwa kobunikazi bangasese bezindlela. yokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi nokuqedwa kokwehlukana phakathi kwalabo abanikeza imiyalo nalabo abayenza njengezigaba zomphakathi.Ngakho-ke, inhlangano ilwa nalokho kwahlukana noma yikuphi lapho ikuthola khona, futhi ayikwamukeli ngaphakathi kwenhlangano ngokwayo. isizathu, ilwa nezikhundla kuzo zonke izinhlobo zayo."
Inkinga ngalesi seluleko ukuthi, uma ithathwa ngokwedlulele, ijwayele ukujikisa ukunyakaza kukodwa, ngokulimazayo. Uma kuziwa ekulweni "nezikhundla" kanye "negunya" nomaphi lapho zitholakala khona, ngokushesha kuvela ukuthi zitholakala kalula eduze nasekhaya: eyunivesithi, esikoleni, kwesokunxele ngokwaso. Ezindaweni ezikude ngokwanele phansi kwesitebhisi ukuze ube seduze. Amandla angempela aphethe umhlaba awazange aphazanyiswe kakhulu yizo zonke lezi zinxushunxushu futhi le mpi ayizange ihlale iqhutshwa ngokuqonda.
Ngemuva komhla zingama-68 kuMeyi, owayengumsizi kaRaymond Aron u-Andrรฉ Glucksmann waba isazi semfundiso yenkolo se-"Grassroots Committee for the Abolition of Wage-Earning and Destruction of the University". Ukwesula ukutholwa kwamaholo bekukubi kakhulu nakubangqondongqondo ababemiselwe ukuba "izazi zefilosofi ezintsha". Kodwa mayelana nokucekela phansi inyuvesi, bangafika basebenze lapho bekhona, e-faculty of
Ezinkathini ezimbalwa zonyaka kamuva, uGlucksmann wathola iGulag nePol Pot futhi waqala ukuzwakala njengomuntu oxokozela ngezifundo zikaRaymond Aron ngobushiqela phakathi kwephupho elibi elinomkhuhlane. Lapho egcina ukuzwa, wayevikela isidingo sokwakhiwa kwezikhali zenuzi.
Umsebenzi wakamuva oyisikhumbuzo onemiqulu emibili kaHervรฉ Hamon noPatrick Rotman, isizukulwane (eshicilelwe u-Seuil), ilandelela imilando yomuntu siqu yabadlali abaningi abayinhloko benkathi kusukela maphakathi nawo-60 kuya maphakathi nawo-70. Abanye basebenza, bahlupheka futhi baze bafela umbono wabo wokuvukela umbuso. Ku
Uma uJulayi wenze kahle, labo abebengaphesheya kwezinsimbi ngoMeyi 68 benze kangcono kakhulu. U-Alain Madelin noGรฉrard Longuet, ngo-1968 abaholi benhlangano ekude kwesokudla i-Occident ukuhlaselwa kwabo kwabasekeli besizathu saseVietnam kwashisa umoya wezwe.
Kwangathi ayifinyelelanga neyodwa imigomo yayo emenyezelwe. Kwakungekho uguquko, futhi izinguquko - njengasenyuvesi - zasebenza ikakhulukazi ukuqukatha ukuvutshelwa ngokuhlukanisa abanxele ezinkundleni zokudlala ezifana ne-faculty of
Izibalo zimi endaweni kangangoba isifiso esikhulu sakwesokunxele wukuphinda sikhethe inzalamizi yalo, u-Franรงois Mitterrand.
U-Serge July uchaza abambalwa abaphumelele abaduduzwa ngalokhu kwehluleka ngokungena okumangalisayo esiteji sekilasi elisha elibizwa ngokuthi "ochwepheshe abasebasha basemadolobheni". Ukuvukela iziphathimandla eziseduze kakhulu - ubaba, umama, uthisha, inyunyana yabasebenzi - kunike abantu besigaba esiphakathi abafundile ithuba lokuphishekela izinjabulo zabo siqu, izintshisekelo zabo, nemisebenzi yabo. Le nkululeko ayizange ihambisane nanoma yisiphi isithakazelo esiqhubekayo ezinhlakeni zamandla ezikude eziqhubeka nokubusa umhlaba kanye nokuthi iMarxism ngemizamo yayo engcono kakhulu yokuqonda nokulwa.
Isivalo sibuyile. Kodwa ingabe izohlala injalo?
Lesi sihloko siphinde sashicilelwa ngo-:
Impucuko YaseNtshonalanga
I-Modern Early Kuze 20th Century
Uhlelo Lwesihlanu, uMqulu II
1989, The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc.,
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